
Rafida Nawaz
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Papers by Rafida Nawaz
the Second World War with a proclaimed liberal ideology and
a will to global dominance. For this purpose, USA employed
not only military might to control and assert influence on its
allies but also soft power and subtle means of culture at its
disposal. Hence the US by means of military, culture and
economy emerged as a hegemonic power at the end of the cold
war. The paper aims to take an overview of the US military
presence across the continents. The United States is leader of
military coalition of powerful states. The USA have
approximately 750 military bases with instalments in 80
nations and its major ally the United Kingdom has 145. Its
present-day contenders Russia and China are way behind the
USA and other states of NATO as Russia has 36 and China has
so far one military base in Djibouti at Horn of Africa. These
military bases serve the economic purpose as well and provides
safe, protected passage to trade ships carrying goods across the globe; as free trade is an important component of a world
order conceived with liberal ideology. Though critics of the
global liberal order perceive it as the economic dominance of
developed states and trade as a means of exploitation, with a
mask of liberty, freedom, individualism and free marketing.
Besides US military and economic power in the guise of
Liberalism, another contributing factor of US hegemony is
culture. US through cultural lebensraum and soft power of its
consumer products and Hollywood movies create consent
across the globe and presents it as a just power not only
trading but also protecting humanity from a multitude of
threats. By taking an overview of US military, economic and
cultural lebensraum, the paper aims to answer how US military
preponderance across continents and states along with
economic and cultural powers gives it a hegemonic status in
the world. Employing content analysis on secondary data one
of the major findings of the paper is that despite claims of
waning US and rising China, the claim is a far cry not rooted
in reality and United States actions are derived by hegemonic
interest and are cloaked in the guise of liberalism.
Keywords: Realism, Subaltern-Peripheral Realism, Global South.
STATE-CENTRIC INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY AND PARADOX OF SECURITY FOR GLOBAL SOUTH (ASIA AND LATIN AMERICA). CRITICAL APPRAISAL BY SUBALTERN-PERIPHERAL REALISTS (MOHAMMED AYOOB & CARLOS ESCUDÉ) | Ravi
the Second World War with a proclaimed liberal ideology and
a will to global dominance. For this purpose, USA employed
not only military might to control and assert influence on its
allies but also soft power and subtle means of culture at its
disposal. Hence the US by means of military, culture and
economy emerged as a hegemonic power at the end of the cold
war. The paper aims to take an overview of the US military
presence across the continents. The United States is leader of
military coalition of powerful states. The USA have
approximately 750 military bases with instalments in 80
nations and its major ally the United Kingdom has 145. Its
present-day contenders Russia and China are way behind the
USA and other states of NATO as Russia has 36 and China has
so far one military base in Djibouti at Horn of Africa. These
military bases serve the economic purpose as well and provides
safe, protected passage to trade ships carrying goods across the globe; as free trade is an important component of a world
order conceived with liberal ideology. Though critics of the
global liberal order perceive it as the economic dominance of
developed states and trade as a means of exploitation, with a
mask of liberty, freedom, individualism and free marketing.
Besides US military and economic power in the guise of
Liberalism, another contributing factor of US hegemony is
culture. US through cultural lebensraum and soft power of its
consumer products and Hollywood movies create consent
across the globe and presents it as a just power not only
trading but also protecting humanity from a multitude of
threats. By taking an overview of US military, economic and
cultural lebensraum, the paper aims to answer how US military
preponderance across continents and states along with
economic and cultural powers gives it a hegemonic status in
the world. Employing content analysis on secondary data one
of the major findings of the paper is that despite claims of
waning US and rising China, the claim is a far cry not rooted
in reality and United States actions are derived by hegemonic
interest and are cloaked in the guise of liberalism.
Keywords: Realism, Subaltern-Peripheral Realism, Global South.
STATE-CENTRIC INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY AND PARADOX OF SECURITY FOR GLOBAL SOUTH (ASIA AND LATIN AMERICA). CRITICAL APPRAISAL BY SUBALTERN-PERIPHERAL REALISTS (MOHAMMED AYOOB & CARLOS ESCUDÉ) | Ravi
The paper aims to analyze the impacts generated by a boom in tourist industry on natural, social and economic ecology of northern areas of Pakistan. The analytical method is opted to evaluate environmental hazards resulting from boom in tourism. The technique of SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats) analysis is employed to build the case (for and against) tourism in a bio-friendly natural habitat i.e. the valley of Hunza. The key finding of research after site visits in 2013 and 2018 is that cost of tourism in Hunza is deforestation, soil erosion, melting of glaciers, and destruction of local habitat. But still hope is there as local initiatives are being taken in form of organic farming to preserve local ecology. As almost whole of Northern Areas of Pakistan are facing similar threats, it is suggested that example of Hunza can be replicated elsewhere with similar threats and challenges.
The paper reflects on vital questions about state role from the perspective of gender. To what extent state can penetrate in lived experience of women beings to protect them in work and family spaces from male beings ; and influence and transform the most personal levels of gender relations; in context that gender roles are guarded and protected by the custodians of tradition?
The study is normative in content and methodology of qualitative analysis is employed to critically evaluate the impact of state legislative reforms initiated by ‘Women Policy Agencies’ (national and provincial) on women lives. The technique of “Gap Analysis” is used to understand the gap between the intended and present scenarios.
A core finding of the research is that Pakistani state is acting as custodian of women rights but state reforms are contested in society. State initiated reforms like empowerment bills and packages have stirred the status quo of tradition and practical steps are taken to remove gender inequality in private as well as public sphere. Though the study concludes that equity between genders is still a perceived utopia but state feminist policies can be considered as first step towards the ideal.
(Key Word: Eurocentrism, Historicism, Colonialism, great Britain, Spain, Communism, Primitive Civilizations, Mahatma Gandhi, Jose Carlos Mariategui, Peru, India)