Papers by Caroline Kamau-Mitchell
The Surgeon, 2025
Background: Research has found that 48 % of patients are anxious before surgery but patient educa... more Background: Research has found that 48 % of patients are anxious before surgery but patient education which involves preparing them about what to expect is associated with higher satisfaction after surgery. Patient satisfaction is important because previous research found that patients who had surgery in hospitals with the highest quartile of satisfaction had lower relative risk reductions of 11-13 % in 30-day postoperative mortality, minor complications, and failure to rescue. In using patient satisfaction as a metric in surgery, it is not yet known whether exceptions should be made for emergencies and coronavirus patients because of restricted opportunities for patient education. Methods: This study analysed the survey responses of 38,689 patients who had surgery or clinical procedures from UK NHS hospitals. Regression analysis found that patient education (captured in patients' interactions with surgeons, physicians, and other staff e.g., preparing them about what to expect from surgery or clinical procedures) significantly increased patient satisfaction. It explained 34.9 %-49.7 % of adjusted variance in patient satisfaction. Multivariate analysis of variance found that patient satisfaction was lower after emergencies and among patients in coronavirus wards, likely because of restricted time or opportunities for patient education. Conclusions: This study shows the benefits of patient education in surgery which prepares patients about what to expect. However, patient satisfaction should not be used as an isolated metric after emergency surgery and that involving coronavirus patients because of restricted time or opportunity for patient education.
![Research paper thumbnail of Kamau-Mitchell, C. and Lopes, B. (2024) Increased risk of hallucinations among people with cancer: role of loneliness, job satisfaction, sleep and a moderated-mediated model of anxiety and life satisfaction. Journal of Psychiatric Research (in press). [FULL TEXT]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/118539671/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2024
Being diagnosed with cancer and coping with fears about potential death might trigger acute distr... more Being diagnosed with cancer and coping with fears about potential death might trigger acute distress. Previous research found that patients with cancer are 1.85 times more at risk of developing mental illness. Whereas previous studies investigated the risk of schizophrenia, no studies have investigated the risk of individual psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations. This was an analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing involving 7,586 adults of whom 1,082 have cancer. There were 19 (0.3%) who self-reported hallucinations, and logistic regression showed that cancer patients had higher odds of hallucinating. Loneliness, discrimination, poor job satisfaction, poor life satisfaction, anxiety, low level of autonomy/control and having restless sleep were also associated with hallucinations. Cancer patients had higher odds of poor life satisfaction, which was also predicted by loneliness, discrimination, job satisfaction, anxiety symptoms, autonomy/control and restless sleep. Further results of a moderated mediation model showed that cancer, loneliness, and job satisfaction were directly associated with hallucinations, and life satisfaction was a mediator. Anxiety symptoms also moderated the relationships with hallucinations. Cancer is associated with a higher risk of hallucinations, and other aspects of mental wellbeing (e.g., anxiety and life satisfaction) are also important. Interventions are needed which safeguard mental health after cancer diagnosis and during treatment.
Internal Medicine Journal, 2024
The World Health Organization recognizes that sexual harassment is an occupational hazard in medi... more The World Health Organization recognizes that sexual harassment is an occupational hazard in medicine, but the prevalence of sexual harassment from patients is unknown. This global meta-analysis found that a pooled prevalence of 45.13% of 18,803 physicians from several specialties (e.g., internal medicine, surgery) have ever experienced it. Hospitals should implement protective measures such as panic alarms for night shifts and isolated wards.
Keywords: Clinical medicine; Internal medicine; Hospital medicine; Patients; Physician wellbeing.
QJM (Quarterly Journal of Medicine): An international Journal of Medicine, 2024
![Research paper thumbnail of Kamau-Mitchell, C. and Lopes, B. (2023). Mental illness and unemployment-related mortality. Lancet Psychiatry, 10(8), 583-584. [FULL TEXT]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111250145/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lancet Psychiatry, 2023
Psychiatrists have an important role to play in encouraging patients to resume employment as part... more Psychiatrists have an important role to play in encouraging patients to resume employment as part of the recovery process and advising them about adjustments to request of their employer, because some psychiatric medication impairs workers' cognitive ability and increases accident risks. For example, research shows that workers who take selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) make more errors, have worse semantic processing, slower reaction times, worse memory, and 12·71 times more risk of work-related traffic accidents (if at low risk of such accidents) compared with workers who are not taking SSRIs. Workers who take SSRIs, benzodiazepines, or tricyclic antidepressants also have more cognitive failures at work than those not taking these medications, depending on the extent of their mental health problems and other risk factors. Unemployment also carries the risk of premature mortality from poverty because of the risk of poor diet and housing quality, therefore we encourage psychiatrists to refer unemployed patients to supported employment or individual placement and support programmes to help patients' recovery and quality of life. We also urge psychiatrists to have more discussions with patients about stigma, discrimination, and structural inequalities in the workplace, thus playing a role in saving patients from the premature mortality that is associated with unemployment-related structural inequalities.
![Research paper thumbnail of Kamau-Mitchell, C. and Lopes, B. (2023). Importance of occupational support for NHS patients with mental illness. Occupational Medicine, 73(9), 528-531. [FULL TEXT]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111249931/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Occupational Medicine, 2023
Background: Unemployment is a structural inequality which raises the risk of premature deaths amo... more Background: Unemployment is a structural inequality which raises the risk of premature deaths among people with mental illness.
Aims: This study examined whether NHS patients with mental illness get support to find or keep a job because reducing unemployment rates can reduce the risk of premature mortality.
Methods: This study analysed recently released data from 54 NHS trusts which randomly sampled patients for a Care Quality Commission survey. This study assessed 11,001 working-age patients with mental illness, of whom 50% are long-term service users (6+ years).
Results: Perceived access to occupational support was poor with 46% of patients who wanted the support saying that they did not get help finding or returning to work. Perceived occupational support for physical comorbidities needed improvement because 40% of patients with physical comorbidities did not receive support for physical health needs. 25% said that medication side effects were not discussed, and 24% lacked medication follow-up although 87% of patients found medication beneficial to their mental health. Occupational support significantly benefited overall patient satisfaction to an equivalent extent as main treatment (that is, receiving medication and talking therapies), and it was a more consistent predictor of patient satisfaction than talking therapies.
Conclusions: Improved access to schemes which reduce unemployment among NHS patients with mental illness is needed (e.g., individual placement and support programmes), although limited availability might be due to funding constraints. As well as addressing unemployment, occupational support should address other risk factors for premature mortality e.g., poverty, stigma, discrimination, and social exclusion.
![Research paper thumbnail of Tomono M, Ando S, Kamau-Mitchell C, Ihara S, Isobe A, Kido H, Sanji S, Watanabe T, Tokuda H, Itokazu D, Tokuda Y. (2024) Burnout and fear of COVID-19 among medical students in Japan: impact of infection history, gender, and social support. Journal of Public Health Sciences, 26;3:26-38. [FULL TEXT]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111249678/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Tomono M, Ando S, Kamau-Mitchell C, Ihara S, Isobe A, Kido H, Sanji S, Watanabe T, Tokuda H, Itokazu D, Tokuda Y. (2024) Burnout and fear of COVID-19 among medical students in Japan: impact of infection history, gender, and social support. Journal of Public Health Sciences, 26;3:26-38. [FULL TEXT] Journal of Public Health Sciences, 2024
The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant changes in
medical students' lives and study methods, w... more The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant changes in
medical students' lives and study methods, with online
learning replacing in-person classes and limited
opportunities for clinical practice. However, there are few
studies about burnout and fear of COVID-19 among medical
students, especially in East Asia, and a need for research
investigating the impact of gender, a history of COVID-19
infection, and social support. In March 2022, we conducted a
cross-sectional web-based survey of 4th/5th year medical
students who completed a clinical clerkship in Japan. Our
survey included the Japan Burnout Scale (JBS, range 5-85,
comprising of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and
reduced personal accomplishment), fear of COVID-19 scale
(range, 1-4), gender, school year, COVID-19 history,
household composition, online education use, and financial
burden. There were 343 respondents and 42.4% were
women. Multivariable adjusted linear regression analyses
showed that students with a COVID-19 infection history had
significantly higher overall burnout, depersonalization, educed personal accomplishment, and lower fear of COVID19. Students with low social support (living alone and greater
financial burden) had higher overall burnout, emotional
exhaustion, and depersonalization. Gender had no significant
effect on burnout (mean JBS among women was 38.6 versus
39.3 among men). Gender significantly predicted fear of
COVID-19, with women scoring higher (1.60 versus 1.50).
The findings of the present study have implications that
medical schools should provide pastoral care for their
students according to students’ circumstances, especially
those who live alone, have a high financial burden, and/or
were infected with COVID-19.
![Research paper thumbnail of Lopes, B. and Kamau-MItchell, C. (2024). Anxiety, depression, working from home, and health-related behaviours during COVID-19: structural equation modelling and serial mediation of associations with angina, heart attacks and stroke. Journal of Health Psychology (in press). [FULL TEXT]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/110360214/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Journal of Health Psychology, 2024
Based on the vulnerability-stress model and coping theory, this study of 1,920 people in Scotland... more Based on the vulnerability-stress model and coping theory, this study of 1,920 people in Scotland investigated how sex, age, occupational factors, anxiety, depression, and maladaptive coping behaviours are associated with cardiovascular health. Structural equation modelling and serial Sobel mediation tests were conducted. Anxiety was associated with past arrhythmia, whereas depression was associated with past heart attacks, stroke, and angina. Females reported more anxiety, past arrhythmia, confectionary and alcohol consumption, whereas males had more heart attacks. Confectionary consumption was associated with past arrhythmia, and alcohol consumption was associated with past heart attacks. Being older was associated with depression, past stroke, arrhythmia, and alcohol consumption. Being younger was associated with anxiety and smoking. Depression and smoking mediated the relationship between type of working and cardiovascular health history, potentially because of socioeconomic factors. Clinicians can use these results to advise clients about cardiovascular risks associated with anxiety, depression, demographics, and health-related coping behaviours.
19 individuals were referred on to the dedicated inherited cardiac conditions clinic for further ... more 19 individuals were referred on to the dedicated inherited cardiac conditions clinic for further evaluation. Four patients expressed a definitive LV phenotype and were diagnosed with HCM. CMR parameters were compared in three groups: Hypertensive (HTN), grey zone Hypertensive (GZH) and HCM. See figure 1 and table 1. Results CMR demonstrated end diastolic wall thickness (EDWT) >11 mm in 50% of hypertensives. 73% of the referred patients were AC and all 4 HCM patients were also AC. All referrals demonstrated EDWTs 14mm, 9 (47%) demonstrated late gadolinium enhancement of which 3 (16%) had HCM. Three had asymmetrical septal hypertrophy-2 were in the HCM cohort and one underwent endomyocardial biopsy confirming HTN. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was significantly higher in GZH compared to HTN (p<0.0001) and in HCM compared to HTN (p=0.0004). EDWT was significantly greater in GZH compared to HTN (p<0.0001) and in HCM compared to HTN (p=0.0002). There was no significant difference in these parameters between GZH and HCM. See figure 1 and table 1. Conclusion This study reports a 4% prevalence of HCM among hypertensive patients-20 Â greater than in the general population-which would not be diagnosed using echo alone. Screening hypertensive individuals with CMR is not yet routine but we advocate its use in these individuals especially in those of AC ethncitiy and in those in the "grey zone", to identify undiagnosed HCM, which has significant implications for lifestyle modification and family screening.
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrie... more hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. david berry and caroline Kamau have asserted their right under the copyright, designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data berry, david, 1960-Public policy and media organizations. 1. social policy-decision making. 2. social policy-Public opinion. 3. social policy-Press coverage. 4. Mass media-Political aspects. 5. Mass media and public opinion. 6. Journalism-social aspects. 7. Journalism-Political aspects. 8. social psychology. 9. crime in mass media. i. title ii. Kamau, caroline. 361.6'1-dc23 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data berry, david, 1960-Public policy and media organizations / by david berry and caroline Kamau. p. cm. includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-1-4094-0275-6 (hardback)-isbn 978-1-4094-0276-3 (ebook) 1. Political planning-case studies. 2. Policy sciences-case studies. 3. Mass media-case studies. i. Kamau, caroline. ii. title. H97.b474 2012 320.6-dc23 2012021240 isbn 9781409402756 (hbk) isbn 9781315602950 (ebk)
Ashgate eBooks, Feb 1, 2012
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, Apr 1, 2015
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, May 21, 2013
Recipients of intergroup apologies have been found to prefer expressions of shame over guilt. How... more Recipients of intergroup apologies have been found to prefer expressions of shame over guilt. However, there is little research comparing the responses of a wronged group with those of a blamed group. Kenyans/Britons evaluated guilt/shame statements about colonialism, with blame measured as the assignment of collective guilt to Britain. Amongst Britons, there was a significant interaction, with high ingroup blamers expecting more reconciliation from shame than from guilt, and vice versa for low ingroup blamers. Amongst Kenyans, there was no main effect of blame, but more reconciliation was expected from shame than from guilt. Wronged groups thus appear to prefer shame over guilt, whereas preference for guilt/shame amongst members of a blamed group depends on the level of ingroup blame.
African Identities, Oct 1, 2005
ABSTRACT Chronic elitism within Africa has created a two‐tier milieu in which those Africans who ... more ABSTRACT Chronic elitism within Africa has created a two‐tier milieu in which those Africans who are in a position to take advantage of the global economic system often do so at the expense of other Africans. The effects of social class and indicators of individual economic mobility on African identity were thus examined. 213 Kenyans participated in this questionnaire‐based study for structural equation analysis. The main finding was that socioeconomic status (SES) positively predicts individual economic mobility, which then negatively influences African identity concepts, and that the significance of economic concepts for African identity depends on social class. For example, in the high SES group, materialism and cynicism about Africa&#39;s future economic global prospects were found to have a negative effect on commitment to the national economy and African identity. The general implication is that anti‐group economic behaviour in Africa (e.g. corruption, worker exploitation) is attributable to individual mobility, as well as to intra‐national and global economic structures.
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Papers by Caroline Kamau-Mitchell
Keywords: Clinical medicine; Internal medicine; Hospital medicine; Patients; Physician wellbeing.
Aims: This study examined whether NHS patients with mental illness get support to find or keep a job because reducing unemployment rates can reduce the risk of premature mortality.
Methods: This study analysed recently released data from 54 NHS trusts which randomly sampled patients for a Care Quality Commission survey. This study assessed 11,001 working-age patients with mental illness, of whom 50% are long-term service users (6+ years).
Results: Perceived access to occupational support was poor with 46% of patients who wanted the support saying that they did not get help finding or returning to work. Perceived occupational support for physical comorbidities needed improvement because 40% of patients with physical comorbidities did not receive support for physical health needs. 25% said that medication side effects were not discussed, and 24% lacked medication follow-up although 87% of patients found medication beneficial to their mental health. Occupational support significantly benefited overall patient satisfaction to an equivalent extent as main treatment (that is, receiving medication and talking therapies), and it was a more consistent predictor of patient satisfaction than talking therapies.
Conclusions: Improved access to schemes which reduce unemployment among NHS patients with mental illness is needed (e.g., individual placement and support programmes), although limited availability might be due to funding constraints. As well as addressing unemployment, occupational support should address other risk factors for premature mortality e.g., poverty, stigma, discrimination, and social exclusion.
medical students' lives and study methods, with online
learning replacing in-person classes and limited
opportunities for clinical practice. However, there are few
studies about burnout and fear of COVID-19 among medical
students, especially in East Asia, and a need for research
investigating the impact of gender, a history of COVID-19
infection, and social support. In March 2022, we conducted a
cross-sectional web-based survey of 4th/5th year medical
students who completed a clinical clerkship in Japan. Our
survey included the Japan Burnout Scale (JBS, range 5-85,
comprising of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and
reduced personal accomplishment), fear of COVID-19 scale
(range, 1-4), gender, school year, COVID-19 history,
household composition, online education use, and financial
burden. There were 343 respondents and 42.4% were
women. Multivariable adjusted linear regression analyses
showed that students with a COVID-19 infection history had
significantly higher overall burnout, depersonalization, educed personal accomplishment, and lower fear of COVID19. Students with low social support (living alone and greater
financial burden) had higher overall burnout, emotional
exhaustion, and depersonalization. Gender had no significant
effect on burnout (mean JBS among women was 38.6 versus
39.3 among men). Gender significantly predicted fear of
COVID-19, with women scoring higher (1.60 versus 1.50).
The findings of the present study have implications that
medical schools should provide pastoral care for their
students according to students’ circumstances, especially
those who live alone, have a high financial burden, and/or
were infected with COVID-19.
Keywords: Clinical medicine; Internal medicine; Hospital medicine; Patients; Physician wellbeing.
Aims: This study examined whether NHS patients with mental illness get support to find or keep a job because reducing unemployment rates can reduce the risk of premature mortality.
Methods: This study analysed recently released data from 54 NHS trusts which randomly sampled patients for a Care Quality Commission survey. This study assessed 11,001 working-age patients with mental illness, of whom 50% are long-term service users (6+ years).
Results: Perceived access to occupational support was poor with 46% of patients who wanted the support saying that they did not get help finding or returning to work. Perceived occupational support for physical comorbidities needed improvement because 40% of patients with physical comorbidities did not receive support for physical health needs. 25% said that medication side effects were not discussed, and 24% lacked medication follow-up although 87% of patients found medication beneficial to their mental health. Occupational support significantly benefited overall patient satisfaction to an equivalent extent as main treatment (that is, receiving medication and talking therapies), and it was a more consistent predictor of patient satisfaction than talking therapies.
Conclusions: Improved access to schemes which reduce unemployment among NHS patients with mental illness is needed (e.g., individual placement and support programmes), although limited availability might be due to funding constraints. As well as addressing unemployment, occupational support should address other risk factors for premature mortality e.g., poverty, stigma, discrimination, and social exclusion.
medical students' lives and study methods, with online
learning replacing in-person classes and limited
opportunities for clinical practice. However, there are few
studies about burnout and fear of COVID-19 among medical
students, especially in East Asia, and a need for research
investigating the impact of gender, a history of COVID-19
infection, and social support. In March 2022, we conducted a
cross-sectional web-based survey of 4th/5th year medical
students who completed a clinical clerkship in Japan. Our
survey included the Japan Burnout Scale (JBS, range 5-85,
comprising of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and
reduced personal accomplishment), fear of COVID-19 scale
(range, 1-4), gender, school year, COVID-19 history,
household composition, online education use, and financial
burden. There were 343 respondents and 42.4% were
women. Multivariable adjusted linear regression analyses
showed that students with a COVID-19 infection history had
significantly higher overall burnout, depersonalization, educed personal accomplishment, and lower fear of COVID19. Students with low social support (living alone and greater
financial burden) had higher overall burnout, emotional
exhaustion, and depersonalization. Gender had no significant
effect on burnout (mean JBS among women was 38.6 versus
39.3 among men). Gender significantly predicted fear of
COVID-19, with women scoring higher (1.60 versus 1.50).
The findings of the present study have implications that
medical schools should provide pastoral care for their
students according to students’ circumstances, especially
those who live alone, have a high financial burden, and/or
were infected with COVID-19.
This book discusses why many employees think of mergers or acquisitions as scary or threatening events, why negative emotions are prevalent, their psychobiological impact and how to assess employees’ emotional responses using a new toolkit. It helps readers learn what counts as good leadership, considering the role of charisma, personality, context and information processing abilities. This book includes the issue of organizational learning, and the relevance of occupational health and safety to due diligence about mergers and acquisitions through case studies about organizations sued for cancer or cancer-related mortality after a merger or acquisition.
This book is mandatory reading for students, academics, and practitioners working with organizations experiencing a merger or an acquisition such as consultants, human resource professionals, psychologists, occupational health professionals, and employees involved in strategy, management, or people development.
Part I: Theorizing Public Policy and News Media Representations
>Introduction: some notes on public policy and media;
Chapter 1: Political philosophy;
Chapter 2: Public policy;
Chapter 3: News media representations and discourse of public policy.
Part II: Group Processes and the Media as a Referee in Public Policy Making
>>Introduction: why group processes matter;
>>Chapter 4: When the common good is not so common: group identity motives in public policy making;
>>Chapter 5: Why and when media organizations referee public policy-making;
>>Chapter 6: Group processes among media workers, faulty decision-making processes and effects on public opinion about policy;
References;
Index.