Skip to main content

Ghada Gemaiey

Cairo University, Faculty of Archaeology, Dept. of Islamic Archaeology, Faculty Member

Followers

84

Following

66

Public Views

Professor at the faculty of archeology, Cairo University.
Diploma in Nanotechnology in restoration and conservation, Cairo University.
Diploma in Maritime Archeology, Alexandria University.
Diploma of Arabic Christian heritage, from Evangelical Theological Seminary in Cairo- ETSC
Doctorate in Islamic archeology, Cairo University
Phone: 00201005118735
Address: https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=ghada_gemaiey/

less

Universidade de Lisboa

Armando Marques-Guedes

UNL - New University of Lisbon

Emrah Safa Gürkan (ESG)

Istanbul 29 Mayis University

Stefano R L Campana

University of Siena / Università di Siena

Keele University

University of Oxford

Antonio Saez Romero

Universidad de Sevilla

Nikolaos Ventikos

National Technical University of Athens

Dr. Mir Tareque Ali

Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology

Guillaume Calafat

Université Paris 1 - Panthéon-Sorbonne

Interests

Uploads

Papers by Ghada Gemaiey

The Role of Water in Isfahan: A Study of Samples of Bridges and Dams on Zâyandé-Rûd

Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies, Jun 1, 2018

This paper is aimed to study the main characteristics of the bridges in Isfahan at the Safavid Pe... more

Hussaini The Influence of the Sectarian Doctrine on the Architecture of the Shi’a Mosques in Iran

IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2014

This research is concerned with the influence of the Shi'a sectarian doctrine on the appearance o... more This research is concerned with the influence of the Shi'a sectarian doctrine on the appearance of a new kind of mosques that was only known in the Shi'a Islamic world, the models of which reached Iran and Iraq. In fact, it is known that the appearance of the architecture of mosques was directly related to the Muhammadian Call and the rise of Islam before the establishment of the Prophet (pbuh) Mosque. On the other hand, the appearance of Hussaini in the 4 th Century A.H. was directly related to the political circumstances of the Abbasid State at that time. Later on, Hussaini buildings were intermittently established in relation to the governments and the ruling systems of the Islamic world, with their intellectual and sectarian tends. However, they spread in the Safavid and Qajared Eras in Iran, and the Safavid Age in Iraq, especially Shah Abbas Ι in 995-1038 A.H. / 1587-1629. As for the main factor that influenced the architecture of such mosques, it is the sectarian factor that is related to the Shiite intellect, corners and main branches, which of course differs from one sect to another depending on the diverse and spreading Shi'a ideologies. Since this research is mainly concerned with the Hussaini architecture in Iran, the focus will be on the influence of the Shiite sectarian thought of the Twelver on the former. It also refers to the differences between the horizontal plan, the units and the elements of the architecture of such mosques and that of the main mosques spreading in Islamic world, which are related to all the Muslims with their different ideologies. Moreover, the research will reveal the connection between such differences and the function of the Shiite mosques. Finally, it will shed light on the technical units and elements of symbolic significance that decorate the corners and angles of Hussaini buildings from the inside and sometimes on the outside, and how they directly and bluntly relate to the Shiite thought.

The Role of the Environment in the Civil Architecture in Istanbul during the Ottoman Period a Comparative Study with Rosetta

IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2014

There are many factorsthat affect the structure of architecture in general, and civil buildingsin... more There are many factorsthat affect the structure of architecture in general, and civil buildingsin particular, like the economic circumstances, ethnicity, jurisprudence, political issues, as well as the founder's perspective and his capability to afford the expense to create a structure with soul and heart. In this regard, this paperaimsatspecifically highlightingthe different environmental factorsaffecting civil architecture such as the geographic nature and climate. All these features can revealmuch about the building, to point out whether it is original or not.This is reflected in the materials and ideas as well,whichprovide insights on if the plan of any buildingis original or affected by a certain region or foreign effects and basics, which could have the main control over the work.Such factors played impressive roles in house planning.Thus,the study refers to all of the effects, with special focus on the climate and location of those houses, which resulted in having these master pieces in both cities. Remarkable palaces and houses planning showed thatthe windows'distribution, balconies, roofs made in different shapes and forms; and all the other elements were used to complete the structure of buildings.

الكنيس اليهودي بمنطقة جوباره بأصفهان في العصر القاجاري دراسة آثرية معمارية تحليلية مقارنة

مجلة البحوث والدراسات الأثرية العدد العاشر, 2022

ومازالت ايران بوجه عام واصفهان بوجه خاص موضع ابهار من حيث تعدد أنواع عمائرها الدينية والتي لا تتح... more ومازالت ايران بوجه عام واصفهان بوجه خاص موضع ابهار من حيث تعدد أنواع عمائرها الدينية والتي لا تتحدث عن فرق مذهبية إسلامية فحسب، بل هي تتحدث معمارياً وفنياً عن فرق عقائدية وديانات ابراهيمية وغير ابراهيمية في دوله اعترفت بنفسها منذ قرون مضت بقومية إسلامية شيعية، فمنذ العصر الصفوي (907-1135هـ /1501-1735م) حملت ايران على اكتافها النداء بمذهب مخالف لمذهب اهل الجماعة، وحاربت وحُربت من أجل اعلاء هذا المذهب، في نفس هذا الوقت وما تلاه أنشأ في ايران معابد يهودية، وكنائس مسيحية، ومعابد زرادشتية، ومعابد بهائية الى جانب مساجد وحسينيات وحوزات علمية لدعم و نشر المذهب الشيعي.
في هذه الورقة البحثية سوف أهتم بدراسة الكنيس اليهودي في منطقة جوباره بأصفهان وأنماط كُنس أصفهان في العصر القاجاري (1193-1343هـ/ 1779-1925م) ، وهي منطقة تجمع المعابد اليهودية منذ انشاء مدينة أصفهان، والتي ترجع في تخطيطها لما قبل العصر الصفوي بقرون عده، فالبعض يرجع قدوم اليهود اليها منذ أيام السبي البابلي، ولما كانت مدينة يهودية بأصفهان قريبة الشبه جواً وتراباً بالقدس الشريف فقد استوطنها اليهود وبنوا فيها منازلهم ومعابدهم، ومع دخول الإسلام اختلف وضع اليهود صعوداً وهبوطاً تبع الوضع السياسي للدولة، الى أن استقر الى حد كبير في العصر القاجاري وخاصة في منطقة جوباره حيث تمركز اليهود، وفي هذه الورقة البحثية سوف أحاول تتبع بعض مما تبقى من تلك المعابد اليهودية لإيجاد طراز عام مميز لها ومقارنتها بمثيلتها من عمائر دينية بمنطقة جوباره وخارجها وذلك في العصر القاجاري (1193-1343هـ/ 1779-1925م)

Nastaliq Calligraphy on Lahore Architecture at the mid-19th. Comparative Study on Architecture of Iran

مجلة العمارة والفنون والعلوم اإلنسانية – المجلد السابع – العدد الثالث والثالثون مايو 2022, 2022

Nastaliq has gained a respectable notice in Iran, Turkey, India including subcontinent, and Arab ... more Nastaliq has gained a respectable notice in Iran, Turkey, India including subcontinent, and Arab world (Egypt, Syria, and Baghdad). Starting from the very minimum size used in miniature paintings to Jali size applied on architecture. Nastaliq was raised and used a lot in different manners because of its unique letter style; but at the same time there is still a hidden style representing the local Nastaliq related to the subcontinent region; this local style represents a new test which we have found in Lahore city in Pakistan at the second mid of 19c. Although the small number of architecture founded in Lahore had used Nastaliq inscriptions in Lahori style-for political reasons-but it deserves to be studied, and the calligraphers of this period are to be given credit for this new calligraphy style in order for their work to be recognized.

Ideological Connotations of the Inscriptions of Juma Masjed of Isfahan

This paper refers to the role of sacred texts in defining a building by using some texts more tha... more This paper refers to the role of sacred texts in defining a building by using some texts more than others, by highlight some issues in a context while skip others, or by adopting references from the Quran or Hadith to bolster certain beliefs. The sacred texts in this mosque depend mostly on the Shiites Imams’ speech, some from Hadith of Prophet Muhammad, and the minority of the sacred texts is taken from the Quran. Minority here is not in terms of quantity but in using the context to confirm the Shi’a ideology in contrast with the Sunni ideology, by depending on the interpretation of the sacred texts in Quran. The reasons for this clearly appear in the influence of ideologies using sacred texts from the same religion, among Sunni and Shi’a, to attract people to a certain ideology and to simultaneously stand against the other which was the method used in the middle age. In this paper, the focus will be on tracing the meanings that characterize this mosque in the Islamic world by refl...

The Pigeon Towers of Isfahan-Iran

This paper aims at examining a different kind of architecture, neither religious nor civil; calle... more This paper aims at examining a different kind of architecture, neither religious nor civil; called the pigeon towers. This kind of architecture is rare and full of beauty and mystery, although in its plan and design it resembles a military unit that extends along the city. As a matter of fact, this vertical architecture is limited mostly to the Iranian plateau. Thus, the sources of its planning are to be the writer’s obsession, to clarify whether the design depended on the Iranian heritage building that appeared before Islam 'Ateshgᾱh', or became to be known through the Armenian architects who came to Isfahan during Shah Abbas period (1587-1629). Along the planning importance, the study will trace the pigeon tower's history, function, material and its main features, depending on the views of the historian, voyager and the remaining pigeon towers that exist in Iran.

THE INFLUENCES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ON SIKH ARCHITECTURE IN PUNJAB REGION FROM THE 16th-19th CE

Shedet

شير سنكي

‫اﻟﻤوﻀوع:‬ ‫اﻷﺜﻴر،ج‬ ‫)اﺒن‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺎر"‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﺴﻴف‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ " 2 ‫،ص‬ 154 ( ‫ﻗﺔ... more ‫اﻟﻤوﻀوع:‬ ‫اﻷﺜﻴر،ج‬ ‫)اﺒن‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺎر"‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﺴﻴف‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ " 2 ‫،ص‬ 154 ( ‫ﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟور‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤدﻴث‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺘم‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘدﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒر‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻴر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒر‬ ‫داﺨﻝ‬ ‫دورﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫و‬ ، .

Khalid Nabi's Shrine and Cemetery Golestan, Iran, Historical and archeological study

, Quest Journals: Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, , 2019

This paper took from me more than one year to be able to identify from which aspect shall I discu... more This paper took from me more than one year to be able to identify from which aspect shall I discuss this site. It's a unique site; unique in its shape, components and location. It retells a complete story from different points of view. Khalid Nabi's Shrine and Cemetery gather in one site differentness with sacred character that most people know nothing about. Many people are also oblivious to the fact that he is considered a prophet by his followers. Although historians gave us hints about that identity. While going around the cemetery you will see many artifacts and shapes referred to as "internal organs exhibition" by most authors who wrote about the site. They refer to the practice of venerating the dead and its roots in central Asiatic traditional especially in Turks heritage. With the idea of fertility, reproduction alongside with the system of mythological ideas about the ring relating the life within the death, which could be true of course, this idea is there every where all the time since the humanity exist on planet earth. To adopt this idea as a research material was much easier work for me, but for many reasons I thought there is something more relevant to the shrine and his owner than some organs here and there. So this paper will discuss another point of view with some new clues related to the paper subject. Problematic: The main problem that faces the researcher is the fact that no one has ever written about this site in a direct and subjective way except David Stronach and William R. Royce , of course they adopt the idea of Phallic cult, and they did a good job in my humble point of view and really they helped me starting my own idea. Except their paper; no one else as far as I know wrote a complete research about the site, although they forgot to refer to the Shrine and they only focuses on the artifacts' shapes. Beside that Khalid Nabi himself didn't take from historians the attention he deserves as a prophet, maybe even if he was buried in a place other than Iran, no one would have noticed that there is a Valie or Imam who deserves building a tomb to retain his memory. Methodology: The study of this cemetery will cover the historical and archeological aspects of the shrine. It will also include a detailed analysis of those aspects that will reveal the value and the necessity of studying the symbolism of the tombstone formation and will display the researcher point of view by evidence through analytic method. To eliminate any ambiguity, the research will be divided into many sections, each section will only focus on the idea presented.

Takht-I-Foolad in Isfahan, Iran: A Historical, Archaeological, and Artistic Study of Gravestone

Journal of Humanities and social science (IOSR-JHSS) , 2019

This research aims to study a site in Isfahan that includes many monumental buildings ,such as to... more This research aims to study a site in Isfahan that includes many monumental buildings ,such as tombs, mausoleums, mosques, Tikyet, caravansary, water reservoir, Mousala, and stone graves; namely Takht-I-Foolad. All these kinds of buildings date back to different periods, but most of them are related to the Safavid and Qajar periods. Despite the importance of this site, it did not gain the notice it deserves by researchers. It is a site that combines a variety of buildings that share main feature; seeming like the city of death, in Cairo, Egypt. It contains a complex for the living and the dead, serving both together, and has houses and palaces belonging to the Qajar period. For that and some other reasons it was situated far away from Isfahan. Research Problem This site contains numerous buildings that are different in structure, function, planning, and style; all related to each other only by their location in that site, which is characterized by its unity. It has a wall that surrounds all the buildings inside. It brings into question why the architect and the people chose this site in particular to construct their buildings although it is known as a city of death. Do they live in it? Were they from the upper class or were they poor? What is the main feature of this site? Many gravestones with different decorations reflect the concept of death. Is the type of civil or religious buildings in this site similar to the type of buildings found in the main city? Or is it different because of the distance? Many questions are posed on the genealogy of the site; the history of the men buried there, the type of architecture, and the decorations on the gravestones that surround the site and their meaning. What reason is behind providing this site with many water reservoirs to supply all the buildings with water becoming a lively city for dead people? All of these questions and more needing answer, leading to another important question that requires more research: did the method of graves' decoration that appeared in the Safavid and Qajar periods represent a European influence, or was the result of those Safavid governors who turned back to their past looking for authenticity, finding in their gravestones from the Sassanid period a prolific heritage and decided to take it as a sample for their gravestones, resulting in the appearance of a new kind of tombstone photography. Research Objective This subject has many branches to follow; historical, archeological, and artistic. It is historically based in attempting to trace those who were buried in that site and whether there is any relation between them or was it random burial. The importance of study is in archeologically highlighting the meanings of the decorations and inscriptions on the gravestones, what they refer to, and their purpose. These questions are to be answered in addition to the artistic description of the decorations, making a survey of the monumental buildings in this site in terms of their relevance, description, and planning, types, and whether or not they are related to the Safavid or Qajari accordance with their location. Research Method The archaeological method is reflected in the description and analysis of the units and elements in the buildings. This study also aims to trace the development of the urban structure of sites in the Safavid and Qajar periods, focusing on the religious and civil architecture. The study of urban architecture is to monitor the distribution of the buildings around the site and the causes behind such distribution. The archeological study is attempted after a comprehensive study of the historical, social, economic, political and religious motifs which play the main role in the appearance of such a site. To avoid confusion, the study will be confined to samples of gravestones in Takht foulad site, which is distinguished in many ways. By observing the gravestones around the world, tombstone similar to those located in this site are rarely found. Although it is difficult to deny the existence of other gravestones around Iran with some inscriptions and decorative motifs similar to those in Takht Foulad, those tombstones have elements that are different from the gravestones of Takht Foulad. Besides the written inscriptions, and geometric and floral elements, it is noticed in Isfahan that some other decorations explain the nature of the buried, their work, and ideology and so on. In this study, most of the decoration at the ancient gravestone in Takht Foulad in Isfahan will be monitored, especially those that represent the life of the buried and their life style. The sample for study will be approximately a 100 different gravestones around Takht Foulad, analyzing their decoration sin an

The Pigeon Towers of Isfahan-Iran

, Journal of Humanities and social science. Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), , 2016

This paper aims at examining a different kind of architecture, neither religious nor civil; calle... more This paper aims at examining a different kind of architecture, neither religious nor civil; called the pigeon towers. This kind of architecture is rare and full of beauty and mystery, although in its plan and design it resembles a military unit that extends along the city. As a matter of fact, this vertical architecture is limited mostly to the Iranian plateau. Thus, the sources of its planning are to be the writer's obsession, to clarify whether the design depended on the Iranian heritage building that appeared before Islam 'Ateshgᾱh', or became to be known through the Armenian architects who came to Isfahan during Shah Abbas period (1587-1629). Along the planning importance, the study will trace the pigeon tower's history, function, material and its main features, depending on the views of the historian, voyager and the remaining pigeon towers that exist in Iran.

Holy water in the Islamic civilization By studying Sabil and Cingab unite in Iran

IDEOLOGICAL CONNOTATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS OF JUMA MASJED OF ISFAHAN

This paper refers to the role of sacred texts in defining a building by using some texts more tha... more This paper refers to the role of sacred texts in defining a building by using some texts more than others, by highlight some issues in a context while skip others, or by adopting references from the Quran or Hadith to bolster certain beliefs. The sacred texts in this mosque depend mostly on the Shiites Imams' speech, some from Hadith of Prophet Muhammad, and the minority of the sacred texts is taken from the Quran. Minority here is not in terms of quantity but in using the context to confirm the Shi'a ideology in contrast with the Sunni ideology, by depending on the interpretation of the sacred texts in Quran. The reasons for this clearly appear in the influence of ideologies using sacred texts from the same religion, among Sunni and Shi'a, to attract people to a certain ideology and to simultaneously stand against the other which was the method used in the middle age. In this paper, the focus will be on tracing the meanings that characterize this mosque in the Islamic world by reflecting on its history, architecture, and arts element. This mosque was first established following the Sunni ideology, then, it was transformed to belong to the Shi'a in the Safavid Period to spread their ideology.

Holy water in the Islamic civilization By studying Sabil and Cingab unite in Iran

The Islamic architecture knows a variety of building used to preserve and service water at many l... more The Islamic architecture knows a variety of building used to preserve and service water at many level and many shapes, cause of the water importance in life in general and its importance in Muslim habits special, for that the Muslim architecture create the Sabil unite and Şişme for service water to public, and know also wells and Qantas to preserve water. But for Iran region the Sanctification of the water become substantial for the above reasons and more. Before Islam the water has its importance cause of the pre-Islam Persian culture, history and cause of the environment of course. when Iranian know Islam and believe with it the reasons become more and more cause of the Shiism and there believes, for that we notice a symbol of other unite of architecture use to service and preserve water in Iran we didn’t see before, such as Cingab which appear side by side the Sabil unite. but they know the Sabil unite in different shape and compounds which I will refer to both of them ” Cingab and Sabil” by study there architecture unites, decoration, and its history, the effect of religion and social role in their structure by choosing symbols of Sabil and Cingab from Isfahan city and some other Iranian cities at Safifed period.

The Role of the Environment in the Civil Architecture in Istanbul during the Ottoman Period a Comparative Study with Rosetta

There are many factors that affect the structure of architecture in general, and civil buildings ... more There are many factors that affect the structure of architecture in general, and civil buildings in particular, like the economic circumstances, ethnicity, jurisprudence, political issues, as well as the founder’s perspective and his capability to afford the expense to create a structure with soul and heart. In this regard, this paper aims at specifically highlighting the different environmental factors affecting civil architecture such as the geographic nature and climate. All these features can reveal much about the building, to point out whether it is original or not. This is reflected in the materials and ideas as well, which provide insights on if the plan of any buildingis original or affected by a certain region or foreign effects and basics, which could have the main control over the work. Such factors played impressive roles in house planning. Thus, the study refers to all of the effects, with special focus on the climate and location of those houses, which resulted in having these master pieces in both cities. Remarkable palaces and houses planning showed that the windows’ distribution, balconies, roofs made in different shapes and forms; and all the other elements were used to complete the structure of buildings.

Hussaini The Influence of the Sectarian Doctrine on the Architecture of the Shi’a Mosques in Iran

This research is concerned with the influence of the Shi’a sectarian doctrine on the appearance o... more This research is concerned with the influence of the Shi’a sectarian doctrine on the appearance of a new kind of mosques that was only known in the Shi’a Islamic world, the models of which reached Iran and Iraq. In fact, it is known that the appearance of the architecture of mosques was directly related to the Muhammadian Call and the rise of Islam before the establishment of the Prophet (pbuh) Mosque. On the other hand, the appearance of Hussaini in the 4th Century A.H. was directly related to the political circumstances of the Abbasid State at that time. Later on, Hussaini buildings were intermittently established in relation to the governments and the ruling systems of the Islamic world, with their intellectual and sectarian tends. However, they spread in the Safavid and Qajarite Eras in Iran, and the Safavid Age in Iraq, especially Shah Abbas Ι in 995-1038 A.H. / 1587-1629. As for the main factor that influenced the architecture of such mosques, it is the sectarian factor that is related to the Shiite intellect, corners and main branches, which of course differs from one sect to another depending on the diverse and spreading Shi’a ideologies. Since this research is mainly concerned with the Hussaini architecture in Iran, the focus will be on the influence of the Shiite sectarian thought of the Twelver on the former. It also refers to the differences between the horizontal plan, the units and the elements of the architecture of such mosques and that of the main mosques spreading in Islamic world, which are related to all the Muslims with their different ideologies. Moreover, the research will reveal the connection between such differences and the function of the Shiite mosques. Finally, it will shed light on the technical units and elements of symbolic significance that decorate the corners and angles of Hussaini buildings from the inside and sometimes on the outside, and how they directly and bluntly relate to the Shiite thought.

اسرة باليان ودورها المعماري والفني في العملرة الدينية العثمانية في استانبول خلال القرن 13هـ/19م

THE ROLE OF WATER IN ISFAHAN: A STUDY OF SAMPLES OF BRIDGES AND DAMS ON ZĀYANDÉ-RŪD

This paper is aimed to study the main characteristics of the bridges in Isfahan at the Safavid Pe... more

IDEOLOGICAL CONNOTATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS OF JUMA MASJED OF ISFAHAN

This paper refers to the role of sacred texts in defining a building by using some texts more tha... more This paper refers to the role of sacred texts in defining a building by using some texts more than others, by foregrounding some issues in a context while back-grounding others, or by adopting references from the Quran or Hadith to bolster certain beliefs. The sacred texts in this mosque depend mostly on the Shiites Imams’ speech, some from Hadith of Prophet Muhammad, and the minority of the sacred texts is taken from the Quran. Minority here is not in terms of quantity but in using the context to confirm the Shi’a ideology in contrast with the Sunni ideology, by depending on the interpretation of the sacred texts in Quran. The reasons for this clearly appear in the influence of ideologies using sacred texts from the same religion, among Sunni and Shi’a, to attract people to a certain ideology and to simultaneously stand against the other. In this paper, the focus will be on tracing the meanings that characterize this mosque in the Islamic world by reflecting on its history, architecture, and arts element. This mosque was first established following the Sunni ideology, then, it was transformed to belong to the fanatic Shi’a in the Safavid Period to spread their ideology.

The Role of Water in Isfahan: A Study of Samples of Bridges and Dams on Zâyandé-Rûd

Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies, Jun 1, 2018

This paper is aimed to study the main characteristics of the bridges in Isfahan at the Safavid Pe... more

Hussaini The Influence of the Sectarian Doctrine on the Architecture of the Shi’a Mosques in Iran

IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2014

This research is concerned with the influence of the Shi'a sectarian doctrine on the appearance o... more This research is concerned with the influence of the Shi'a sectarian doctrine on the appearance of a new kind of mosques that was only known in the Shi'a Islamic world, the models of which reached Iran and Iraq. In fact, it is known that the appearance of the architecture of mosques was directly related to the Muhammadian Call and the rise of Islam before the establishment of the Prophet (pbuh) Mosque. On the other hand, the appearance of Hussaini in the 4 th Century A.H. was directly related to the political circumstances of the Abbasid State at that time. Later on, Hussaini buildings were intermittently established in relation to the governments and the ruling systems of the Islamic world, with their intellectual and sectarian tends. However, they spread in the Safavid and Qajared Eras in Iran, and the Safavid Age in Iraq, especially Shah Abbas Ι in 995-1038 A.H. / 1587-1629. As for the main factor that influenced the architecture of such mosques, it is the sectarian factor that is related to the Shiite intellect, corners and main branches, which of course differs from one sect to another depending on the diverse and spreading Shi'a ideologies. Since this research is mainly concerned with the Hussaini architecture in Iran, the focus will be on the influence of the Shiite sectarian thought of the Twelver on the former. It also refers to the differences between the horizontal plan, the units and the elements of the architecture of such mosques and that of the main mosques spreading in Islamic world, which are related to all the Muslims with their different ideologies. Moreover, the research will reveal the connection between such differences and the function of the Shiite mosques. Finally, it will shed light on the technical units and elements of symbolic significance that decorate the corners and angles of Hussaini buildings from the inside and sometimes on the outside, and how they directly and bluntly relate to the Shiite thought.

The Role of the Environment in the Civil Architecture in Istanbul during the Ottoman Period a Comparative Study with Rosetta

IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2014

There are many factorsthat affect the structure of architecture in general, and civil buildingsin... more There are many factorsthat affect the structure of architecture in general, and civil buildingsin particular, like the economic circumstances, ethnicity, jurisprudence, political issues, as well as the founder's perspective and his capability to afford the expense to create a structure with soul and heart. In this regard, this paperaimsatspecifically highlightingthe different environmental factorsaffecting civil architecture such as the geographic nature and climate. All these features can revealmuch about the building, to point out whether it is original or not.This is reflected in the materials and ideas as well,whichprovide insights on if the plan of any buildingis original or affected by a certain region or foreign effects and basics, which could have the main control over the work.Such factors played impressive roles in house planning.Thus,the study refers to all of the effects, with special focus on the climate and location of those houses, which resulted in having these master pieces in both cities. Remarkable palaces and houses planning showed thatthe windows'distribution, balconies, roofs made in different shapes and forms; and all the other elements were used to complete the structure of buildings.

الكنيس اليهودي بمنطقة جوباره بأصفهان في العصر القاجاري دراسة آثرية معمارية تحليلية مقارنة

مجلة البحوث والدراسات الأثرية العدد العاشر, 2022

ومازالت ايران بوجه عام واصفهان بوجه خاص موضع ابهار من حيث تعدد أنواع عمائرها الدينية والتي لا تتح... more ومازالت ايران بوجه عام واصفهان بوجه خاص موضع ابهار من حيث تعدد أنواع عمائرها الدينية والتي لا تتحدث عن فرق مذهبية إسلامية فحسب، بل هي تتحدث معمارياً وفنياً عن فرق عقائدية وديانات ابراهيمية وغير ابراهيمية في دوله اعترفت بنفسها منذ قرون مضت بقومية إسلامية شيعية، فمنذ العصر الصفوي (907-1135هـ /1501-1735م) حملت ايران على اكتافها النداء بمذهب مخالف لمذهب اهل الجماعة، وحاربت وحُربت من أجل اعلاء هذا المذهب، في نفس هذا الوقت وما تلاه أنشأ في ايران معابد يهودية، وكنائس مسيحية، ومعابد زرادشتية، ومعابد بهائية الى جانب مساجد وحسينيات وحوزات علمية لدعم و نشر المذهب الشيعي.
في هذه الورقة البحثية سوف أهتم بدراسة الكنيس اليهودي في منطقة جوباره بأصفهان وأنماط كُنس أصفهان في العصر القاجاري (1193-1343هـ/ 1779-1925م) ، وهي منطقة تجمع المعابد اليهودية منذ انشاء مدينة أصفهان، والتي ترجع في تخطيطها لما قبل العصر الصفوي بقرون عده، فالبعض يرجع قدوم اليهود اليها منذ أيام السبي البابلي، ولما كانت مدينة يهودية بأصفهان قريبة الشبه جواً وتراباً بالقدس الشريف فقد استوطنها اليهود وبنوا فيها منازلهم ومعابدهم، ومع دخول الإسلام اختلف وضع اليهود صعوداً وهبوطاً تبع الوضع السياسي للدولة، الى أن استقر الى حد كبير في العصر القاجاري وخاصة في منطقة جوباره حيث تمركز اليهود، وفي هذه الورقة البحثية سوف أحاول تتبع بعض مما تبقى من تلك المعابد اليهودية لإيجاد طراز عام مميز لها ومقارنتها بمثيلتها من عمائر دينية بمنطقة جوباره وخارجها وذلك في العصر القاجاري (1193-1343هـ/ 1779-1925م)

Nastaliq Calligraphy on Lahore Architecture at the mid-19th. Comparative Study on Architecture of Iran

مجلة العمارة والفنون والعلوم اإلنسانية – المجلد السابع – العدد الثالث والثالثون مايو 2022, 2022

Nastaliq has gained a respectable notice in Iran, Turkey, India including subcontinent, and Arab ... more Nastaliq has gained a respectable notice in Iran, Turkey, India including subcontinent, and Arab world (Egypt, Syria, and Baghdad). Starting from the very minimum size used in miniature paintings to Jali size applied on architecture. Nastaliq was raised and used a lot in different manners because of its unique letter style; but at the same time there is still a hidden style representing the local Nastaliq related to the subcontinent region; this local style represents a new test which we have found in Lahore city in Pakistan at the second mid of 19c. Although the small number of architecture founded in Lahore had used Nastaliq inscriptions in Lahori style-for political reasons-but it deserves to be studied, and the calligraphers of this period are to be given credit for this new calligraphy style in order for their work to be recognized.

Ideological Connotations of the Inscriptions of Juma Masjed of Isfahan

This paper refers to the role of sacred texts in defining a building by using some texts more tha... more This paper refers to the role of sacred texts in defining a building by using some texts more than others, by highlight some issues in a context while skip others, or by adopting references from the Quran or Hadith to bolster certain beliefs. The sacred texts in this mosque depend mostly on the Shiites Imams’ speech, some from Hadith of Prophet Muhammad, and the minority of the sacred texts is taken from the Quran. Minority here is not in terms of quantity but in using the context to confirm the Shi’a ideology in contrast with the Sunni ideology, by depending on the interpretation of the sacred texts in Quran. The reasons for this clearly appear in the influence of ideologies using sacred texts from the same religion, among Sunni and Shi’a, to attract people to a certain ideology and to simultaneously stand against the other which was the method used in the middle age. In this paper, the focus will be on tracing the meanings that characterize this mosque in the Islamic world by refl...

The Pigeon Towers of Isfahan-Iran

This paper aims at examining a different kind of architecture, neither religious nor civil; calle... more This paper aims at examining a different kind of architecture, neither religious nor civil; called the pigeon towers. This kind of architecture is rare and full of beauty and mystery, although in its plan and design it resembles a military unit that extends along the city. As a matter of fact, this vertical architecture is limited mostly to the Iranian plateau. Thus, the sources of its planning are to be the writer’s obsession, to clarify whether the design depended on the Iranian heritage building that appeared before Islam 'Ateshgᾱh', or became to be known through the Armenian architects who came to Isfahan during Shah Abbas period (1587-1629). Along the planning importance, the study will trace the pigeon tower's history, function, material and its main features, depending on the views of the historian, voyager and the remaining pigeon towers that exist in Iran.

THE INFLUENCES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ON SIKH ARCHITECTURE IN PUNJAB REGION FROM THE 16th-19th CE

Shedet

شير سنكي

‫اﻟﻤوﻀوع:‬ ‫اﻷﺜﻴر،ج‬ ‫)اﺒن‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺎر"‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﺴﻴف‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ " 2 ‫،ص‬ 154 ( ‫ﻗﺔ... more ‫اﻟﻤوﻀوع:‬ ‫اﻷﺜﻴر،ج‬ ‫)اﺒن‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺎر"‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﺴﻴف‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ " 2 ‫،ص‬ 154 ( ‫ﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟور‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤدﻴث‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺘم‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘدﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒر‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻴر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒر‬ ‫داﺨﻝ‬ ‫دورﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫و‬ ، .

Khalid Nabi's Shrine and Cemetery Golestan, Iran, Historical and archeological study

, Quest Journals: Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, , 2019

This paper took from me more than one year to be able to identify from which aspect shall I discu... more This paper took from me more than one year to be able to identify from which aspect shall I discuss this site. It's a unique site; unique in its shape, components and location. It retells a complete story from different points of view. Khalid Nabi's Shrine and Cemetery gather in one site differentness with sacred character that most people know nothing about. Many people are also oblivious to the fact that he is considered a prophet by his followers. Although historians gave us hints about that identity. While going around the cemetery you will see many artifacts and shapes referred to as "internal organs exhibition" by most authors who wrote about the site. They refer to the practice of venerating the dead and its roots in central Asiatic traditional especially in Turks heritage. With the idea of fertility, reproduction alongside with the system of mythological ideas about the ring relating the life within the death, which could be true of course, this idea is there every where all the time since the humanity exist on planet earth. To adopt this idea as a research material was much easier work for me, but for many reasons I thought there is something more relevant to the shrine and his owner than some organs here and there. So this paper will discuss another point of view with some new clues related to the paper subject. Problematic: The main problem that faces the researcher is the fact that no one has ever written about this site in a direct and subjective way except David Stronach and William R. Royce , of course they adopt the idea of Phallic cult, and they did a good job in my humble point of view and really they helped me starting my own idea. Except their paper; no one else as far as I know wrote a complete research about the site, although they forgot to refer to the Shrine and they only focuses on the artifacts' shapes. Beside that Khalid Nabi himself didn't take from historians the attention he deserves as a prophet, maybe even if he was buried in a place other than Iran, no one would have noticed that there is a Valie or Imam who deserves building a tomb to retain his memory. Methodology: The study of this cemetery will cover the historical and archeological aspects of the shrine. It will also include a detailed analysis of those aspects that will reveal the value and the necessity of studying the symbolism of the tombstone formation and will display the researcher point of view by evidence through analytic method. To eliminate any ambiguity, the research will be divided into many sections, each section will only focus on the idea presented.

Takht-I-Foolad in Isfahan, Iran: A Historical, Archaeological, and Artistic Study of Gravestone

Journal of Humanities and social science (IOSR-JHSS) , 2019

This research aims to study a site in Isfahan that includes many monumental buildings ,such as to... more This research aims to study a site in Isfahan that includes many monumental buildings ,such as tombs, mausoleums, mosques, Tikyet, caravansary, water reservoir, Mousala, and stone graves; namely Takht-I-Foolad. All these kinds of buildings date back to different periods, but most of them are related to the Safavid and Qajar periods. Despite the importance of this site, it did not gain the notice it deserves by researchers. It is a site that combines a variety of buildings that share main feature; seeming like the city of death, in Cairo, Egypt. It contains a complex for the living and the dead, serving both together, and has houses and palaces belonging to the Qajar period. For that and some other reasons it was situated far away from Isfahan. Research Problem This site contains numerous buildings that are different in structure, function, planning, and style; all related to each other only by their location in that site, which is characterized by its unity. It has a wall that surrounds all the buildings inside. It brings into question why the architect and the people chose this site in particular to construct their buildings although it is known as a city of death. Do they live in it? Were they from the upper class or were they poor? What is the main feature of this site? Many gravestones with different decorations reflect the concept of death. Is the type of civil or religious buildings in this site similar to the type of buildings found in the main city? Or is it different because of the distance? Many questions are posed on the genealogy of the site; the history of the men buried there, the type of architecture, and the decorations on the gravestones that surround the site and their meaning. What reason is behind providing this site with many water reservoirs to supply all the buildings with water becoming a lively city for dead people? All of these questions and more needing answer, leading to another important question that requires more research: did the method of graves' decoration that appeared in the Safavid and Qajar periods represent a European influence, or was the result of those Safavid governors who turned back to their past looking for authenticity, finding in their gravestones from the Sassanid period a prolific heritage and decided to take it as a sample for their gravestones, resulting in the appearance of a new kind of tombstone photography. Research Objective This subject has many branches to follow; historical, archeological, and artistic. It is historically based in attempting to trace those who were buried in that site and whether there is any relation between them or was it random burial. The importance of study is in archeologically highlighting the meanings of the decorations and inscriptions on the gravestones, what they refer to, and their purpose. These questions are to be answered in addition to the artistic description of the decorations, making a survey of the monumental buildings in this site in terms of their relevance, description, and planning, types, and whether or not they are related to the Safavid or Qajari accordance with their location. Research Method The archaeological method is reflected in the description and analysis of the units and elements in the buildings. This study also aims to trace the development of the urban structure of sites in the Safavid and Qajar periods, focusing on the religious and civil architecture. The study of urban architecture is to monitor the distribution of the buildings around the site and the causes behind such distribution. The archeological study is attempted after a comprehensive study of the historical, social, economic, political and religious motifs which play the main role in the appearance of such a site. To avoid confusion, the study will be confined to samples of gravestones in Takht foulad site, which is distinguished in many ways. By observing the gravestones around the world, tombstone similar to those located in this site are rarely found. Although it is difficult to deny the existence of other gravestones around Iran with some inscriptions and decorative motifs similar to those in Takht Foulad, those tombstones have elements that are different from the gravestones of Takht Foulad. Besides the written inscriptions, and geometric and floral elements, it is noticed in Isfahan that some other decorations explain the nature of the buried, their work, and ideology and so on. In this study, most of the decoration at the ancient gravestone in Takht Foulad in Isfahan will be monitored, especially those that represent the life of the buried and their life style. The sample for study will be approximately a 100 different gravestones around Takht Foulad, analyzing their decoration sin an

The Pigeon Towers of Isfahan-Iran

, Journal of Humanities and social science. Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), , 2016

This paper aims at examining a different kind of architecture, neither religious nor civil; calle... more This paper aims at examining a different kind of architecture, neither religious nor civil; called the pigeon towers. This kind of architecture is rare and full of beauty and mystery, although in its plan and design it resembles a military unit that extends along the city. As a matter of fact, this vertical architecture is limited mostly to the Iranian plateau. Thus, the sources of its planning are to be the writer's obsession, to clarify whether the design depended on the Iranian heritage building that appeared before Islam 'Ateshgᾱh', or became to be known through the Armenian architects who came to Isfahan during Shah Abbas period (1587-1629). Along the planning importance, the study will trace the pigeon tower's history, function, material and its main features, depending on the views of the historian, voyager and the remaining pigeon towers that exist in Iran.

Holy water in the Islamic civilization By studying Sabil and Cingab unite in Iran

IDEOLOGICAL CONNOTATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS OF JUMA MASJED OF ISFAHAN

This paper refers to the role of sacred texts in defining a building by using some texts more tha... more This paper refers to the role of sacred texts in defining a building by using some texts more than others, by highlight some issues in a context while skip others, or by adopting references from the Quran or Hadith to bolster certain beliefs. The sacred texts in this mosque depend mostly on the Shiites Imams' speech, some from Hadith of Prophet Muhammad, and the minority of the sacred texts is taken from the Quran. Minority here is not in terms of quantity but in using the context to confirm the Shi'a ideology in contrast with the Sunni ideology, by depending on the interpretation of the sacred texts in Quran. The reasons for this clearly appear in the influence of ideologies using sacred texts from the same religion, among Sunni and Shi'a, to attract people to a certain ideology and to simultaneously stand against the other which was the method used in the middle age. In this paper, the focus will be on tracing the meanings that characterize this mosque in the Islamic world by reflecting on its history, architecture, and arts element. This mosque was first established following the Sunni ideology, then, it was transformed to belong to the Shi'a in the Safavid Period to spread their ideology.

Holy water in the Islamic civilization By studying Sabil and Cingab unite in Iran

The Islamic architecture knows a variety of building used to preserve and service water at many l... more The Islamic architecture knows a variety of building used to preserve and service water at many level and many shapes, cause of the water importance in life in general and its importance in Muslim habits special, for that the Muslim architecture create the Sabil unite and Şişme for service water to public, and know also wells and Qantas to preserve water. But for Iran region the Sanctification of the water become substantial for the above reasons and more. Before Islam the water has its importance cause of the pre-Islam Persian culture, history and cause of the environment of course. when Iranian know Islam and believe with it the reasons become more and more cause of the Shiism and there believes, for that we notice a symbol of other unite of architecture use to service and preserve water in Iran we didn’t see before, such as Cingab which appear side by side the Sabil unite. but they know the Sabil unite in different shape and compounds which I will refer to both of them ” Cingab and Sabil” by study there architecture unites, decoration, and its history, the effect of religion and social role in their structure by choosing symbols of Sabil and Cingab from Isfahan city and some other Iranian cities at Safifed period.

The Role of the Environment in the Civil Architecture in Istanbul during the Ottoman Period a Comparative Study with Rosetta

There are many factors that affect the structure of architecture in general, and civil buildings ... more There are many factors that affect the structure of architecture in general, and civil buildings in particular, like the economic circumstances, ethnicity, jurisprudence, political issues, as well as the founder’s perspective and his capability to afford the expense to create a structure with soul and heart. In this regard, this paper aims at specifically highlighting the different environmental factors affecting civil architecture such as the geographic nature and climate. All these features can reveal much about the building, to point out whether it is original or not. This is reflected in the materials and ideas as well, which provide insights on if the plan of any buildingis original or affected by a certain region or foreign effects and basics, which could have the main control over the work. Such factors played impressive roles in house planning. Thus, the study refers to all of the effects, with special focus on the climate and location of those houses, which resulted in having these master pieces in both cities. Remarkable palaces and houses planning showed that the windows’ distribution, balconies, roofs made in different shapes and forms; and all the other elements were used to complete the structure of buildings.

Hussaini The Influence of the Sectarian Doctrine on the Architecture of the Shi’a Mosques in Iran

This research is concerned with the influence of the Shi’a sectarian doctrine on the appearance o... more This research is concerned with the influence of the Shi’a sectarian doctrine on the appearance of a new kind of mosques that was only known in the Shi’a Islamic world, the models of which reached Iran and Iraq. In fact, it is known that the appearance of the architecture of mosques was directly related to the Muhammadian Call and the rise of Islam before the establishment of the Prophet (pbuh) Mosque. On the other hand, the appearance of Hussaini in the 4th Century A.H. was directly related to the political circumstances of the Abbasid State at that time. Later on, Hussaini buildings were intermittently established in relation to the governments and the ruling systems of the Islamic world, with their intellectual and sectarian tends. However, they spread in the Safavid and Qajarite Eras in Iran, and the Safavid Age in Iraq, especially Shah Abbas Ι in 995-1038 A.H. / 1587-1629. As for the main factor that influenced the architecture of such mosques, it is the sectarian factor that is related to the Shiite intellect, corners and main branches, which of course differs from one sect to another depending on the diverse and spreading Shi’a ideologies. Since this research is mainly concerned with the Hussaini architecture in Iran, the focus will be on the influence of the Shiite sectarian thought of the Twelver on the former. It also refers to the differences between the horizontal plan, the units and the elements of the architecture of such mosques and that of the main mosques spreading in Islamic world, which are related to all the Muslims with their different ideologies. Moreover, the research will reveal the connection between such differences and the function of the Shiite mosques. Finally, it will shed light on the technical units and elements of symbolic significance that decorate the corners and angles of Hussaini buildings from the inside and sometimes on the outside, and how they directly and bluntly relate to the Shiite thought.

اسرة باليان ودورها المعماري والفني في العملرة الدينية العثمانية في استانبول خلال القرن 13هـ/19م

THE ROLE OF WATER IN ISFAHAN: A STUDY OF SAMPLES OF BRIDGES AND DAMS ON ZĀYANDÉ-RŪD

This paper is aimed to study the main characteristics of the bridges in Isfahan at the Safavid Pe... more

IDEOLOGICAL CONNOTATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS OF JUMA MASJED OF ISFAHAN

This paper refers to the role of sacred texts in defining a building by using some texts more tha... more This paper refers to the role of sacred texts in defining a building by using some texts more than others, by foregrounding some issues in a context while back-grounding others, or by adopting references from the Quran or Hadith to bolster certain beliefs. The sacred texts in this mosque depend mostly on the Shiites Imams’ speech, some from Hadith of Prophet Muhammad, and the minority of the sacred texts is taken from the Quran. Minority here is not in terms of quantity but in using the context to confirm the Shi’a ideology in contrast with the Sunni ideology, by depending on the interpretation of the sacred texts in Quran. The reasons for this clearly appear in the influence of ideologies using sacred texts from the same religion, among Sunni and Shi’a, to attract people to a certain ideology and to simultaneously stand against the other. In this paper, the focus will be on tracing the meanings that characterize this mosque in the Islamic world by reflecting on its history, architecture, and arts element. This mosque was first established following the Sunni ideology, then, it was transformed to belong to the fanatic Shi’a in the Safavid Period to spread their ideology.