Management, Marketing & Tourism

Through the application of spatial econometric techniques, this paper examines the spatial patterns of tourism and the role of the underlying geography of urban economic spaces in modelling Tourism Related Employment (TRE) across the South East Queensland (SEQ) region in Australia. Despite a decline in the degree of inequality in the distribution of TRE over the last decade, the SEQ region exhibits a high concentration of TRE along the coast as well as manifesting a strong spatial dependency, that means areas of high employment in tourism sector tend to have neighbours with high values or vice versa. The economies of agglomeration, dwelling density and accessibility to shopping centres are found to be significant positive predictors of TRE; whilst the proximity to industrial areas and closeness to open spaces are identified to exert negative externalities.

Key words: Tourism Related Employment, sunbelt region, spatial econometrics, spatial autocorrelation, and GIS.

version provided is a proof copy. For the authoritative version please consult the journal.

Volunteer tourism is an increasingly popular activity in which individuals combine travel with voluntary work. On the whole, existing literature has provided an optimistic view of volunteer tourism, suggesting that it represents a more mutually beneficial form of tourism that can develop cross-cultural understanding among participants. However, more recently, authors have argued that if volunteer tourism programmes are not carefully managed, they may in fact lead to cross-cultural misunderstanding and the reinforcement of cultural stereotypes.
Through conducting an Appreciative Inquiry into a number of volunteer programmes, this research sought to explore these ideas further and, in particular, identify the role that volunteer tourism sending organisations can play in order to ensure that cross-cultural understanding develops through volunteer tourism. This paper presents the findings from this research, arguing that sending organisations can have an important influence at a number of stages in the volunteer programme, starting with the development of the programme and continuing after their volunteers have completed the programme.

Key words: Volunteer tourism, cross-cultural understanding, global citizenry, sending organisation, gap year, host communities

This Progress in Tourism Management paper seeks to review the development of geographical contributions to the study of tourism over the last decade. Given the limited number of surveys of geography published in academic journals since the 1970s, it is particularly timely to question and debate where the subject has evolved to, the current debates and issues facing those who work within the subject and where the subject will evolve in the next five years. The paper is structured around a number of distinct themes to emerge from the research activity of geographers, which is deliberately selective in its coverage due to the constraints of space, but focuses on: explaining spatialities; tourism planning and places; development and its discontents; tourism as an ‘applied’ area of research, and future prospects.

Keywords: Geography; Space; Place; Environment; Mobilities

This is the in press version. For the final version please consult the Tourism Management/Elsevier web site.

Also available in Hall, C.M. & Page, S. 2012, Progress in tourism research: From the geography of tourism to geographies of tourism, pp. 9-26 in The Routledge Handbook of Tourism Geographies, ed. J. Wilson, Routledge, London.

"Appreciative Inquiry (AI) is perceived to be a significant recent innovation in action-research. It has been proposed as providing the opportunity to close the gap between theory and practice, focus on the positive aspects of a situation, and turn towards socio-rationalism. While it is rarely used in tourism research, this paper suggests that there is significant potential for the adoption of this approach within our discipline. It is typically used to facilitate positive developments within organisations and could be employed in this way within the tourism industry. Moreover, existing studies suggest that it can also be adopted as an evaluation technique or as an interview tool for field research. In addition, a recent AI conducted into good practice in volunteer tourism points to the way in which AI can be applied as a methodology in tourism. In particular, this example highlights the way in which AI encourages participants to identify examples of success, as well as explore imaginative ideas for the future. It is shown to be an enjoyable process which allows individuals to frame problems in a more positive light.

Key Words: Appreciative Inquiry, action-research, good practice, volunteer tourism

This is a copy of the draft manuscript for the paper. For the authoritative version please consult the journal website. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13683500802140323#.Uf5nVFP7Nko

The relationships between tourism and climate change are emerging as some of the most important tourism research and policy issues. The article reviews recent research on tourism and climate change in order to identify key research foci, issues and knowledge gaps. The analyses the place of tourism within IPCC assessments and the influential Stern Review on the economics of climate change, and identifies the far greater significance attached to tourism in the IPCC reports in comparison with Stern. Tourism issues identified in the IPCC as well as other literature help provide an overview of the major contemporary research themes in tourism and climate change. An account of research on a regional basis is undertaken which identifies significant knowledge gaps in tourism and climate change relationships, especially in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Polar regions. This is then extended to the broader knowledge base of climate change adaptation, mitigation and impacts. The paper concludes that there are a number of major gaps in the current state of knowledge of tourism and climate change that require urgent attention if climate change issues are to be adequately addressed.

KEYWORDS: adaptation, climate change, impacts, IPCC, knowledge, mitigation, policy

This was originally written as part of a broader debate in Tourism Recreation Research. The copy provided here is the page proof. The debate is also available as Hall, C.M., Becken, S., Buckley, R. & Scott, D. 2012, Tourism and climate change: a need for critical analysis, pp.227-247 in Critical Debates in Tourism, ed. T.V. Singh, Channelview, Bristol, The direct URL for the book is: http://www.channelviewpublications.com/display.asp?isb=9781845413415

Authenticity is a concept originating in the condition of modernity. Inauthenticity or fakery is identified essentially an attempt to replicate meaning. Yet replication is not intrinsically bad, what is important is the different experiential depth between the original and the replication. Inauthenticity emerges out of the very attempt to retain or regain authenticity. More problematic is when there is a deliberate attempt to deceive. Authenticity is derived from the property of connectedness of the individual to the perceived, everyday world and environment, the processes that created it and the consequences of one’s engagement with it. There is no problem in searching for authenticity but in the belief that ‘the authentic tourist’ can be satisfied with a holiday package. Arguably, the most authentic tourists of all may be those wanting to visit friends and relations. A number of trends are then identified as far more significant for tourism flows and consumption than authenticity.

KEY WORDS: Authenticity, fakery, connectedness, experience, modernity

The version here is the draft that was submitted. For the authoritative version please consult the journal web site. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026151770600166X

Poverty reduction has become an important item on the tourism agenda. The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2007) has identified poverty reduction, along with climate change, as a global challenge to the tourism industry....

The paper is also available in Hall, C. M. (Ed.). (2007). Pro-poor tourism: who benefits?: perspectives on tourism and poverty reduction.. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.

For the authoritative version please consult the journal website. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13683500708668426?journalCode=rcit20#.VC5UsOdFAmU

"Abstract: Although the potential impacts of climate change on tourism has been examined with respect to tourism destinations and resorts there is a dearth of information on the attitudes and behaviours of small firm entrepreneurs even though such enterprises make up by far the bulk of the tourism industry by number of businesses. The attitudes and adaptation and mitigation behaviours of New Zealand entrepreneurs towards climate change is reported in a longtitudinal qualitative study of 43 rural tourism businesses. Climate change was regarded as potentially significant in the future but in the short-term ranked well below other business concerns. Significantly, where enterprises had been affected by extreme weather events attitudes and behaviours towards climate change differed markedly from those unaffected, although opposition to regulatory approaches with respect to climate change continued. Overall, adaptation rather than mitigation appeared to be the favoured strategies of tourism businesses.

Keywords: tourism, climate change, global environmental change, entrepreneur, New Zealand, adaptation, mitigation

For the authoritative version please consult the journal website.

Hall, C.M. 2006, Urban entrepreneurship, corporate interests and sports mega-events: The thin policies of competitiveness within the hard outcomes of neoliberalism. Sociological Review Monograph, Sports Mega-events: Social Scientific Analyses of a Global Phenomenon, 54(s2), 59-70.< DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00653.x> (available as Sociological Review Monograph, Sports Mega-events: Social Scientific Analyses of a Global Phenomenon, eds. J. Horne & W. Manzenreiter, Blackwell Publishing/The Sociological Review)

Sports mega-events are widely recognised as constituting a significant mechanism to engage in urban imaging and redevelopment strategies. However, since the 1970s there has been a qualitative change in the institutional context of mega-events with corporate interests playing a much greater role in shaping their production and consumption. Such changes have gone hand-in-hand with the development of the neoliberal project and state supported urban entrepreneurialism that promotes the need to enhance place competitiveness. In the case of sports mega-events this has influenced urban development and reimaging function through the utility of public-private partnerships; the convergence of sport, mega-events, media and urban development; and government promotion of the competitive benefits of mega-events.

The article therefore examines several corporatist dimensions of sports mega-events within the associated discourses of competitiveness and neoliberalism. First, regulation of public and private space so as to enhance the competitiveness of certain corporate interests and restrict others. Second, the development of closed or extremely narrow spaces of policy debate with respect to the hosting of mega-events and the development of associated infrastructure. Third, the extent to which the rhetoric of events as development vehicles with respect to urban regeneration is realised. The article concludes that the neoliberal agenda of contemporary sports mega-events and competitiveness in the place market has the potential to become a zero-sum game that only serves to strengthen corporate rather than public benefits of hosting such events. However, discourses regarding the value of place competition and sport are so dominant that it is unlikely that the justifications of urban growth coalitions to host such events in all but the most limited of circumstances

The version uploaded here is the page proof complete with any errors. For the authoritative version please consult the journal website.

Tourism studies has recently been subject to increasing debate regarding journal and research rankings. This debate is reflective of broader concerns over the use of bibliometric tools for purposes for which they were not originally designed. Google Scholar is examined as a means of accessing the citation impact of tourism publications in comparison with Thomson Scientific [formerly Thomson Institute of Scientific Information (ISI)] databases. For pre-1990 publications the citation counts tended to be proportional. For papers published from 1990 on not only were the citation counts proportional the actual number of citations also tended to be very similar. The highest ranking tourism publications by citations are also provided.

Paper was editorial introduction for a special edition of Tourism Review International on food and wine tourism. Copy provided here is the submitted draft.

For the definitive version please check the journal: Hall, C.M. 2006, Culinary tourism and regional development: From slow food to slow tourism? Tourism Review International, 9(4), 303-306.

Research on wine tourism has expanded rapidly since the early 1990s with approximately two-thirds of the literature coming from Australia and New Zealand, countries with not only substantial wine tourism but also a long record of wine marketing research. Of the remaining literature the dominant source countries for research and Canada and the United States. Seven themes are identified from the literature and are discussed in turn: the wine tourism product and its development; wine tourism and regional development; the size of the winery visitation market; winery visitor segments; the behaviour of the winery visitor; the nature of the visitor experience; and emerging area of research on the biosecurity risks posed by visitors. For each of the themes future research challenges and issues are identified. The review concludes by noting although there is now a significant catalogue of research in the field, methods are still relatively crude and studies still tend to be regionally focused and quite generic in nature. There is therefore a need not only to improve the means by which results from different locations and populations can be compared but also to employ greater sophistication in the employment of qualitative and quantitative techniques in their examination.

KEY WORDS: wine tourism, product, regional development, visitor behaviour, visitor experience

This study’s aim was to investigate the New Zealand South Island’s bed and breakfast (B&B) sector’s use and perception of local food produce. In 2003 a survey was mailed to every South Island B&B listed in The New Zealand Bed & Breakfast Book. Of the total sample of 570 B&Bs, 247 completed the questionnaire, providing a response rate of 43%.  The results indicated that the B&B sector show a great overall interest in local foods. Not only did the majority of respondents indicate that they use a lot of local produce in their cooking, but they also indicated that they would very much like to increase usage. Respondents also found it important to support local food producers. However, availability and reliability affect the sourcing of local produce. Respondents also undervalued their own role as promoters of local food towards visitors. The study concludes that there is a need to ‘educate’ members of local food networks, including the B&B sector, about the positive benefits of food and tourism relationships to all sectors, with respect to increased visitor interest and satisfaction as well as the development of longer-term promotional and purchase relationships as part of the consumer value chain.

Key Words: Local food, bed and breakfast, food tourism, culinary tourism, networks, New Zealand

Biosecurity is a major issue for agricultural based economies such as Australia and New Zealand. The paper provides a framework for biosecurity management strategies at the pre-border, border, and post-border stages of biosecurity threat. Issues of biosecurity are then examined in more detail with respect to the wine industry and wine tourism and one specific aspect of biosecurity control, the customs declaration form. A survey of wine tourists in New Zealand was conducted and it was noted that many of them did not recognise vineyards or wineries in the present descriptors used on the Australian and New Zealand customs declaration forms. Further questioning found that given the mobility of wine tourists that they posed significant biosecurity threats for wineries, many of which had no biosecurity strategy in place. The paper concludes that the utility of present customs declaration forms to the wine industry in New Zealand is questionable while also noting the need for biosecurity strategies to be adapted at a winery and vineyard level.

Tourism has been the subject of considerable academic attention over the last three decades. Recently, there have been notable criticisms over the nature of tourism research and an alleged lack of theorization. Published exchanges have also focused on the contested disciplinary status of tourism. In this paper, we revisit these debates and consider them in light of increasing calls for post-disciplinary modes of investigation. In particular, we emphasize the need to understand tourism as just one form of human movement in a wider spectrum of mobilities. The consequences of pursuing a post-disciplinary approach are discussed. If studies of tourism are determined to reflect contemporary conditions, they should move away from traditional inter- and multi-disciplinary approaches to more flexible forms of knowledge production.

KEYWORDS
Tourism, mobility, human movement, disciplines, inter-disciplinary, post-disciplinary.

Mobility has emerged as a major theme in contemporary social science research. Issues of time, space and scale are central to understanding such mobility and the epistemology of tourism studies. Various implications of space-time approaches are discussed as well as means by which they can be modeled. The paper concludes by noting the importance of integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in any social physics of human mobility.

KEY WORDS: TIME, SPACE, TIME GEOGRAPHIES, CONSTRAINTS, MOBILITY, SOCIAL PHYSICS