Architecture

Forty-three hemodialysis patients receiving recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEPO, epoietin alpha) were randomized to receive intravenous iron dextran as a total-dose infusion, 500-mg infusion to total dose, or 100-mg bolus to total dose, in each case during the dialysis procedure. The dose of iron dextran was calculated from the patient's existing hemoglobin to achieve a desired hemoglobin. Patients were eligible to receive intravenous iron dextran if they had a serum ferritin of I100 ng/mL or a serum ferritin of 100 to 200 ng/mL, along with a transferrin saturation of I19%. Patients were excluded if they had prior therapy with iron dextran, aluminum intoxication, or transfusion during the study. The time to the maximum hemoglobin, acute adverse reactions, and delayed adverse reactions were analyzed statistically, and no differences were seen in any of the three groups. Total-dose intravenous iron dextran infusion is safe, convenient, less expensive, and as efficacious as divided-dose infusions.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)  is the first large-scale globalization project launched in China and is generating infrastructure and logistics hubs to support Chinese State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in cities along its lines. These spaces are in fact free trade zones (Free Trade Zones, FTZ) for companies active in global trade. Following intergovernmental agreements, some SOE giants such as China Merchant Group, COSCO, China Communication Construction Company and China National Machinery Industry Corporation are investing overseas in the development of free trade zones identified within the BRI with economic agreements that stipulate that percentages between 60 and 90% of the shares belong to the investors of the SOEs, while the remaining shares belong to the local government authorities.

The development of Chinese FTZs in the world today is proceeding in a differentiated way, although all have passed the initial phase corresponding to the creation of Business centers equipped with fully infrastructured hospitality and office spaces . The subsequent phases usually involve the establishment of companies active in the most diverse sectors, which generates the revenue for the investors of the SOEs who had financed the start-up of the FTZ with funds ranging between 150 and 400 million dollars.

On an organizational level, all FTZs are set up around a multifunctional main building called the Business Center or, sometimes, the Office Complex, and includes spaces for catering, conference rooms, offices and rooms for night hospitality. The FTZ settlement models also develop from the experience of State-Owned Enterprise as China Merchant which, for example, is working on the growth of Shenzhen Shekou.

The Belt and Road Initiative is considered a political project with implications and implications still unknown on the contexts that host them.

On a formal level, the designers of the new architectures try to use local and inclusive vocabularies as much as possible , indicative of a particularly “soft” approach on the part of China. The eclectic "local pastiche" reinterpreted in a modern key of the new Business centres recurs for example in indigenous architectural elements such as domes, arches, courtyards, clock towers, pitched roofs proposed in an anomalous way to escape the label of "neo-colonialism" and also to calm any local discontent.

The Belt and Road Initiative is being narrated as a major endeavour that can connect continents through the development of infrastructural lines, represented as vectors and arrows in multitudes of maps. Since its announcement in 2013, the Bri is the background against which every act of planning undertaken by the Chinese government is set. It is one multiscalar plan that can accommodate multiple types of development, from new train lines to new cities and logistical platforms. At a closer look, though, the grand narrative of Bri lacks a real spatial dimension and is limited to the scale of the infrastructure. This article tries to look more closely at some of the immediate consequences on the physical space of the cities that are being involved as part of the larger picture. Through eight brief stops and one more extensive case study, we tried to expand on the various possibilities for urban development that the Bri is unfolding throughout Asia and Europe, C on l'annuncio ufficiale dell'ambizioso programma della "Nuova Via della Seta", il 2013 ha rappresentato un anno di svolta importante per il ruolo internazionale della Cina, fornendo al contempo una nuova chiave di lettura sul significato di alcune politiche territoriali messe in atto negli anni recenti dal governo in ambito nazionale. Con una attenta scelta politica di tempi e luoghi, il governo di Pechino ha individuato due distinti momenti per rivelare e descrivere al pubblico internazionale il progetto della Belt and Road Initiative, con cui la Cina si è candidata a diventare il promotore di una nuova alleanza mondiale. L'esordio è avvenuto in settembre in Kazakhstan 1 -fondamentale partner commerciale e alleato politico nell'Asia centrale -da dove il Presidente Xi Jinping ha annunciato ufficialmente il lancio della "Silk Road Economic Belt" (Sreb), di cui il collegamento ferroviario Chengdu-Tilburg-*Il titolo completo del presente contributo è "I luoghi della Belt and Road. Trasformazioni architettoniche e urbane lungo le grandi infrastrutture intercontinentali, viste dall'Italia".

The Belt and Road Initiative is being narrated as a major endeavour that can connect continents through the development of infrastructural lines, represented as vectors and arrows in multitudes of maps. Since its announcement in 2013, the Bri is the background against which every act of planning undertaken by the Chinese government is set. It is one multiscalar plan that can accommodate multiple types of development, from new train lines to new cities and logistical platforms. At a closer look, though, the grand narrative of Bri lacks a real spatial dimension and is limited to the scale of the infrastructure. This article tries to look more closely at some of the immediate consequences on the physical space of the cities that are being involved as part of the larger picture. Through eight brief stops and one more extensive case study, we tried to expand on the various possibilities for urban development that the Bri is unfolding throughout Asia and Europe, C on l'annuncio ufficiale dell'ambizioso programma della "Nuova Via della Seta", il 2013 ha rappresentato un anno di svolta importante per il ruolo internazionale della Cina, fornendo al contempo una nuova chiave di lettura sul significato di alcune politiche territoriali messe in atto negli anni recenti dal governo in ambito nazionale. Con una attenta scelta politica di tempi e luoghi, il governo di Pechino ha individuato due distinti momenti per rivelare e descrivere al pubblico internazionale il progetto della Belt and Road Initiative, con cui la Cina si è candidata a diventare il promotore di una nuova alleanza mondiale. L'esordio è avvenuto in settembre in Kazakhstan 1-fondamentale partner commerciale e alleato politico nell'Asia centrale-da dove il Presidente Xi Jinping ha annunciato ufficialmente il lancio della "Silk Road Economic Belt" (Sreb), di cui il collegamento ferroviario Chengdu-Tilburg-*Il titolo completo del presente contributo è "I luoghi della Belt and Road. Trasformazioni architettoniche e urbane lungo le grandi infrastrutture intercontinentali, viste dall'Italia".

Global infrastructure spaces, known as variegated types of free zones, such as ports, luxury gated communities and more, are spaces that function as dynamic crossroads and global trade platforms. The development of infrastructure spaces has endured incremental disruption while transnational activities were met with local resistance. This is clearly seen in the case is Gwadar, a small fishing town of prime location, which is a feature for transnational global infrastructure spaces. The development started from 2003, lasted until 2008, and was then resumed as part of expansion plans under the umbrella of the China Belt and Road Initiative starting 2014 to the present. The impact of the initial phase of developments has resulted in a disintegration of the socioeconomic situation and daily lives of locals. The associated resettlement plan induced a fear of displacement and the negligence of the local authorities has caused the abandonment and eventual deterioration of historical places within. Citizens of the town, in hopes of protecting their surroundings and identity, met the development with resistance. Historical places also conveyed resistance by self-regenerating and maintaining their socio dynamics. Due to previous unsuccessful planning attempts, the Chinese architects and planners adopted an alternative strategy under the BRI framework. The strategy was aimed at negotiating the development process with the public in hopes of legitimizing the preservation of historical places and designing new infrastructure that rather emulated local architectural identity. This paper highlights the resistance in discourse as well as efforts exerted to sustain the identities of these places. This is achieved by using temporality, sensory experience and mapping out the sensations and subjective response of the users of newly constructed architecture, specifically infrastructure spaces. The research concludes that the state-run dominant policies are not always successful and negotiations with alternative strategies could help mitigate local resistance in transnational developments.

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by the parasite. It could be a major public health problem in Pakistan due to poor hygienic conditions; malnutrition borne non-defensive immunity system. The purpose of study was to examine possible changes in electrolytes level of patients with malaria. Serum electrolytes were determined by using appropriate techniques. The result showed a significant elevation in the levels of sodium (Na) and potassium (K), whereas, chloride decreases statistically in malarial patients compared to those of controls. The blood serum electrolyte level obtained for sodium was 135.55 ppm, potassium was 4.044 ppm, and for chloride was 10.33 ppm and those for the controls determined to be 130.88 ppm, 3.98 ppm and 104.5 ppm respectively. The concentration of serum electrolytes was in range of abnormal level which could lead our study towards the conclusion that the increased levels of sodium and potassium can be maintained by giving supplement.