Background: Plants and plant-based extracts have been used across the globe for management of var... more Background: Plants and plant-based extracts have been used across the globe for management of various ailments and disorders. The biological and pharmacological activities of plants and their extracts are primarily attributed to polyphenols, avonoids, and other secondary metabolites. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a reliable, sensitive, and quick method to identify bioactive ingredients in complex plant extracts. In the present study, we have developed a quick and sensitive HPLC method for separation of four polyphenols, namely, gallicMethods: acid, protocatechuic acid, rutin, and mangiferin. Further, we used the developed HPLC method for the analysis of plant extracts obtained from Asparagus racemosus, Azadirachta indica, Capsicum annuum, Nigella Sativa, Phyllanthus niruri, Rosmarinus ofcinalis, Rheum palmatum, Withania somnifera, Withania somnifera, and Zingiber ofcinale. The HPLC method developed in the present study was highly effectiveResults: in separating ga...
Biodegradation is the process by which chemicals both natural and xenobiotics are metabolized by ... more Biodegradation is the process by which chemicals both natural and xenobiotics are metabolized by microorganisms. Most naturally occurring chemical compounds are biodegradable while xenobiotic may be biodegradable, persistent or recalcitrant. Xenobiotic chemicals, because they are manmade and have developed recently, are present in the environment for comparatively shorter periods of time from its geological presence. This in turn means that the microbial communities present in these environments may not have evolved specific mechanisms for their degradation. Morpholine, a known xenobiotics micropollutant initially believes to be recalcitrant but later prove to be biodegradable by specific set of bacterium species most likely Mycobacterium and Pseudomonas sp in particular. However, the metabolic pathways involved in the successful biodegradation of morpholine stand challenging to establish because of its extreme water solubility and the lack of any chromophore group in morpholine whi...
Milk is a commonly consumed complete food by people of various age groups. Milk adulteration is a... more Milk is a commonly consumed complete food by people of various age groups. Milk adulteration is a rising public health concern. India, a developing nation, faces a huge gap between the demand and supply due to shortage in milk production. The present review article attempts to understand the standards laid down by Food Safety and Security Authority of India (FSSAI) for milk quality. To achieve this quality and the need to bridge the demand and supply gap of milk lays a huge impact to the daily lives of individuals. This is the major reason for the rise in adulteration of milk. In order to meet the quality standards and shelf life, chemicals are added to adulterated milk and prolonged consumption of adulterated milk has long lasting health ill-effects which can even be fatal. Therefore, detection of adulterants in milk becomes mandatory and of utmost importance from both the standpoint of an individual's heath and from food safety perspective for larger public good.
To study the effect of photoperiod on growth performance in C. punctatus, the fish were exposed t... more To study the effect of photoperiod on growth performance in C. punctatus, the fish were exposed to three combinations of day length i.e. LD 14:10, LD 12:12 and LD 9:15 at 25°C. Variables tested were weight gain, length gain, condition factor, FCR, body composition, VSI and HSI. Fish exposed to long photoperiod showed high growth performance followed by equal and short photoperiod. Significantly low concentration of ammonical nitrogen and orthophosphate in holding water were observed in fish exposed to LD 14:10 as compared to LD 12:12 and LD 9:15. VSI values were significantly high (P0.05) in group of fish exposed to LD 14:10, followed by LD 12:12 and LD 9:15. On the other hand, HSI was significantly decreased in fish exposed to LD 9:15, while HSI values under LD 14:10 and LD 12:12 were equal.
Prostatic diseases affect men over the age of 45 and increase in frequency with age so that by th... more Prostatic diseases affect men over the age of 45 and increase in frequency with age so that by the eighth decade more than 90% of men have Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, (BPH), of which some progress to Carcinoma of Prostate (CaP). CaP, the most common malignancy in men, is also the second most common cause of death in men. Over the last three decades the mortality rate for CaP has steadily increased. There, however, are scant clues to the aetiology/pathogenesis of CaP. As treatment failures of advanced carcinoma continue to frustrate clinicians, emphasis has recently been focused on possible preventive strategies. Several studies support the view that higher levels of 1,25-(OH)2D, the active metabolite of vitamin D, reduce the risk of BPH and CaP. Men with high serum levels of 1,25-(OH)2D have a reduced risk of poorly differentiated and clinically advanced CaP. Hypercalcemic activity of 1,25-(OH)2D or its analogues, however, thwart their use for therapy in humans. Incidentally, a lo...
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015
The incidence of metabolic syndrome is rising at an unprecedented pace. The technological advance... more The incidence of metabolic syndrome is rising at an unprecedented pace. The technological advancements, lifestyle changes and mechanization are all considered responsible for this rising global health issue. Nature-derived phytochemicals possess several unique properties that may be usefulformanagement of metabolic syndrome. Mangiferin, present in various plant species, has been shown to have anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Mangiferin also modulates glucose and lipid metabolisms and restores glucose and lipid homeostasis. In this review, we attempt to provide the latest information available on mangiferin and its effects on various biological processes associated/implicated in metabolic syndrome.
Infectious diseases are a significant burden on global economies and public health. There are ind... more Infectious diseases are a significant burden on global economies and public health. There are indeed more deaths due to infections than cancer demonstrating that it is high time to pay attention to the escalating bacterial enemy. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) pose a serious health problem affecting millions of people each year with total cost for treatment being in billions of dollars. A large share of that expense and inappropriate use of antimicrobials comes from a 48 hours wait for the infected sample to be cultured in the laboratory and tested for antibiotic sensitivity (AST). The current study presents an ultra-rapid point-of-care system for determining AST of pathogens found in human urine leading to UTI. Sensitivity and specificity of the new test for antibiotic susceptibility was found to be 0.94 and 0.97, respectively. The results of AST using the new test are available in 4 hours as compared with 48-72 hours of conventional methods. Availability of this rapid assay will obliterate the need for empirical treatment in case of UTI-like infectious diseases and lead to specific and most appropriate treatment at the earliest ensuring healthcare to all. Further as the result of cultures are available in ∼4 hours this test facilitates de-escalation necessary for the containment of bacterial resistance, favours targeted patient therapy with reduced antimicrobial spectrum of action of prescribed antibiotics and, consequently, lowers the cost of treatment significantly.
The aim of this study was to determine whether a positive correlation exists between the DD genot... more The aim of this study was to determine whether a positive correlation exists between the DD genotype of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) or left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in adolescents with hypertension. Methods. We studied 120 hypertensive and 58 normotensive (control) adolescents. ACE gene polymorphism was determined by a standardized method. The IMT was measured in the common carotid arteries, and the LVMI was calculated on transthoracic echocardiography. The severity of hypertension was graded according to the results of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring as white coat, borderline, or proven hypertension. The association between ACE gene polymorphism and the obtained parameters was analyzed using analysis of variance and chi-square testing. Results. Both the IMT and LVMI were higher in hypertensive than in control adolescents. In hypertensive subjects, no relationship was found between the different ACE genotypes and the IMT: the mean ( ¯± standard deviation) IMT in patients with the DD genotype was 0.57¯± 0.11 mm; in those with the DI genotype, 0.53 ¯± 0.01 mm; and in those with the II genotype, 0.55¯± 0.01 mm. The LVMI was also similar in all 3 ACE genotypes: DD, 106.7¯± 32.3 g/m 2 ; DI, 102.2 ¯± 38.1 g/m 2 ; and II, 103.2 ¯± 26.3 g/m 2 . The severity of hypertension as assessed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was independent of the ACE genotype. Conclusions. Target-organ damage (left ventricular hypertrophy and carotid atherosclerosis) is detectable in adolescents with hypertension and, in those subjects, ACE genotype polymorphism is not correlated with the severity of target-organ damage as measured by IMT and LVMI.
In this report, we show that interaction of neoplastic epithelial cells with vesicles derived fro... more In this report, we show that interaction of neoplastic epithelial cells with vesicles derived from leukocytes results in passive acquisition by tumor cells of a diverse group of leukocyte proteins. Vesicles shed from leukocytes were heterogeneous and exhibited the specific proteins expressed on leukocyte subsets. Accordingly, epithelial cells differentially acquired leukocyte proteins associated with vesicles. Ultrastructural localization demonstrated that acquired proteins were associated with the plasma membranes of the epithelial cells. The binding of tumor cells that passively acquired leukocyte proteins to immobilized intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and to endothelial cells was significantly increased. Furthermore, passive acquisition of proteins on the plasma membranes of epithelial cells was associated with modulation of overall phosphorylation of proteins in the range of 20-65 kd and consisted of both increased as well as decreased phosphorylation of specific protein speci...
Journal of Association of Physicians of India, 2019
With 1 billion tobacco users worldwide, nicotine dependence has a major impact on global health. ... more With 1 billion tobacco users worldwide, nicotine dependence has a major impact on global health. Advances in medication development for nicotine dependence require an improved understanding of the neurobiology of this complex, relapsing brain disorder. To study association of µ Opioid Receptor polymorphism in patients of rheumatoid arthritis and its correlation with severity of disease and prevalent alleles of the OPRM1 genes. This is a case control study wherein all available patients and volunteers were recruited. 142 controls subjects with no known history of disease and 85 study group cases were included. Comparison of genotype frequencies showed a statistically significant difference between the studied groups (p<0.004). A statistically significant difference was found when the allelic frequencies between the two groups were compared (p<0.0001), with the 17T allele having a-1.7518 fold higher risk of having RA (risk ratio (RR)=1.7518, 95%CI of RR=1.2988-2.3627, OR =3.2914...
The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2012
S ystemic hypertension remains an important risk factor for a variety of cardiovascular, renal an... more S ystemic hypertension remains an important risk factor for a variety of cardiovascular, renal and neurological diseases. It is well known that elevated blood pressure (BP) of any degree is a precursor to excessive morbidity and premature mortality. untreated hypertension predisposes to coronary artery disease (CAD), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic kidney diseases (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), transient ischemic attacks (TIA), and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). Although systemic hypertension is a risk factor for disease burden, the risk is uneven, heterogeneous, and unpredictable. At the present time, there is no way to determine which patient with an elevated blood pressure (BP) level is at risk and which patient is not; therefore, BP level reduction is indicated and recommended for " all " individuals with hypertension irrespective of their " personal risk ". Hence guidelines rightly recommend measures to r...
The antibiotic susceptibility test determines the most effective antibiotic treatment for bacteri... more The antibiotic susceptibility test determines the most effective antibiotic treatment for bacterial infection. Antimicrobial stewardship is advocated for the rational use of antibiotics to preserve their efficacy in the long term and provide empirical therapy for disease management. Therefore, rapid diagnostic tests can play a pivotal role in efficient and timely treatment. Here, we developed a novel, rapid, affordable, and portable platform for detecting uropathogens and reporting antibiogram to clinicians in just 4 h. This technology replicates the basic tenets of clinical microbiology including bacterial growth in indigenously formulated medium, and measurement of inhibition of bacterial growth in presence of antibiotic/s. Detection is based on chromogenic endpoints using optical sensors and is analyzed by a lab-developed algorithm, which reports antibiotic sensitivity to the antibiotics panel tested. To assess its diagnostic accuracy, a prospective clinical validation study was ...
Statins are potent inhibitors of the enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG... more Statins are potent inhibitors of the enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) that catalyzes the rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Statins lowers the plasma cholesterol level, thus effective in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Statins are compounds of natural origin that are biosynthesized as secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi and act as competitive inhibitors of HMGR. Sales of statins have dominated the pharmaceutical market in recent years, consistently ranking as the number one class of drugs, so are called “the golden child” for pharmaceutical companies. Statins have also been reported as a potential therapeutic agent in the regulation of inflammatory and immune response, bone turnover, neovascularisation, vascular tone, and arterial pressure along with hypocholestremic property. With the emerging multiple therapeutic effects, the wonder drugs “statins” are proving to be much more powerful drugs than ever thought
Cellular antioxidants are known to change their redox state, and they can be targeted for destruc... more Cellular antioxidants are known to change their redox state, and they can be targeted for destruction, regulate oxidative processes involved in signal transduction, effect gene expression and pathways of cell proliferation and death. Oxidants and antioxidants play an important role in maintaining a balance between free radicals produced by metabolism or derived from environmental sources and the antioxidant system of the body. A complex natural antioxidant system exists in the biological systems, which is responsible for prevention of damage by pro-oxidants. Impaired endogenous antioxidant system favours accumulation of free radicals, which not only induces the process of lipid peroxidation but also plays a central role in neurodegeneration. The increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases may be attributed to a pro-oxidative environment caused by smoking, alcohol abuse, UVA and UVB radiations, air pollution as well as inappropriate nutrition. The dependence of disease severity...
Purpose: To report the study design and methods of the “Binocular Vision Anomalies and Normative ... more Purpose: To report the study design and methods of the “Binocular Vision Anomalies and Normative Data” (BAND) study in school children in Tamilnadu. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with an estimated sample size of 936 in rural and urban arms of Tamilnadu. A total of four schools with similar socio-economic factors have been selected in the rural and urban arm and children between 7 and 17 years of age are included based on simple random sampling. All children will undergo an initial screening protocol, followed by comprehensive binocular vision assessment. Children who are asymptomatic and who pass the comprehensive binocular vision assessment Correspondence regarding this article should be emailed to Jameel Rizwana Hussaindeen at [email protected]. All state ments are the authors’ personal opinion and may not reflect the opinions of the College of Optometrists in Vision Development, Vision Development & Rehabilitation or any institu tion or organization to which the autho...
Background: Plants and plant-based extracts have been used across the globe for management of var... more Background: Plants and plant-based extracts have been used across the globe for management of various ailments and disorders. The biological and pharmacological activities of plants and their extracts are primarily attributed to polyphenols, avonoids, and other secondary metabolites. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a reliable, sensitive, and quick method to identify bioactive ingredients in complex plant extracts. In the present study, we have developed a quick and sensitive HPLC method for separation of four polyphenols, namely, gallicMethods: acid, protocatechuic acid, rutin, and mangiferin. Further, we used the developed HPLC method for the analysis of plant extracts obtained from Asparagus racemosus, Azadirachta indica, Capsicum annuum, Nigella Sativa, Phyllanthus niruri, Rosmarinus ofcinalis, Rheum palmatum, Withania somnifera, Withania somnifera, and Zingiber ofcinale. The HPLC method developed in the present study was highly effectiveResults: in separating ga...
Biodegradation is the process by which chemicals both natural and xenobiotics are metabolized by ... more Biodegradation is the process by which chemicals both natural and xenobiotics are metabolized by microorganisms. Most naturally occurring chemical compounds are biodegradable while xenobiotic may be biodegradable, persistent or recalcitrant. Xenobiotic chemicals, because they are manmade and have developed recently, are present in the environment for comparatively shorter periods of time from its geological presence. This in turn means that the microbial communities present in these environments may not have evolved specific mechanisms for their degradation. Morpholine, a known xenobiotics micropollutant initially believes to be recalcitrant but later prove to be biodegradable by specific set of bacterium species most likely Mycobacterium and Pseudomonas sp in particular. However, the metabolic pathways involved in the successful biodegradation of morpholine stand challenging to establish because of its extreme water solubility and the lack of any chromophore group in morpholine whi...
Milk is a commonly consumed complete food by people of various age groups. Milk adulteration is a... more Milk is a commonly consumed complete food by people of various age groups. Milk adulteration is a rising public health concern. India, a developing nation, faces a huge gap between the demand and supply due to shortage in milk production. The present review article attempts to understand the standards laid down by Food Safety and Security Authority of India (FSSAI) for milk quality. To achieve this quality and the need to bridge the demand and supply gap of milk lays a huge impact to the daily lives of individuals. This is the major reason for the rise in adulteration of milk. In order to meet the quality standards and shelf life, chemicals are added to adulterated milk and prolonged consumption of adulterated milk has long lasting health ill-effects which can even be fatal. Therefore, detection of adulterants in milk becomes mandatory and of utmost importance from both the standpoint of an individual's heath and from food safety perspective for larger public good.
To study the effect of photoperiod on growth performance in C. punctatus, the fish were exposed t... more To study the effect of photoperiod on growth performance in C. punctatus, the fish were exposed to three combinations of day length i.e. LD 14:10, LD 12:12 and LD 9:15 at 25°C. Variables tested were weight gain, length gain, condition factor, FCR, body composition, VSI and HSI. Fish exposed to long photoperiod showed high growth performance followed by equal and short photoperiod. Significantly low concentration of ammonical nitrogen and orthophosphate in holding water were observed in fish exposed to LD 14:10 as compared to LD 12:12 and LD 9:15. VSI values were significantly high (P0.05) in group of fish exposed to LD 14:10, followed by LD 12:12 and LD 9:15. On the other hand, HSI was significantly decreased in fish exposed to LD 9:15, while HSI values under LD 14:10 and LD 12:12 were equal.
Prostatic diseases affect men over the age of 45 and increase in frequency with age so that by th... more Prostatic diseases affect men over the age of 45 and increase in frequency with age so that by the eighth decade more than 90% of men have Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, (BPH), of which some progress to Carcinoma of Prostate (CaP). CaP, the most common malignancy in men, is also the second most common cause of death in men. Over the last three decades the mortality rate for CaP has steadily increased. There, however, are scant clues to the aetiology/pathogenesis of CaP. As treatment failures of advanced carcinoma continue to frustrate clinicians, emphasis has recently been focused on possible preventive strategies. Several studies support the view that higher levels of 1,25-(OH)2D, the active metabolite of vitamin D, reduce the risk of BPH and CaP. Men with high serum levels of 1,25-(OH)2D have a reduced risk of poorly differentiated and clinically advanced CaP. Hypercalcemic activity of 1,25-(OH)2D or its analogues, however, thwart their use for therapy in humans. Incidentally, a lo...
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015
The incidence of metabolic syndrome is rising at an unprecedented pace. The technological advance... more The incidence of metabolic syndrome is rising at an unprecedented pace. The technological advancements, lifestyle changes and mechanization are all considered responsible for this rising global health issue. Nature-derived phytochemicals possess several unique properties that may be usefulformanagement of metabolic syndrome. Mangiferin, present in various plant species, has been shown to have anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Mangiferin also modulates glucose and lipid metabolisms and restores glucose and lipid homeostasis. In this review, we attempt to provide the latest information available on mangiferin and its effects on various biological processes associated/implicated in metabolic syndrome.
Infectious diseases are a significant burden on global economies and public health. There are ind... more Infectious diseases are a significant burden on global economies and public health. There are indeed more deaths due to infections than cancer demonstrating that it is high time to pay attention to the escalating bacterial enemy. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) pose a serious health problem affecting millions of people each year with total cost for treatment being in billions of dollars. A large share of that expense and inappropriate use of antimicrobials comes from a 48 hours wait for the infected sample to be cultured in the laboratory and tested for antibiotic sensitivity (AST). The current study presents an ultra-rapid point-of-care system for determining AST of pathogens found in human urine leading to UTI. Sensitivity and specificity of the new test for antibiotic susceptibility was found to be 0.94 and 0.97, respectively. The results of AST using the new test are available in 4 hours as compared with 48-72 hours of conventional methods. Availability of this rapid assay will obliterate the need for empirical treatment in case of UTI-like infectious diseases and lead to specific and most appropriate treatment at the earliest ensuring healthcare to all. Further as the result of cultures are available in ∼4 hours this test facilitates de-escalation necessary for the containment of bacterial resistance, favours targeted patient therapy with reduced antimicrobial spectrum of action of prescribed antibiotics and, consequently, lowers the cost of treatment significantly.
The aim of this study was to determine whether a positive correlation exists between the DD genot... more The aim of this study was to determine whether a positive correlation exists between the DD genotype of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) or left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in adolescents with hypertension. Methods. We studied 120 hypertensive and 58 normotensive (control) adolescents. ACE gene polymorphism was determined by a standardized method. The IMT was measured in the common carotid arteries, and the LVMI was calculated on transthoracic echocardiography. The severity of hypertension was graded according to the results of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring as white coat, borderline, or proven hypertension. The association between ACE gene polymorphism and the obtained parameters was analyzed using analysis of variance and chi-square testing. Results. Both the IMT and LVMI were higher in hypertensive than in control adolescents. In hypertensive subjects, no relationship was found between the different ACE genotypes and the IMT: the mean ( ¯± standard deviation) IMT in patients with the DD genotype was 0.57¯± 0.11 mm; in those with the DI genotype, 0.53 ¯± 0.01 mm; and in those with the II genotype, 0.55¯± 0.01 mm. The LVMI was also similar in all 3 ACE genotypes: DD, 106.7¯± 32.3 g/m 2 ; DI, 102.2 ¯± 38.1 g/m 2 ; and II, 103.2 ¯± 26.3 g/m 2 . The severity of hypertension as assessed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was independent of the ACE genotype. Conclusions. Target-organ damage (left ventricular hypertrophy and carotid atherosclerosis) is detectable in adolescents with hypertension and, in those subjects, ACE genotype polymorphism is not correlated with the severity of target-organ damage as measured by IMT and LVMI.
In this report, we show that interaction of neoplastic epithelial cells with vesicles derived fro... more In this report, we show that interaction of neoplastic epithelial cells with vesicles derived from leukocytes results in passive acquisition by tumor cells of a diverse group of leukocyte proteins. Vesicles shed from leukocytes were heterogeneous and exhibited the specific proteins expressed on leukocyte subsets. Accordingly, epithelial cells differentially acquired leukocyte proteins associated with vesicles. Ultrastructural localization demonstrated that acquired proteins were associated with the plasma membranes of the epithelial cells. The binding of tumor cells that passively acquired leukocyte proteins to immobilized intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and to endothelial cells was significantly increased. Furthermore, passive acquisition of proteins on the plasma membranes of epithelial cells was associated with modulation of overall phosphorylation of proteins in the range of 20-65 kd and consisted of both increased as well as decreased phosphorylation of specific protein speci...
Journal of Association of Physicians of India, 2019
With 1 billion tobacco users worldwide, nicotine dependence has a major impact on global health. ... more With 1 billion tobacco users worldwide, nicotine dependence has a major impact on global health. Advances in medication development for nicotine dependence require an improved understanding of the neurobiology of this complex, relapsing brain disorder. To study association of µ Opioid Receptor polymorphism in patients of rheumatoid arthritis and its correlation with severity of disease and prevalent alleles of the OPRM1 genes. This is a case control study wherein all available patients and volunteers were recruited. 142 controls subjects with no known history of disease and 85 study group cases were included. Comparison of genotype frequencies showed a statistically significant difference between the studied groups (p<0.004). A statistically significant difference was found when the allelic frequencies between the two groups were compared (p<0.0001), with the 17T allele having a-1.7518 fold higher risk of having RA (risk ratio (RR)=1.7518, 95%CI of RR=1.2988-2.3627, OR =3.2914...
The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2012
S ystemic hypertension remains an important risk factor for a variety of cardiovascular, renal an... more S ystemic hypertension remains an important risk factor for a variety of cardiovascular, renal and neurological diseases. It is well known that elevated blood pressure (BP) of any degree is a precursor to excessive morbidity and premature mortality. untreated hypertension predisposes to coronary artery disease (CAD), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic kidney diseases (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), transient ischemic attacks (TIA), and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). Although systemic hypertension is a risk factor for disease burden, the risk is uneven, heterogeneous, and unpredictable. At the present time, there is no way to determine which patient with an elevated blood pressure (BP) level is at risk and which patient is not; therefore, BP level reduction is indicated and recommended for " all " individuals with hypertension irrespective of their " personal risk ". Hence guidelines rightly recommend measures to r...
The antibiotic susceptibility test determines the most effective antibiotic treatment for bacteri... more The antibiotic susceptibility test determines the most effective antibiotic treatment for bacterial infection. Antimicrobial stewardship is advocated for the rational use of antibiotics to preserve their efficacy in the long term and provide empirical therapy for disease management. Therefore, rapid diagnostic tests can play a pivotal role in efficient and timely treatment. Here, we developed a novel, rapid, affordable, and portable platform for detecting uropathogens and reporting antibiogram to clinicians in just 4 h. This technology replicates the basic tenets of clinical microbiology including bacterial growth in indigenously formulated medium, and measurement of inhibition of bacterial growth in presence of antibiotic/s. Detection is based on chromogenic endpoints using optical sensors and is analyzed by a lab-developed algorithm, which reports antibiotic sensitivity to the antibiotics panel tested. To assess its diagnostic accuracy, a prospective clinical validation study was ...
Statins are potent inhibitors of the enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG... more Statins are potent inhibitors of the enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) that catalyzes the rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Statins lowers the plasma cholesterol level, thus effective in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Statins are compounds of natural origin that are biosynthesized as secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi and act as competitive inhibitors of HMGR. Sales of statins have dominated the pharmaceutical market in recent years, consistently ranking as the number one class of drugs, so are called “the golden child” for pharmaceutical companies. Statins have also been reported as a potential therapeutic agent in the regulation of inflammatory and immune response, bone turnover, neovascularisation, vascular tone, and arterial pressure along with hypocholestremic property. With the emerging multiple therapeutic effects, the wonder drugs “statins” are proving to be much more powerful drugs than ever thought
Cellular antioxidants are known to change their redox state, and they can be targeted for destruc... more Cellular antioxidants are known to change their redox state, and they can be targeted for destruction, regulate oxidative processes involved in signal transduction, effect gene expression and pathways of cell proliferation and death. Oxidants and antioxidants play an important role in maintaining a balance between free radicals produced by metabolism or derived from environmental sources and the antioxidant system of the body. A complex natural antioxidant system exists in the biological systems, which is responsible for prevention of damage by pro-oxidants. Impaired endogenous antioxidant system favours accumulation of free radicals, which not only induces the process of lipid peroxidation but also plays a central role in neurodegeneration. The increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases may be attributed to a pro-oxidative environment caused by smoking, alcohol abuse, UVA and UVB radiations, air pollution as well as inappropriate nutrition. The dependence of disease severity...
Purpose: To report the study design and methods of the “Binocular Vision Anomalies and Normative ... more Purpose: To report the study design and methods of the “Binocular Vision Anomalies and Normative Data” (BAND) study in school children in Tamilnadu. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with an estimated sample size of 936 in rural and urban arms of Tamilnadu. A total of four schools with similar socio-economic factors have been selected in the rural and urban arm and children between 7 and 17 years of age are included based on simple random sampling. All children will undergo an initial screening protocol, followed by comprehensive binocular vision assessment. Children who are asymptomatic and who pass the comprehensive binocular vision assessment Correspondence regarding this article should be emailed to Jameel Rizwana Hussaindeen at [email protected]. All state ments are the authors’ personal opinion and may not reflect the opinions of the College of Optometrists in Vision Development, Vision Development & Rehabilitation or any institu tion or organization to which the autho...
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