Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, May 18, 2023
Freshwater fisheries and biodiversity have substantial economic, socio-cultural, and ecological v... more Freshwater fisheries and biodiversity have substantial economic, socio-cultural, and ecological value, but face severe and mounting anthropogenic threats. Canada's freshwater fisheries are not exempt from this, and provide excellent opportunities to better understand these overlooked and undervalued systems. Using expert and chain-referral sampling, we surveyed practitioners from across Canada about the management of freshwater fisheries. We used a mixed methods approach to identify and describe in detail many important aspects of the above processes, including 10 persistent and innate challenges in (1) bureaucratic sprawl, (2) lack of priority, (3) scope, (4) competing interests, (5) political inconstancy, (6) socio-ecological complexity, (7) limited tools, (8) geographies and scale, (9) reactivity, and (10) intersectoral frictions. Many of these challenges defy conventional problem solving (e.g., advocacy, basic science), leading to chronic incapacity and triage management in some freshwater fisheries. We highlight opportunities to increase management capacity, using innovation where conventional solutions fall short (e.g., using novel technologies to increase management scope). Achieving sustainability in Canadian freshwater fisheries will require ingenuity and supportive contributions beyond those that currently exist.
Successful incorporation of scientific knowledge into environmental policy and decisions is a sig... more Successful incorporation of scientific knowledge into environmental policy and decisions is a significant challenge. Although studies on how to bridge the knowledge-action gap have proliferated over the last decade, few have investigated the roles, responsibilities, and opportunities for funding bodies to meet this challenge. In this study we present a set of criteria gleaned from interviews with experts across Canada that can be used by funding bodies to evaluate the potential for proposed research to produce actionable knowledge for environmental policy and practice. We also provide recommendations for how funding bodies can design funding calls and foster the skills required to bridge the knowledge-action gap. We interviewed 84 individuals with extensive experience as knowledge users at the science-policy interface who work for environmentally-focused federal and provincial/territorial government bodies and non-governmental organizations. Respondents were asked to describe elements of research proposals that indicate that the resulting research is likely to be useful in a policy context, and what advice they would give to funding bodies to increase the potential impact of sponsored research. Twenty-five individuals also completed a closed-ended survey that followed up on these questions. Research proposals that demonstrated (1) a team with diverse expertise and experience in co-production, (2) a flexible research plan that aligns timelines and spatial scale with policy needs, (3) a clear and demonstrable link to a policy issue, and (4) a detailed and diverse knowledge exchange plan for reaching relevant stakeholders were seen as more promising for producing actionable knowledge. Suggested changes to funding models to enhance utility of funded research included (1) using diverse expertise to adjudicate awards, (2) supporting co-production and interdisciplinary research through longer grant durations and integrated reward structures, and (3) following-up on and rewarding Nyboer et al. Actionable Science for Environmental Policy knowledge exchange by conducting impact evaluation. The set of recommendations presented here can guide both funding agencies and research teams who wish to change how applied environmental science is conducted and improve its connection to policy and practice.
Aquatic Conservation-marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Sep 1, 2020
1. Although it is sometimes difficult for researchers to ensure that their work is used by resour... more 1. Although it is sometimes difficult for researchers to ensure that their work is used by resource managers to make informed decisions, an example where this knowledge-action gap has been breached is in research published in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems (AQC)among other journalsthat has assisted fisheries managers in identifying strategies for reducing freshwater turtle bycatch in commercial hoop net fisheries in Ontario, Canada. 2. Research published in AQC has provided evidence towards a simple and effective method for preventing turtle bycatch mortality in hoop nets, which could be adopted by the fishers. Other research published in AQC evaluated the effect of bycatch mortality on the probability of persistence of turtle populations with population viability analyses, and outlined the need to minimize bycatch mortality to prevent local extirpation. Nine other papers have been published on freshwater turtle bycatch in Ontario, furthering our knowledge on this issue including seasonality and temperature effects on catches, other net modifications, post-release effects and assisted recovery, and the perspectives of fishers. 3. The research results were presented to local resource managers with further discussions involving industry and stakeholders to minimize turtle bycatch mortality. Over several years, researchers have provided information to resource managers; however, when an incident of high turtle mortality caught the public eye, the research was readily available and changes in regulations were quick to occur. 4. Reasonably good communication among researchers, resource managers, industry, stakeholders, and the broader public allowed the rapid implementation of regulations to mitigate freshwater turtle bycatch mortality and bridged the knowledge-action gap between researchers and resource managers. 5. Both articles published in AQC had practical conservation impacts and were influential in providing local resource managers with feasible solutions, and the impetus to change regulations. These impacts extended to other jurisdictions and their monitoring programmes, where methods to reduce turtle bycatch mortality were also implemented.
Even with long-standing management and extensive science support, North American inland fish and ... more Even with long-standing management and extensive science support, North American inland fish and fisheries still face many conservation and management challenges. We used a grand challenges approach to identify critical roadblocks that if removed would help solve important problems in the management and long-term conservation of North American inland fish and fisheries. We identified seven grand challenges within three themes (valuation, governance, and externalities) and 34 research needs and management actions. The major themes identified are to (1) raise awareness of diverse values associated with inland fish and fisheries, (2) govern inland fish and fisheries to satisfy multiple use and conservation objectives, and (3) ensure productive inland fisheries given nonfishing sector externalities. Addressing these grand challenges will help the broader community understand the diverse values of inland fish and fisheries, promote open forums for engagement of diverse stakeholders in fisheries management, and better integrate the inland fish sector into the greater water and land use policy process.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Jul 1, 2019
Biotelemetry informing management: case studies exploring successful integration of biotelemetry ... more Biotelemetry informing management: case studies exploring successful integration of biotelemetry data into fisheries and habitat management.
Introduction: Shore-based shark fishing in Florida is a relatively low-cost and easy-access fishe... more Introduction: Shore-based shark fishing in Florida is a relatively low-cost and easy-access fishery which attracts a wide variety of experienced and inexperienced anglers leading to concerns about proper handling methods of captured fish that are released either voluntarily or to comply with regulations. Proper handling methods can help reduce post-release mortality among sharks, many of which are threatened with extinction. Therefore, we considered proper handling methods as a pro-environmental behavior, which has been linked with the use of di erent information channels to increase conservation knowledge. Methods: We used data from an online questionnaire to understand where anglers of this fishery obtain information about fishing skills with a particular focus on fish handling techniques and best practices for catch-and-release. Then we included their main information channels in a series of hierarchical regression models with perceived conservation knowledge and support for fishery management to explain pro-environmental behavior regarding shark conservation. Results: We found that most anglers learned about shore-based shark fishing through interpersonal communications with friends and family, but typically use the internet to learn more about fishing skills. While information channel use was not significantly associated with pro-environmental behavior, it was significantly associated with support for fisheries management, which in turn was associated with pro-environmental behavior among respondents. Discussion: These findings can inform public educational outreach e orts to spread awareness of proper handling techniques and reduce instances of post-release mortality in sharks.
In the PDF version of the originally published article, an incorrect doi was included in the cita... more In the PDF version of the originally published article, an incorrect doi was included in the citation information and in the footer. The corrected information is shown here:
Contemporary conservation problems are typically positioned at the interface of complex ecologica... more Contemporary conservation problems are typically positioned at the interface of complex ecological and human systems. Traditional approaches aiming to compartmentalize a phenomenon within the confines of a single discipline and failing to engage non-science partners are outmoded and cannot identify solutions that have traction in the social, economic, and political arenas in which conservation actions must operate. As a result, conservation science teams must adopt multiple disciplinary approaches that bridge not only academic disciplines but also the political and social realms and engage relevant partners. Five reasons are presented that outline why conservation problems demand multiple disciplinary approaches in order to move forward because: (i) socio-ecological systems are complex, (ii) multiple perspectives are better than one, (iii) the results of research must influence practice, (iv) the heterogeneity of scale necessitates it, and (v) conservation involves compromise. Presenting reasons that support multiple disciplinarity demands a review of the barriers that impede this process, as we are far from attaining a model or framework that is applicable in all contexts. Two challenges that impede multiple disciplinarity are discussed, in addition to pragmatic solutions that conservation scientists and practitioners can adopt in their work. Overall, conservation researchers and practitioners are encouraged to explore the multiple disciplinary dimensions of their respective realms to more effectively solve problems in biodiversity and sustainability.
We discuss 12 themes that emerged from the set of case studies comprising the text, namely: (1) m... more We discuss 12 themes that emerged from the set of case studies comprising the text, namely: (1) mechanisms matter for conservation; (2) physiology is just one source of knowledge; (3) physiology and behaviour are intertwined; (4) new tools and technologies should be embraced; (5) physiology can be valuable in captive settings; (6) conservation physiology extends across scales; (7) physiology can be incorporated into long-term monitoring programmes; (8) conservation physiology is applicable to invertebrates; (9) non-imperilled species deserve attention; (10) successful application is increased by co-production; (11) sharing success stories is important; and (12) findings should be communicated across a variety of platforms. We end the chapter with a discussion of some of the challenges currently being faced in the discipline, and with a message of optimism for the future.
Though reported capture fisheries are dominated by marine production, inland fish and fisheries m... more Though reported capture fisheries are dominated by marine production, inland fish and fisheries make substantial contributions to meeting the challenges faced by individuals, society, and the environment in a changing global landscape. Inland capture fisheries and aquaculture contribute over 40% to the world’s reported finfish production from less than 0.01% of the total volume of water on earth. These fisheries provide food for billions and livelihoods for millions of people worldwide. Herein, using supporting evidence from the literature, we review 10 reasons why inland fish and fisheries are important to the individual (food security, economic security, empowerment), to society (cultural services, recreational services, human health and well-being, knowledge transfer and capacity building), and to the environment (ecosystem function and biodiversity, as aquatic “canaries”, the “green food” movement). However, the current limitations to valuing the services provided by inland fish...
ABSTRACT Knowledge is a critical resource in fisheries management, but it is also a source of con... more ABSTRACT Knowledge is a critical resource in fisheries management, but it is also a source of conflict and competition. Rapid environmental changes are spurring calls for better “knowledge mobilization” or the integration of scientific and local/traditional knowledge into management practice. Given the social-ecological complexity of fisheries resources, fisheries managers are increasingly finding themselves playing the role of knowledge “referees”, tasked with interpreting a wide range of often-contradictory claims and assertions advanced by scientists, politicians, industry, stakeholder groups and the public. Our objective is to examine the intersection of knowledge, politics, and decision-making in fisheries management through extensive interviews with fisheries managers, scientists, stakeholder and user groups (recreational and First Nation fishing sectors) of the Fraser River in British Columbia (Canada). Early findings are revealing that new scientific and local/traditional knowledge must pass what we call “social robustness” – which includes consideration of how key interests, institutions, and media might respond to any new practices or actions – before being seriously considered by management. We discuss successful and unsuccessful examples of how long-established institutional boundaries are navigated, and discuss recommendations about effective knowledge mobilization.
Shore‐based shark fishing in Florida is rarely monitored as it largely occurs at night on remote ... more Shore‐based shark fishing in Florida is rarely monitored as it largely occurs at night on remote beaches and has received a questionable reputation after recent exposure of illegal activity. While these events have led to calls for better management and enforcement, the characteristics of the fishery itself remain largely unknown. Our study, therefore, provides the first comprehensive profile of the Florida shore‐based shark fishery to inform fisheries management and conservation. We distributed an online survey to all Florida Fish and Wildlife shore‐based shark fishing permit holders to gather data on angler sociodemographics, fishing preferences, habits, motivations, and perceptions of shark conservation. We identified three angler typologies that differed primarily by shark fishing experience and frequency: (1) experienced infrequent anglers, (2) skilled frequent anglers, and (3) novice infrequent anglers. Our results revealed that the Florida recreational shore‐based shark fishe...
Environmental decisions related to policy and practice should be based on the best available evid... more Environmental decisions related to policy and practice should be based on the best available evidence. Given the vast amounts of information of varying reliability, an ongoing challenge for decision-makers is how to access, collate, and use this information. The Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (CEE) is dedicated to the synthesis of environmental evidence via systematic reviews (SRs) to advance evidence-informed policy and practice. The CEE has now published 79 completed SRs (as of August 2019), building a wealth of experience and expertise among authors of these works. This article reports meta-data from the 79 completed SRs, as well as findings from a survey of authors (N = 18) regarding their perspectives on the application of the SRs that they have produced (representing a total of 26 SRs). The survey asked authors to evaluate the extent to which the findings from their SRs have been applied, as well as possible facilitators and barriers to application. Based on author-reported perspectives, 13 of 25 cases were identified as having an impact on policy and practice. Respondents felt their work was most successful in identifying research gaps, transferring knowledge, and informing policy and/or practice. The most common barriers experienced by respondents were challenges in communication and engagement with stakeholders, challenges with evidentiary ambiguity arising from SR findings due to overly broad research questions, and limited financial resources. Our findings lead us to posit that, in order to maximise the impact of future SRs, evidence syntheses should: (1) be based on well-defined and policy relevant research questions; (2) involve extensive collaboration among evidence-synthesizers and end users throughout the entire process; (3) create opportunities for partners to build "end user" capacity and awareness of the principles of evidence-based management; (4) develop formal and (eventually) standardized measures and indicators of impact for long-term tracking and comparability purposes. Future research should extend to understanding the perspectives of end users and stakeholders on the relevance of SRs to inform environmental policy and practice.
Practitioners and policymakers working in environmental arenas make decisions that can have large... more Practitioners and policymakers working in environmental arenas make decisions that can have large impacts on ecosystems. Basing such decisions on highquality evidence about the effectiveness of different interventions can often maximize the success of policy and management. Accordingly, it is vital to understand how environmental professionals working at the science-policy interface view and use different types of evidence, including evidence syntheses that collate and summarize available knowledge on a specific topic to save time for decision-makers. We interviewed 84 senior environmental professionals in Canada working at the science-policy interface to explore their confidence in, and use of, evidence syntheses within their organizations. Interviewees value evidence syntheses because they increase confidence in decision-making, particularly for high-profile or risky decisions. Despite this enthusiasm, the apparent lack of available syntheses for many environmental issues means that use can be
Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) invaded the Great Lakes in the early twentieth century and caus... more Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) invaded the Great Lakes in the early twentieth century and caused considerable economic and ecological harm. People who fished the Great Lakes suffered crippling losses and successfully lobbied elected officials in Canada and the United States to create a sea lamprey control program which the Great Lakes Fishery Commission implements under the 1954 Convention on Great Lakes Fisheries. The control program relies on two primary methods: chemical lampricides and physical barriers. Sea lamprey control has been a tremendous success; although the urgency to act is apparent to certain publics and although control methods are deemed by professionals to be safe and effective, continued public advocacy for and acceptance of the control program is not ensured. Many people in the control program are concerned that the urgency to act is not commensurate with the risk sea lampreys continue to pose and that societal acceptance of the primary control methods could wane. This commentary reflects on issues of ''shifting baselines" (changes in perceived risk) and the ''social license to operate" (trust in authorities to make responsible decisions regarding current and planned control methods) and suggests a course to better understand these issues. Improved understanding of these issues will inform communication efforts for all involved in the control program. Moreover, the case examined here is potentially relevant and informative for other environmentally related actions where there may be erosion of the social license.
Environmental decision-makers and practitioners need and deserve high-quality environmental evide... more Environmental decision-makers and practitioners need and deserve high-quality environmental evidence for effective decision-making. We collate and share a suite of best practices for applied environmental researchers to support their capacity to inform such decision-making processes. This raises a number of important questions: What does "relevant" and informative evidence look like? How do we know when evidence has been applied? We assembled an experienced team of knowledge generators and users in Canada to identify insights that have emerged from their work and that could serve as guideposts for others who seek to apply environmental research to policy challenges. By reflecting on successes and failures, we define "success" in applied environmental science as respectfully conducted, partner-relevant research that is accessible, understandable, and shared and that can create opportunities for change (e.g., in policy, behaviour, management). Next, we generated a list of best practices for delivering "successful" applied environmental research. Our guidance emphasizes the importance of engaging early and often, in a respectful manner, with partners, generating high-quality, relevant research (which requires flexibility), having a plan for communicating and sharing outputs, and being transparent about uncertainties and limitations. Other important considerations include acknowledging partners for involvement and training early career researchers in applied partnership research. Finally, we generated a list of specific, measurable indicators for evaluating success, including quality and quantity of scientific outputs, the relationship with the partner(s), relevance and connectedness of the research, accessibility and availability of outputs to users, provision of outputs that are digestible and usable by different audiences,
Conservation researchers have been shown to be motivated by the application of their work to addr... more Conservation researchers have been shown to be motivated by the application of their work to address real world problems. However, a significant number of recent studies in the sociology of science and related fields such as knowledge exchange and knowledge mobilization have shown that direct influence of conservation science on policy and practice is rare. To improve conservation science uptake, we need a better understanding of how knowledge mediation and interpretation by potential knowledge users actually happens. This article examines qualitative data from a set of 65 interviews with government staff and other stakeholders and rights holders involved with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) management in British Columbia, Canada. The focus of the investigation is on the ways that scientific knowledge moves through this network of actors. We approach knowledge exchange and mobilization as a social and political process. Our analysis makes use of the concept of knowledge mediation spaces as the specific settings in which actors deliberate and make sense of multiple forms of knowledge and competing social interests. Four knowledge mediation spaces were identified in the case study: sharing expertise and best practices, consultation on policy direction, program delivery, and research partnerships. Sharing of knowledge among actors in this network was found to be influenced by the movement of individuals from one organization to another throughout their careers. We also found that there is frequent interaction among actors for problem solving and seeking expert advice and that scientific methods strongly inform the actions of fisheries actors; yet science does not always play a role in policy formation. We recommend researchers place more emphasis on engaging stakeholders and Indigenous rights holders more directly in order to inform their research agendas and to facilitate more direct pathways for knowledge exchange, and by extension impacts on management and conservation.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, May 18, 2023
Freshwater fisheries and biodiversity have substantial economic, socio-cultural, and ecological v... more Freshwater fisheries and biodiversity have substantial economic, socio-cultural, and ecological value, but face severe and mounting anthropogenic threats. Canada's freshwater fisheries are not exempt from this, and provide excellent opportunities to better understand these overlooked and undervalued systems. Using expert and chain-referral sampling, we surveyed practitioners from across Canada about the management of freshwater fisheries. We used a mixed methods approach to identify and describe in detail many important aspects of the above processes, including 10 persistent and innate challenges in (1) bureaucratic sprawl, (2) lack of priority, (3) scope, (4) competing interests, (5) political inconstancy, (6) socio-ecological complexity, (7) limited tools, (8) geographies and scale, (9) reactivity, and (10) intersectoral frictions. Many of these challenges defy conventional problem solving (e.g., advocacy, basic science), leading to chronic incapacity and triage management in some freshwater fisheries. We highlight opportunities to increase management capacity, using innovation where conventional solutions fall short (e.g., using novel technologies to increase management scope). Achieving sustainability in Canadian freshwater fisheries will require ingenuity and supportive contributions beyond those that currently exist.
Successful incorporation of scientific knowledge into environmental policy and decisions is a sig... more Successful incorporation of scientific knowledge into environmental policy and decisions is a significant challenge. Although studies on how to bridge the knowledge-action gap have proliferated over the last decade, few have investigated the roles, responsibilities, and opportunities for funding bodies to meet this challenge. In this study we present a set of criteria gleaned from interviews with experts across Canada that can be used by funding bodies to evaluate the potential for proposed research to produce actionable knowledge for environmental policy and practice. We also provide recommendations for how funding bodies can design funding calls and foster the skills required to bridge the knowledge-action gap. We interviewed 84 individuals with extensive experience as knowledge users at the science-policy interface who work for environmentally-focused federal and provincial/territorial government bodies and non-governmental organizations. Respondents were asked to describe elements of research proposals that indicate that the resulting research is likely to be useful in a policy context, and what advice they would give to funding bodies to increase the potential impact of sponsored research. Twenty-five individuals also completed a closed-ended survey that followed up on these questions. Research proposals that demonstrated (1) a team with diverse expertise and experience in co-production, (2) a flexible research plan that aligns timelines and spatial scale with policy needs, (3) a clear and demonstrable link to a policy issue, and (4) a detailed and diverse knowledge exchange plan for reaching relevant stakeholders were seen as more promising for producing actionable knowledge. Suggested changes to funding models to enhance utility of funded research included (1) using diverse expertise to adjudicate awards, (2) supporting co-production and interdisciplinary research through longer grant durations and integrated reward structures, and (3) following-up on and rewarding Nyboer et al. Actionable Science for Environmental Policy knowledge exchange by conducting impact evaluation. The set of recommendations presented here can guide both funding agencies and research teams who wish to change how applied environmental science is conducted and improve its connection to policy and practice.
Aquatic Conservation-marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Sep 1, 2020
1. Although it is sometimes difficult for researchers to ensure that their work is used by resour... more 1. Although it is sometimes difficult for researchers to ensure that their work is used by resource managers to make informed decisions, an example where this knowledge-action gap has been breached is in research published in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems (AQC)among other journalsthat has assisted fisheries managers in identifying strategies for reducing freshwater turtle bycatch in commercial hoop net fisheries in Ontario, Canada. 2. Research published in AQC has provided evidence towards a simple and effective method for preventing turtle bycatch mortality in hoop nets, which could be adopted by the fishers. Other research published in AQC evaluated the effect of bycatch mortality on the probability of persistence of turtle populations with population viability analyses, and outlined the need to minimize bycatch mortality to prevent local extirpation. Nine other papers have been published on freshwater turtle bycatch in Ontario, furthering our knowledge on this issue including seasonality and temperature effects on catches, other net modifications, post-release effects and assisted recovery, and the perspectives of fishers. 3. The research results were presented to local resource managers with further discussions involving industry and stakeholders to minimize turtle bycatch mortality. Over several years, researchers have provided information to resource managers; however, when an incident of high turtle mortality caught the public eye, the research was readily available and changes in regulations were quick to occur. 4. Reasonably good communication among researchers, resource managers, industry, stakeholders, and the broader public allowed the rapid implementation of regulations to mitigate freshwater turtle bycatch mortality and bridged the knowledge-action gap between researchers and resource managers. 5. Both articles published in AQC had practical conservation impacts and were influential in providing local resource managers with feasible solutions, and the impetus to change regulations. These impacts extended to other jurisdictions and their monitoring programmes, where methods to reduce turtle bycatch mortality were also implemented.
Even with long-standing management and extensive science support, North American inland fish and ... more Even with long-standing management and extensive science support, North American inland fish and fisheries still face many conservation and management challenges. We used a grand challenges approach to identify critical roadblocks that if removed would help solve important problems in the management and long-term conservation of North American inland fish and fisheries. We identified seven grand challenges within three themes (valuation, governance, and externalities) and 34 research needs and management actions. The major themes identified are to (1) raise awareness of diverse values associated with inland fish and fisheries, (2) govern inland fish and fisheries to satisfy multiple use and conservation objectives, and (3) ensure productive inland fisheries given nonfishing sector externalities. Addressing these grand challenges will help the broader community understand the diverse values of inland fish and fisheries, promote open forums for engagement of diverse stakeholders in fisheries management, and better integrate the inland fish sector into the greater water and land use policy process.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Jul 1, 2019
Biotelemetry informing management: case studies exploring successful integration of biotelemetry ... more Biotelemetry informing management: case studies exploring successful integration of biotelemetry data into fisheries and habitat management.
Introduction: Shore-based shark fishing in Florida is a relatively low-cost and easy-access fishe... more Introduction: Shore-based shark fishing in Florida is a relatively low-cost and easy-access fishery which attracts a wide variety of experienced and inexperienced anglers leading to concerns about proper handling methods of captured fish that are released either voluntarily or to comply with regulations. Proper handling methods can help reduce post-release mortality among sharks, many of which are threatened with extinction. Therefore, we considered proper handling methods as a pro-environmental behavior, which has been linked with the use of di erent information channels to increase conservation knowledge. Methods: We used data from an online questionnaire to understand where anglers of this fishery obtain information about fishing skills with a particular focus on fish handling techniques and best practices for catch-and-release. Then we included their main information channels in a series of hierarchical regression models with perceived conservation knowledge and support for fishery management to explain pro-environmental behavior regarding shark conservation. Results: We found that most anglers learned about shore-based shark fishing through interpersonal communications with friends and family, but typically use the internet to learn more about fishing skills. While information channel use was not significantly associated with pro-environmental behavior, it was significantly associated with support for fisheries management, which in turn was associated with pro-environmental behavior among respondents. Discussion: These findings can inform public educational outreach e orts to spread awareness of proper handling techniques and reduce instances of post-release mortality in sharks.
In the PDF version of the originally published article, an incorrect doi was included in the cita... more In the PDF version of the originally published article, an incorrect doi was included in the citation information and in the footer. The corrected information is shown here:
Contemporary conservation problems are typically positioned at the interface of complex ecologica... more Contemporary conservation problems are typically positioned at the interface of complex ecological and human systems. Traditional approaches aiming to compartmentalize a phenomenon within the confines of a single discipline and failing to engage non-science partners are outmoded and cannot identify solutions that have traction in the social, economic, and political arenas in which conservation actions must operate. As a result, conservation science teams must adopt multiple disciplinary approaches that bridge not only academic disciplines but also the political and social realms and engage relevant partners. Five reasons are presented that outline why conservation problems demand multiple disciplinary approaches in order to move forward because: (i) socio-ecological systems are complex, (ii) multiple perspectives are better than one, (iii) the results of research must influence practice, (iv) the heterogeneity of scale necessitates it, and (v) conservation involves compromise. Presenting reasons that support multiple disciplinarity demands a review of the barriers that impede this process, as we are far from attaining a model or framework that is applicable in all contexts. Two challenges that impede multiple disciplinarity are discussed, in addition to pragmatic solutions that conservation scientists and practitioners can adopt in their work. Overall, conservation researchers and practitioners are encouraged to explore the multiple disciplinary dimensions of their respective realms to more effectively solve problems in biodiversity and sustainability.
We discuss 12 themes that emerged from the set of case studies comprising the text, namely: (1) m... more We discuss 12 themes that emerged from the set of case studies comprising the text, namely: (1) mechanisms matter for conservation; (2) physiology is just one source of knowledge; (3) physiology and behaviour are intertwined; (4) new tools and technologies should be embraced; (5) physiology can be valuable in captive settings; (6) conservation physiology extends across scales; (7) physiology can be incorporated into long-term monitoring programmes; (8) conservation physiology is applicable to invertebrates; (9) non-imperilled species deserve attention; (10) successful application is increased by co-production; (11) sharing success stories is important; and (12) findings should be communicated across a variety of platforms. We end the chapter with a discussion of some of the challenges currently being faced in the discipline, and with a message of optimism for the future.
Though reported capture fisheries are dominated by marine production, inland fish and fisheries m... more Though reported capture fisheries are dominated by marine production, inland fish and fisheries make substantial contributions to meeting the challenges faced by individuals, society, and the environment in a changing global landscape. Inland capture fisheries and aquaculture contribute over 40% to the world’s reported finfish production from less than 0.01% of the total volume of water on earth. These fisheries provide food for billions and livelihoods for millions of people worldwide. Herein, using supporting evidence from the literature, we review 10 reasons why inland fish and fisheries are important to the individual (food security, economic security, empowerment), to society (cultural services, recreational services, human health and well-being, knowledge transfer and capacity building), and to the environment (ecosystem function and biodiversity, as aquatic “canaries”, the “green food” movement). However, the current limitations to valuing the services provided by inland fish...
ABSTRACT Knowledge is a critical resource in fisheries management, but it is also a source of con... more ABSTRACT Knowledge is a critical resource in fisheries management, but it is also a source of conflict and competition. Rapid environmental changes are spurring calls for better “knowledge mobilization” or the integration of scientific and local/traditional knowledge into management practice. Given the social-ecological complexity of fisheries resources, fisheries managers are increasingly finding themselves playing the role of knowledge “referees”, tasked with interpreting a wide range of often-contradictory claims and assertions advanced by scientists, politicians, industry, stakeholder groups and the public. Our objective is to examine the intersection of knowledge, politics, and decision-making in fisheries management through extensive interviews with fisheries managers, scientists, stakeholder and user groups (recreational and First Nation fishing sectors) of the Fraser River in British Columbia (Canada). Early findings are revealing that new scientific and local/traditional knowledge must pass what we call “social robustness” – which includes consideration of how key interests, institutions, and media might respond to any new practices or actions – before being seriously considered by management. We discuss successful and unsuccessful examples of how long-established institutional boundaries are navigated, and discuss recommendations about effective knowledge mobilization.
Shore‐based shark fishing in Florida is rarely monitored as it largely occurs at night on remote ... more Shore‐based shark fishing in Florida is rarely monitored as it largely occurs at night on remote beaches and has received a questionable reputation after recent exposure of illegal activity. While these events have led to calls for better management and enforcement, the characteristics of the fishery itself remain largely unknown. Our study, therefore, provides the first comprehensive profile of the Florida shore‐based shark fishery to inform fisheries management and conservation. We distributed an online survey to all Florida Fish and Wildlife shore‐based shark fishing permit holders to gather data on angler sociodemographics, fishing preferences, habits, motivations, and perceptions of shark conservation. We identified three angler typologies that differed primarily by shark fishing experience and frequency: (1) experienced infrequent anglers, (2) skilled frequent anglers, and (3) novice infrequent anglers. Our results revealed that the Florida recreational shore‐based shark fishe...
Environmental decisions related to policy and practice should be based on the best available evid... more Environmental decisions related to policy and practice should be based on the best available evidence. Given the vast amounts of information of varying reliability, an ongoing challenge for decision-makers is how to access, collate, and use this information. The Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (CEE) is dedicated to the synthesis of environmental evidence via systematic reviews (SRs) to advance evidence-informed policy and practice. The CEE has now published 79 completed SRs (as of August 2019), building a wealth of experience and expertise among authors of these works. This article reports meta-data from the 79 completed SRs, as well as findings from a survey of authors (N = 18) regarding their perspectives on the application of the SRs that they have produced (representing a total of 26 SRs). The survey asked authors to evaluate the extent to which the findings from their SRs have been applied, as well as possible facilitators and barriers to application. Based on author-reported perspectives, 13 of 25 cases were identified as having an impact on policy and practice. Respondents felt their work was most successful in identifying research gaps, transferring knowledge, and informing policy and/or practice. The most common barriers experienced by respondents were challenges in communication and engagement with stakeholders, challenges with evidentiary ambiguity arising from SR findings due to overly broad research questions, and limited financial resources. Our findings lead us to posit that, in order to maximise the impact of future SRs, evidence syntheses should: (1) be based on well-defined and policy relevant research questions; (2) involve extensive collaboration among evidence-synthesizers and end users throughout the entire process; (3) create opportunities for partners to build "end user" capacity and awareness of the principles of evidence-based management; (4) develop formal and (eventually) standardized measures and indicators of impact for long-term tracking and comparability purposes. Future research should extend to understanding the perspectives of end users and stakeholders on the relevance of SRs to inform environmental policy and practice.
Practitioners and policymakers working in environmental arenas make decisions that can have large... more Practitioners and policymakers working in environmental arenas make decisions that can have large impacts on ecosystems. Basing such decisions on highquality evidence about the effectiveness of different interventions can often maximize the success of policy and management. Accordingly, it is vital to understand how environmental professionals working at the science-policy interface view and use different types of evidence, including evidence syntheses that collate and summarize available knowledge on a specific topic to save time for decision-makers. We interviewed 84 senior environmental professionals in Canada working at the science-policy interface to explore their confidence in, and use of, evidence syntheses within their organizations. Interviewees value evidence syntheses because they increase confidence in decision-making, particularly for high-profile or risky decisions. Despite this enthusiasm, the apparent lack of available syntheses for many environmental issues means that use can be
Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) invaded the Great Lakes in the early twentieth century and caus... more Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) invaded the Great Lakes in the early twentieth century and caused considerable economic and ecological harm. People who fished the Great Lakes suffered crippling losses and successfully lobbied elected officials in Canada and the United States to create a sea lamprey control program which the Great Lakes Fishery Commission implements under the 1954 Convention on Great Lakes Fisheries. The control program relies on two primary methods: chemical lampricides and physical barriers. Sea lamprey control has been a tremendous success; although the urgency to act is apparent to certain publics and although control methods are deemed by professionals to be safe and effective, continued public advocacy for and acceptance of the control program is not ensured. Many people in the control program are concerned that the urgency to act is not commensurate with the risk sea lampreys continue to pose and that societal acceptance of the primary control methods could wane. This commentary reflects on issues of ''shifting baselines" (changes in perceived risk) and the ''social license to operate" (trust in authorities to make responsible decisions regarding current and planned control methods) and suggests a course to better understand these issues. Improved understanding of these issues will inform communication efforts for all involved in the control program. Moreover, the case examined here is potentially relevant and informative for other environmentally related actions where there may be erosion of the social license.
Environmental decision-makers and practitioners need and deserve high-quality environmental evide... more Environmental decision-makers and practitioners need and deserve high-quality environmental evidence for effective decision-making. We collate and share a suite of best practices for applied environmental researchers to support their capacity to inform such decision-making processes. This raises a number of important questions: What does "relevant" and informative evidence look like? How do we know when evidence has been applied? We assembled an experienced team of knowledge generators and users in Canada to identify insights that have emerged from their work and that could serve as guideposts for others who seek to apply environmental research to policy challenges. By reflecting on successes and failures, we define "success" in applied environmental science as respectfully conducted, partner-relevant research that is accessible, understandable, and shared and that can create opportunities for change (e.g., in policy, behaviour, management). Next, we generated a list of best practices for delivering "successful" applied environmental research. Our guidance emphasizes the importance of engaging early and often, in a respectful manner, with partners, generating high-quality, relevant research (which requires flexibility), having a plan for communicating and sharing outputs, and being transparent about uncertainties and limitations. Other important considerations include acknowledging partners for involvement and training early career researchers in applied partnership research. Finally, we generated a list of specific, measurable indicators for evaluating success, including quality and quantity of scientific outputs, the relationship with the partner(s), relevance and connectedness of the research, accessibility and availability of outputs to users, provision of outputs that are digestible and usable by different audiences,
Conservation researchers have been shown to be motivated by the application of their work to addr... more Conservation researchers have been shown to be motivated by the application of their work to address real world problems. However, a significant number of recent studies in the sociology of science and related fields such as knowledge exchange and knowledge mobilization have shown that direct influence of conservation science on policy and practice is rare. To improve conservation science uptake, we need a better understanding of how knowledge mediation and interpretation by potential knowledge users actually happens. This article examines qualitative data from a set of 65 interviews with government staff and other stakeholders and rights holders involved with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) management in British Columbia, Canada. The focus of the investigation is on the ways that scientific knowledge moves through this network of actors. We approach knowledge exchange and mobilization as a social and political process. Our analysis makes use of the concept of knowledge mediation spaces as the specific settings in which actors deliberate and make sense of multiple forms of knowledge and competing social interests. Four knowledge mediation spaces were identified in the case study: sharing expertise and best practices, consultation on policy direction, program delivery, and research partnerships. Sharing of knowledge among actors in this network was found to be influenced by the movement of individuals from one organization to another throughout their careers. We also found that there is frequent interaction among actors for problem solving and seeking expert advice and that scientific methods strongly inform the actions of fisheries actors; yet science does not always play a role in policy formation. We recommend researchers place more emphasis on engaging stakeholders and Indigenous rights holders more directly in order to inform their research agendas and to facilitate more direct pathways for knowledge exchange, and by extension impacts on management and conservation.
Despite a long history of studying fish movement in the Great Lakes, this body of knowledge has n... more Despite a long history of studying fish movement in the Great Lakes, this body of knowledge has never been summarized or critically evaluated to identify common themes and reveal future research opportunities. We conducted a literature review with the goal of summarizing studies on fish movement and migration in the Great Lakes and their tributaries when directly related to connectivity with the Great Lakes themselves. We located 132 studies that fit our criteria. The most commonly studied species were lake trout (15%), walleye (13%), and lake sturgeon (12%). The majority of studies relied on mark-recapture techniques with comparatively few using newer technologies such as biotelemetry, archival loggers, or otolith micro-chemistry. A large proportion of studies addressed questions related to stocking, identification of critical habitats, and response of fish to human disturbance. There were also numerous studies on the invasive sea lamprey with a focus on using movement data to improve control programs. From the literature synthesis and also a survey of fisheries managers from the Great Lakes basin, we identified key movement-related knowledge gaps. Future studies on the extent of inter-lake movements, the dispersal of stocked fishes from their original stocking locations, and stock mixing were noted as being particularly important given that they have implications in developing harvest regulations and stocking strategies. With current advancements in technology, a diversity of tools are now available for studying fish movement across various temporal and spatial scales and there exist many opportunities to address key science questions and management needs that have existed for decades.
The recreational fishing sector is the dominant user of salmon stocks in inland waters of the Fra... more The recreational fishing sector is the dominant user of salmon stocks in inland waters of the Fraser River, BC, in terms of the number of participants and the economic benefits. They represent a vocal and effective constituent; and understanding the human dimensions of this group is paramount to achieving harmony between economic demand and conservation values. We examined the recreational salmon fisheries of the Fraser to develop understanding of policy-relevant attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours regarding proposed conservation initiatives. Additionally, we sought to explore the applicability of Latent-class Cluster Analysis (LCA) models to conservation and resource management. We completed 311 semi-structured interviews with recreational salmon anglers on fishing grounds of the lower Fraser River. LCAs were used to categorize anglers by their specialization, perceived threats to salmon populations, learning preferences, and environmental attitudes. We found that LCA modelling can identify discrete groups of anglers based on attitudinal data. These models make it possible to predict angler behavioural and response patterns which can help policy-makers improve information flow and gain potential insight on the effectiveness of various management scenarios. Ultimately, such information can aid in successful long-term salmon conservation, more broadly, improve synergy between the use and conservation values of natural resources.
Resource management agencies in the Laurentian Great Lakes routinely conduct studies of fish move... more Resource management agencies in the Laurentian Great Lakes routinely conduct studies of fish movement and migration to understand the temporal and spatial distribution of fishes within and between the lakes and their tributaries. This literature has never been summarized and evaluated to identify common themes and future research opportunities. We reviewed 112 studies, published between 1952 and 2010, with the goal of summarizing existing research on the movement and migration of fishes in the Laurentian Great Lakes. The most commonly studied species were Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush), Walleye (Sander vitreus), and Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). Studies relied mainly on mark-recapture techniques with comparatively few using newer technologies such as biotelemetry, hydroacoustics, or otolith microchemistry/isotope analysis. Most movement studies addressed questions related to reproductive biology, effects of environmental factors on movement, stocking, and habitat use. Movement-related knowledge gaps were identified through the literature synthesis and a survey distributed to Great Lakes fisheries managers. Future studies on emigration/ immigration of fishes through lake corridors, the dispersal of stocked fishes and of stock mixing were identified as being particularly important given their potential for developing lake-or region-wide harvest regulations and stocking strategies. The diversity of tools for studying fish movement across multiple years and various spatial scales gives researchers new abilities to address key science questions and management needs. Addressing these needs has the potential to improve upon existing fisheries management practices within the complexity of multi-jurisdictional governance in the Laurentian Great Lakes.
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Papers by Vivian Nguyen