The sources of international law arise from a number of origins and comprise both soft law (indic... more The sources of international law arise from a number of origins and comprise both soft law (indicative but non-binding, as in the Hyogo Framework of Action fr resilience building and disaster reduction), and hard law (binding, as in the Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention on the Depletion of Ozone Layer).
Sustainable infrastructure and Sustainable Development Goals Promotes environmental sustainabilit... more Sustainable infrastructure and Sustainable Development Goals Promotes environmental sustainability SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE End poverty in all its forms everywhere End hunger and achieve food security and improved nutrition Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all Ensure quality education and learning opportunities for all Achieve gender equality Ensure availability of water and sanitation for all Make cities and human settlements resilient and sustainable Promote productive employment and decent work for all Promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems Conserve and sustainable use of marine resources Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Ensure access to affordable and clean energy for all Promote resilient infrastructure, sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Reduce inequality within and among countries Promote peaceful and inclusive societies Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
This article presents a summary of an Aviation Directive that incorporates aviation undertakings ... more This article presents a summary of an Aviation Directive that incorporates aviation undertakings in a greenhouse gas emission reduction plan. The Directive enables emissions trading as part of the plan. The European Union (EU) recently enlarged its plan for cap and trade systems that would include carbon dioxide gases from all airlines, not just those based in European Union countries. The international community is critical of this directive and the carbon dioxide regulating efforts. In addition, the international community does not understand why the Directive was extended to include non-European Union airlines. The article also explains how the rules of the World Trade Organization could be utilized to confront and challenge the Aviation Directive.
In the Tokyo Round of the 1970s, as industrialised countries started to eliminate tariffs, negoti... more In the Tokyo Round of the 1970s, as industrialised countries started to eliminate tariffs, negotiators began to focus on the barriers that would emerge after tariffs were gone. The concern was that barriers to trade caused by the use of behind-the-border regulations could offset, or at least significantly undermine, the market access gained from negotiated tariff reductions. To tackle the problems of protectionist non-tariff barriers, they negotiated the plurilateral Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade ('TBT Agreement' or 'TBT'). The Uruguay Round later refined the text of the TBT Agreement and incorporated it in a World Trade Organization agreement that would be binding on and enforceable against all WTO members.
Durante la ultima decada, Colombia ha experimentado un fuerte crecimiento economico y una signifi... more Durante la ultima decada, Colombia ha experimentado un fuerte crecimiento economico y una significativa reduccion de los indices de pobreza. Al mismo tiempo, el gobierno se ha embarcado en un ambicioso plan para aumentar la incorporacion y uso de las tecnologias digitales, ampliar el acceso a Internet, promover el desarrollo de contenido local en linea, haciendo hincapie en el uso de Internet y datos por parte del gobierno para mejorar la prestacion de servicios, la transparencia y el buen gobierno. A medida que el Internet se hace global, los datos se convierten en un factor cada vez mas importante de crecimiento economico. Los flujos de datos se estima que contribuyeron $ 7.8 billones de dolares a la actividad economica mundial durante la ultima decada, aproximadamente el 10 por ciento del PIB mundial. Por otra parte, la economia de Internet podria duplicarse para el G-20 entre 2010 a 2020, y generar empleo para 32 millones de trabajadores en todo el mundo. El uso generalizado y e...
Global value chains (GVC) are undergoing a transformation as business focus on building resilienc... more Global value chains (GVC) are undergoing a transformation as business focus on building resilience. Services and data are already adding value to GVC, particularly manufacturing GVC. Global data flows and digital technologies such as cloud computing and AI enable growth in digitally enabled service exports and further opportunities to add value to manufacturing GVC. Moreover, services-only GVC are evolving as businesses use digital services and technologies sourced globally. • All countries have some comparative advantage in services and as GVC become increasingly services driven and rely on data, new opportunities for GVC participation by developing country and small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), are emerging. As manufacturing GVC mature, served used are increasingly being sourced globally as business seek best-in-class inputs to maintain overall competitiveness. Yet, services trade barriers remain high – higher than for goods. In addition, countries are increasingly restricting global data flows and requiring data localization. There is also the risk that divergent standards in areas such as 5G, a technology which will underpin new digital services and GVC, will create additional barriers. Trade policy has an important role to play in supporting growth in services and data in GVC. Trade policy should also priorities addressing barrier to services trade and data flows. The failure of the WTO in further liberalizing services trade has had the perverse effect that for many countries services restrictions are becoming the key barriers to growing trade in manufactured goods. Services trade restrictions are also higher in developing countries, placing them at a disadvantage when it comes to participating in GVC.
This paper analyses how the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) supports digital trade ... more This paper analyses how the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) supports digital trade and cross-border data flows, while also giving governments the scope to restrict data flows to achieve legitimate regulatory objectives. The USMCA has made significant progress developing rules for digital trade, yet more is needed. In particular, trade policy needs to address the drivers behind the significant growth in restrictions on digital trade by supporting the development of international standards and encouraging international regulatory cooperation as well as good regulatory practice. This paper outlines the key USMCA rules that are applicable to digital trade and analyses what more is needed to support digital trade and data flows consistent with domestic regulatory objectives.
Any dispute related to the use of the works of the IDB that cannot be settled amicably shall be s... more Any dispute related to the use of the works of the IDB that cannot be settled amicably shall be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the UNCITRAL rules. The use of the IDB's name for any purpose other than for attribution, and the use of IDB's logo shall be subject to a separate written license agreement between the IDB and the user and is not authorized as part of this CC-IGO license. Note that link provided above includes additional terms and conditions of the license. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent. http://www.iadb.org 2018 5. A digital trade policy for Latin America and the Caribbean ..
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is in need of reform, including new rules. While there is not ... more The World Trade Organization (WTO) is in need of reform, including new rules. While there is not yet a comprehensive reform agenda for the WTO, developing e-commerce rules should be seen as part of WTO reform in two respects. First, the development of such rules will allow the WTO to demonstrate a capacity to remain relevant to the challenges and opportunities governing international trade today. Second, many of the issues that need to be addressed in a comprehensive outcome on e-commerce would contribute to broader WTO reform. This paper proposes, among other things, that the WTO become a platform that can enable increased regulatory cooperation and encourage good regulatory practice. Such a result is needed to overcome many of the current barriers to e-commerce. Success in the e-commerce context would also position the WTO to better address regulatory barriers to trade more broadly
The sources of international law arise from a number of origins and comprise both soft law (indic... more The sources of international law arise from a number of origins and comprise both soft law (indicative but non-binding, as in the Hyogo Framework of Action fr resilience building and disaster reduction), and hard law (binding, as in the Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention on the Depletion of Ozone Layer).
Sustainable infrastructure and Sustainable Development Goals Promotes environmental sustainabilit... more Sustainable infrastructure and Sustainable Development Goals Promotes environmental sustainability SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE End poverty in all its forms everywhere End hunger and achieve food security and improved nutrition Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all Ensure quality education and learning opportunities for all Achieve gender equality Ensure availability of water and sanitation for all Make cities and human settlements resilient and sustainable Promote productive employment and decent work for all Promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems Conserve and sustainable use of marine resources Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Ensure access to affordable and clean energy for all Promote resilient infrastructure, sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Reduce inequality within and among countries Promote peaceful and inclusive societies Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
This article presents a summary of an Aviation Directive that incorporates aviation undertakings ... more This article presents a summary of an Aviation Directive that incorporates aviation undertakings in a greenhouse gas emission reduction plan. The Directive enables emissions trading as part of the plan. The European Union (EU) recently enlarged its plan for cap and trade systems that would include carbon dioxide gases from all airlines, not just those based in European Union countries. The international community is critical of this directive and the carbon dioxide regulating efforts. In addition, the international community does not understand why the Directive was extended to include non-European Union airlines. The article also explains how the rules of the World Trade Organization could be utilized to confront and challenge the Aviation Directive.
In the Tokyo Round of the 1970s, as industrialised countries started to eliminate tariffs, negoti... more In the Tokyo Round of the 1970s, as industrialised countries started to eliminate tariffs, negotiators began to focus on the barriers that would emerge after tariffs were gone. The concern was that barriers to trade caused by the use of behind-the-border regulations could offset, or at least significantly undermine, the market access gained from negotiated tariff reductions. To tackle the problems of protectionist non-tariff barriers, they negotiated the plurilateral Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade ('TBT Agreement' or 'TBT'). The Uruguay Round later refined the text of the TBT Agreement and incorporated it in a World Trade Organization agreement that would be binding on and enforceable against all WTO members.
Durante la ultima decada, Colombia ha experimentado un fuerte crecimiento economico y una signifi... more Durante la ultima decada, Colombia ha experimentado un fuerte crecimiento economico y una significativa reduccion de los indices de pobreza. Al mismo tiempo, el gobierno se ha embarcado en un ambicioso plan para aumentar la incorporacion y uso de las tecnologias digitales, ampliar el acceso a Internet, promover el desarrollo de contenido local en linea, haciendo hincapie en el uso de Internet y datos por parte del gobierno para mejorar la prestacion de servicios, la transparencia y el buen gobierno. A medida que el Internet se hace global, los datos se convierten en un factor cada vez mas importante de crecimiento economico. Los flujos de datos se estima que contribuyeron $ 7.8 billones de dolares a la actividad economica mundial durante la ultima decada, aproximadamente el 10 por ciento del PIB mundial. Por otra parte, la economia de Internet podria duplicarse para el G-20 entre 2010 a 2020, y generar empleo para 32 millones de trabajadores en todo el mundo. El uso generalizado y e...
Global value chains (GVC) are undergoing a transformation as business focus on building resilienc... more Global value chains (GVC) are undergoing a transformation as business focus on building resilience. Services and data are already adding value to GVC, particularly manufacturing GVC. Global data flows and digital technologies such as cloud computing and AI enable growth in digitally enabled service exports and further opportunities to add value to manufacturing GVC. Moreover, services-only GVC are evolving as businesses use digital services and technologies sourced globally. • All countries have some comparative advantage in services and as GVC become increasingly services driven and rely on data, new opportunities for GVC participation by developing country and small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), are emerging. As manufacturing GVC mature, served used are increasingly being sourced globally as business seek best-in-class inputs to maintain overall competitiveness. Yet, services trade barriers remain high – higher than for goods. In addition, countries are increasingly restricting global data flows and requiring data localization. There is also the risk that divergent standards in areas such as 5G, a technology which will underpin new digital services and GVC, will create additional barriers. Trade policy has an important role to play in supporting growth in services and data in GVC. Trade policy should also priorities addressing barrier to services trade and data flows. The failure of the WTO in further liberalizing services trade has had the perverse effect that for many countries services restrictions are becoming the key barriers to growing trade in manufactured goods. Services trade restrictions are also higher in developing countries, placing them at a disadvantage when it comes to participating in GVC.
This paper analyses how the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) supports digital trade ... more This paper analyses how the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) supports digital trade and cross-border data flows, while also giving governments the scope to restrict data flows to achieve legitimate regulatory objectives. The USMCA has made significant progress developing rules for digital trade, yet more is needed. In particular, trade policy needs to address the drivers behind the significant growth in restrictions on digital trade by supporting the development of international standards and encouraging international regulatory cooperation as well as good regulatory practice. This paper outlines the key USMCA rules that are applicable to digital trade and analyses what more is needed to support digital trade and data flows consistent with domestic regulatory objectives.
Any dispute related to the use of the works of the IDB that cannot be settled amicably shall be s... more Any dispute related to the use of the works of the IDB that cannot be settled amicably shall be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the UNCITRAL rules. The use of the IDB's name for any purpose other than for attribution, and the use of IDB's logo shall be subject to a separate written license agreement between the IDB and the user and is not authorized as part of this CC-IGO license. Note that link provided above includes additional terms and conditions of the license. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent. http://www.iadb.org 2018 5. A digital trade policy for Latin America and the Caribbean ..
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is in need of reform, including new rules. While there is not ... more The World Trade Organization (WTO) is in need of reform, including new rules. While there is not yet a comprehensive reform agenda for the WTO, developing e-commerce rules should be seen as part of WTO reform in two respects. First, the development of such rules will allow the WTO to demonstrate a capacity to remain relevant to the challenges and opportunities governing international trade today. Second, many of the issues that need to be addressed in a comprehensive outcome on e-commerce would contribute to broader WTO reform. This paper proposes, among other things, that the WTO become a platform that can enable increased regulatory cooperation and encourage good regulatory practice. Such a result is needed to overcome many of the current barriers to e-commerce. Success in the e-commerce context would also position the WTO to better address regulatory barriers to trade more broadly
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