Animal production

Levels of highly-unsaturated fatty acids, the most important nutritional factors in fry production of marine fish, were compared between hatchery-produced and wild-caught milkfish Chanos chanos fry. The most striking difference found between the fry was in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA: 22:6n-3) levels: DHA levels in hatchery-produced fry were only 37% and 18% of those in wild-caught fry in the polar lipids and neutral lipids, respectively. However, high DHA levels were detected in ovary and spawned eggs from hatchery-reared broodstock. Investigation on the time course change in DHA levels of hatchery-produced fry revealed that the DHA levels of polar lipids drastically declined from 25% at day 0 posthatching to 5% at day 14 posthatching. Nannochloropsis sp. and rotifers Brachionus sp., which were used as live food from day 2 to day 14, did not contain DHA with relatively high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA: 20:5n-3) levels. DHA level was restored to 13% in 45-day old fry by feeding of formulated diets with a substantial amount of DHA from day 15. Thus, the lack of DHA in the live food appears to lead to the low DHA level in hatchery-produced fry. On the other hand, the cost of DHA enrichment for one milkfish fry was estimated to be 2.6 Philippines centavos, which is equivalent to about 10% of the market price of milkfish fry. The increase of the production cost might not be accepted in domestic hatcheries under competitive marketing with imported fry. Financial and marketing support by the government will be one of the measures to encourage the stable production of domestic milkfish fry with high quality in the Philippines. It is also necessary to conduct institutional campaigns to inform local fry producers and milkfish farmers of the importance of DHA-enrichment.

Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686 Japan). Present address: Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Aquaculture Department (SEAFDEC/ AQD) (Tigbauan 5021, Iloilo, the Philippines) , t t t , 3. Aquaculture Departmen s, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Cen er (Tigbauan 5021, Iloilo, the Philippines) 4. Center for Nutrition Modelling,

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of altering the linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) levels and ratios in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on fry performance. Twelve diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous, isocaloric, and differed only in their main lipid source. An oil rich in n-3 fatty acids [linseed oil (L)] and two oils rich in n-6 fatty acids [soybean oil (S) and corn oil (C)] were added at 6% of the basal diet either separately or in equal combinations (L1:S1 or L1:C1 or S1:C1) or at ratio 2:1 (L2:S1 or L2:C1 or C2:L1 or C2:S1 or S2:L1 or S2:C1). The fish were fed twice daily (09 and 16 h) to apparent satiation throughout the duration of the trial (16 weeks). Survival rates increased in a linear pattern with increasing the LA level in the diets (R 2 = 0.764). Final body weight was significantly higher in fish fed S, S2:L1, and L2:C1 diets, being 14.29, 14.14, and 14.09 g/fish, respectively. However, tilapia fed C, S1:C1, and C2:S1 diets exhibited low final body weight (11.41, 11.60, and 11.76 g/fish, respectively). The final body weight was negatively affected by increasing the LA/LNA ratios (R 2 = 0.647). Either LA or arachidonic acid (%) in the whole body of fish increased in a linear patterns (R 2 = 0.641 and 0.746, respectively) with increasing dietary LA. Besides, LNA, eicosapentaenoic, acid and docosahexaenoic acid (%) in the whole body increased in a linear pattern (R 2 = 0.777, 0.501, and 0.8148, respectively) the increasing dietary LNA level. The present study indicated that LA/LNA ratio less than 13 is recommended for nutrition of tilapia fry.

Freeze dried protein powders (Fresh minced meat, FMM and Hot water dip, HWD) from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were hydrolyzed by Alcalase 2.4 L (Alc), Flavourzyme (Flav) and Neutrase (Neut), and investigated for antioxidant activity and their functional properties. FMM and HWD hydrolysed by Alc, exhibiting superior antioxidant activity, had estimated degrees of hydrolysis (DH) of 23.40% and 25.43%, respectively. The maximum values of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 3-(2-pyridyl) 5,6-bis(4-phenyl-sulphonic acid)-1,2,4triazine (ferrozine), radical scavenging activities and metal chelating properties were 86.67%, 91.27% and 82.57%, and 84.67%, 92.60% and 78.00% for FMM and HWD, respectively, with a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the samples. Essential amino acids were above the amounts recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO/UNU) for humans. Lower molecular weight sizes <3,000 Da were more predominant in FMM and HWD hydrolysed by Alc, while in hydrolysed by Flav and Neut they were >8,000 Da. At pH 2, FMM and HWD hydrolysates have varying solubilities above

A growth experiment was conducted to study performance, nutrients digestibility and economic efficiency of broiler chicks fed corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with a commercial phytogenic product (Bedgen 40 ) contained artichoke extract (Cynara scolymus), a commercial mixture of ® organic acids (Galliacid ) and a combination of both. Starter, grower and finisher diets were ® supplemented with two levels of both being 0 and 150 g tG artichoke extract and 0 and 600 g tG 1 1

Chemical analysis and biological test had been done to evaluate DDGs as an alternative protein source in poultry diets. The chemical analysis included proximate analysis and essential amino acids content. The chemical score (CS) and essential amino acids index (EAAI) values were calculated for the amino acids pattern. The total protein efficiency (TPE) determination was carried out as a biological

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feeding value of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGs) for rabbits and its effects on rabbit&#39;s performance. The nutrients contents and the digestibility coefficients for DDGs were estimated using male rabbits &#39;&#39;California x Newzeland&#39;&#39; six months old. Thirty six male rabbits of six- weeks -old were used to determine the influence of feeding different levels of DDGs to growing fattening California x Newzeland rabbits on the productive traits. Treatments consisted of mixed diets containing 0, 10, 20 or 30% DDGs. The diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric (16.5% crude protein and 2620 kcal DE/kg diet). The nutrients content of DDGs under investigation showed the values of 25.2% CP, 7.6% CF, 16.6% EE, 38% NFE and 6.2% ash. Amino acids profile showed that lysine is the lowest amino acid in this DDGs sample comparing to soybean meal amino acids profile. The estimated digestibility coefficients as being d...

The present study was designed to evaluate the beneficial effects of Moringa oleifera dry leaves (MOL) with some antioxidants to improve heat tolerance of broiler chicks under heat stress condition. A total number of 250 commercial broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments (commercial basal diet as control; commercial basal diet supplemented with 0.2% MOL; 0.2% MOL+200 mg/kg vitamin E; 0.2% MOL+200 mg/kg vitamin C and 0.2% MOL+0.35 g/kg organic zinc). Results showed that adding MOL with vitamin E, vitamin C or zinc significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased body weight gain as compared with the control and MOL. Feed conversion ratio was significantly improved with all treatment groups compared with the control. All dietary supplements significantly improved hemoglobin concentration, heterophils to lymphocytes ratio, plasma total protein, albumin and globulin levels. Aspartate aminotransferase decreased significantly while, alanine aminotransferase did not affected by...

To evaluate the effect of climate change on milk yield of Holstein cattle maintained in the Delta region of Egypt, meteorological data covering the period 2000-2014 were obtained from the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate. Data of test-day milk yield (TDMY) comprised 109759 records, were collected from four herds (5546 Holstein cows) covering the same period of meteorological data. The four herds represented different parts of the Delta region: west of the Delta (Dina farm, El-Behera governorate, H1 and H2), middle (El-Sharkia governorate, Sami Asaad farm, H3) and east of Delta (El-Karada farm, Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, H4). Daily management practices were almost comparable in the four studied herds, except for the housing systems. Preliminary analysis of meteorological data during the period (2012-2014) revealed that the air temperature increased (P<0.05) by19.8%, during June-September, and by 3.1% for all the year round, relative to the period (2000 to 2011). Temperature humidity index (THI) showed a similar trend to air temperature, increased (P<0.05) by10.5%, during June-September, and by 2.3% for all the year round, during the same year periods. THI values were more than the minimum threshold of heat stress (≤74), throughout the June-September, while less than this threshold during the rest of the calendar year. TDMY decreased (P<0.05) when THI was >74.

The objectives of the present study were to develop a simplified equation to estimate temperature-humidity index (THI) under the Egyptian conditions and to assess the influence of expected climate change on test-day milk yield of Holstein cattle in the Nile Delta of Egypt in the years 2025 and 2050. Data of air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) throughout the period from 2000 to 2014 and of their expected corresponding values in the two years 2025 and 2050 were provided by the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC). Meteorological data between the years 2000-2014 were used to detect if there was an ascending trend in THI of Nile Delta of Egypt throughout this period. Meteorological data of the years 2025 and 2050 were used to estimate the THI of these two years relative to the year 2000 as a benchmark. Using regression technique, a new accurate and simplified equation was developed to estimate THI. The equation accounted for 99.5% of the variance of THI. The developed equation was used to predict THI in the years 2025 and 2050. A total of 109759 test-day milk yield (TDMY) records for 5546 Holstein cows located in four herds was used to establish the effect of THI on TDMY of Holstein cattle in the Delta region. Meteorological data indicated a considerable increase in THI by 13.9 % (78.8) and 17.3% (81.2) for the years of 2025 and 2050, respectively, relative to the year 2000 (69.2). Analysis of TDMY indicated a significant decrease of 0.12 kg (1.2%) for each increase of one THI unit above 74 under the current managerial practices. The study concluded that proper and prompt breeding, feeding and system modifications should be considered to counteract the expected increase in THI by the years 2025 and 2050, to restore milk production of Holstein cattle in the Nile Delta of Egypt.

2014 and Wally, 2016). Aquaculture production represents 73.8% of the total fish production in Africa (Feidi, 2018). Egypt is the seventh-largest aquaculture country in the world and the largest in Africa. Fish aquaculture farms consider the main source of the Egyptian fish production, which ARTICLE INFO