To analyse predictors of high cost of care in elderly hypertensive patients, in particular costs ... more To analyse predictors of high cost of care in elderly hypertensive patients, in particular costs related to short-term (<10 days) and long-term (< or = 10 days) institutional care. Health Economy (HE) sub-study in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 (STOP Hypertension-2). Outpatient clinics, hospitals and nursing homes in Sweden. Elderly (70-84 years) patients (n=6614) from the STOP Hypertension-2 cohort with a systolic or diastolic hypertension, or a combination thereof, were included. Costs of institutional care were analysed and categorized as short-term (<10 days or long-term care (> or = 10 days). Costs were related to individual patients and calculations were made during follow-up in STOP Hypertension-2 from inclusion to end of study. Data was available from 99% of all scheduled visits during the median 5.3 years of follow-up in the 6614 elderly hypertensive patients. A multivariate analysis of potential predictors for inpatient short-term or long-term care demonstrated that several clinical factors within the groups of target organ damage (TOD), associated clinical conditions (ACC), as well as additional risk factors (RF) predicted for an increased probability of inpatient care in elderly hypertensives. Specifically, predictors for heart failure (OR 1.73, p=0.005), diabetes (OR 1.36, p<0.0005) and older age (OR 1.05, p<0.0001). Predictors at entry for long-term care (> or = 10 days) were; presence of ischaemic heart disease (OR 1.65, p<0.0001), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.32, p=0.012), female gender (OR 0.80, p=0.0003) as well as older age (OR 1.02, p=0.046). High total costs for this cohort of elderly hypertensive patients were recorded in the group subjected to long-term care for cardiovascular as well as non-cardiovascular reasons. Male gender (p=0.004) and stroke (p=0.06) remained predictors for high costs for hospital care while stroke (p<0.0001) and old age (p<0.0001) predicted for high costs for nursing home care. In elderly hypertensives in STOP Hypertension-2, presence of cardiac disease, stroke, diabetes and older age at entry increased the probability as well as costs for both short- and long-term care. Level of systolic or diastolic blood pressure did not predict for hospitalization or cost outcome. Our results provide an economic argument for strict risk reduction focus in the management of elderly high-risk hypertensive patients.
Uppsatsen behandlar äganderättsbegreppets förändring i den svenska hyreshussektorn. Särskild uppm... more Uppsatsen behandlar äganderättsbegreppets förändring i den svenska hyreshussektorn. Särskild uppmärksamhet ägnas åt bostadsrättsinstitutets ställning och utveckling. Den täckta tidsperioden är 1900-talet, men ett särskilt utrymme ägnas åt 1970-talets utveckling. Från och med 1942 kom äganderättsbegreppet att spädas ut i sektorn, när hyres- och kapitalmarknadsregleringar i växande utsträckning tömde det på konkret innehåll. Viktiga institutionella förändringar genomfördes från och med 1969,
The paper concerns the role of hardware in the evolution of the video game industry. The paper ar... more The paper concerns the role of hardware in the evolution of the video game industry. The paper argues that it is necessary to understand the hardware side of the industry in several senses. Hardware has a key role with regard to innovation and industrial leadership. Fundamentally, the process can be understood as a function of Moore's law. Because of the constantly evolving technological frontier, platform migration has become necessary. Industrial success has become dependent upon the ability to avoid technological lock-ins. Moreover, different gaming platforms has had a key role in the process of market widening. Innovatory platforms has opened up previously untouched customer segments. It is argued that today's market situation seems to be ideal to the emergence of new innovatory industrial combinations.
This paper explores how certain incumbent characteristics influence an established firm's respons... more This paper explores how certain incumbent characteristics influence an established firm's response to disruptive innovation. More specifically, it looks at the challenges a middle size, top segment company faced and how this affected its reaction to the disruptive threat. This is done by conducting an in-depth case study of Hasselblad, a manufacturer of professional cameras. It can be seen in this case study that Hasselblad's limited resources and its niche strategy affected how it managed the transition from analogue to digital camera technology. These characteristics made it difficult to allow experimentation with digital imaging in the main business since the available resources were severely limited and this initially inferior technology could harm the brand image. Instead, Hasselblad pursued collaborations and eventually launched a hybrid camera, which was compatible both with film and digital backs but did not become the expected success. Being close to bankruptcy, the digital resources needed were acquired and the company eventually survived the disruption. In conclusion, this paper argues that the managerial challenges and solutions to the innovator's dilemma depend upon the particular characteristics of incumbents and that this heterogeneity has not been sufficiently captured by previous literature. It also suggests that medium size, top segment firms can survive disruptive innovation through collaboration and acquisitions.
To analyse predictors of high cost of care in elderly hypertensive patients, in particular costs ... more To analyse predictors of high cost of care in elderly hypertensive patients, in particular costs related to short-term (<10 days) and long-term (< or = 10 days) institutional care. Health Economy (HE) sub-study in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 (STOP Hypertension-2). Outpatient clinics, hospitals and nursing homes in Sweden. Elderly (70-84 years) patients (n=6614) from the STOP Hypertension-2 cohort with a systolic or diastolic hypertension, or a combination thereof, were included. Costs of institutional care were analysed and categorized as short-term (<10 days or long-term care (> or = 10 days). Costs were related to individual patients and calculations were made during follow-up in STOP Hypertension-2 from inclusion to end of study. Data was available from 99% of all scheduled visits during the median 5.3 years of follow-up in the 6614 elderly hypertensive patients. A multivariate analysis of potential predictors for inpatient short-term or long-term care demonstrated that several clinical factors within the groups of target organ damage (TOD), associated clinical conditions (ACC), as well as additional risk factors (RF) predicted for an increased probability of inpatient care in elderly hypertensives. Specifically, predictors for heart failure (OR 1.73, p=0.005), diabetes (OR 1.36, p<0.0005) and older age (OR 1.05, p<0.0001). Predictors at entry for long-term care (> or = 10 days) were; presence of ischaemic heart disease (OR 1.65, p<0.0001), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.32, p=0.012), female gender (OR 0.80, p=0.0003) as well as older age (OR 1.02, p=0.046). High total costs for this cohort of elderly hypertensive patients were recorded in the group subjected to long-term care for cardiovascular as well as non-cardiovascular reasons. Male gender (p=0.004) and stroke (p=0.06) remained predictors for high costs for hospital care while stroke (p<0.0001) and old age (p<0.0001) predicted for high costs for nursing home care. In elderly hypertensives in STOP Hypertension-2, presence of cardiac disease, stroke, diabetes and older age at entry increased the probability as well as costs for both short- and long-term care. Level of systolic or diastolic blood pressure did not predict for hospitalization or cost outcome. Our results provide an economic argument for strict risk reduction focus in the management of elderly high-risk hypertensive patients.
Uppsatsen behandlar äganderättsbegreppets förändring i den svenska hyreshussektorn. Särskild uppm... more Uppsatsen behandlar äganderättsbegreppets förändring i den svenska hyreshussektorn. Särskild uppmärksamhet ägnas åt bostadsrättsinstitutets ställning och utveckling. Den täckta tidsperioden är 1900-talet, men ett särskilt utrymme ägnas åt 1970-talets utveckling. Från och med 1942 kom äganderättsbegreppet att spädas ut i sektorn, när hyres- och kapitalmarknadsregleringar i växande utsträckning tömde det på konkret innehåll. Viktiga institutionella förändringar genomfördes från och med 1969,
The paper concerns the role of hardware in the evolution of the video game industry. The paper ar... more The paper concerns the role of hardware in the evolution of the video game industry. The paper argues that it is necessary to understand the hardware side of the industry in several senses. Hardware has a key role with regard to innovation and industrial leadership. Fundamentally, the process can be understood as a function of Moore's law. Because of the constantly evolving technological frontier, platform migration has become necessary. Industrial success has become dependent upon the ability to avoid technological lock-ins. Moreover, different gaming platforms has had a key role in the process of market widening. Innovatory platforms has opened up previously untouched customer segments. It is argued that today's market situation seems to be ideal to the emergence of new innovatory industrial combinations.
This paper explores how certain incumbent characteristics influence an established firm's respons... more This paper explores how certain incumbent characteristics influence an established firm's response to disruptive innovation. More specifically, it looks at the challenges a middle size, top segment company faced and how this affected its reaction to the disruptive threat. This is done by conducting an in-depth case study of Hasselblad, a manufacturer of professional cameras. It can be seen in this case study that Hasselblad's limited resources and its niche strategy affected how it managed the transition from analogue to digital camera technology. These characteristics made it difficult to allow experimentation with digital imaging in the main business since the available resources were severely limited and this initially inferior technology could harm the brand image. Instead, Hasselblad pursued collaborations and eventually launched a hybrid camera, which was compatible both with film and digital backs but did not become the expected success. Being close to bankruptcy, the digital resources needed were acquired and the company eventually survived the disruption. In conclusion, this paper argues that the managerial challenges and solutions to the innovator's dilemma depend upon the particular characteristics of incumbents and that this heterogeneity has not been sufficiently captured by previous literature. It also suggests that medium size, top segment firms can survive disruptive innovation through collaboration and acquisitions.
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Papers by Jan Jörnmark