Treatment of gingival recession is essential to rectify the esthetic and functional deficiencies ... more Treatment of gingival recession is essential to rectify the esthetic and functional deficiencies of the patient and to combat further periodontal destruction. However, treating multiple recession cases is quite challenging, and therefore requires constant modifications of the prevalent treatment strategies as per the severity of the condition. The objective of this case report was to evaluate the effectiveness of coronally advanced flap (CAF) technique without vertical incisions using CAF brackets (CAF+B) for treating a patient presenting with class II gingival recession defects in relation to maxillary anteriors. Complete root coverage was observed, and the results were consistent even after 6 months. The current case report demonstrates good outcomes of the CAF + B technique without the use of any additional soft tissue grafts or vertical incisions, therefore, endorsing the promising potential of the CAF + B technique in multiple gingival recession cases.
The role of periodontium in supporting the tooth structures is well-known. However, less is known... more The role of periodontium in supporting the tooth structures is well-known. However, less is known about its contribution to the field of ophthalmology. Corneal diseases are among major causes of blindness affecting millions of people worldwide, for which synthetic keratoprosthesis was considered the last resort to restore vision. Yet, these synthetic keratoprosthesis suffered from serious limitations, especially the foreign body reactions invoked by them resulting in extrusion of the whole prosthesis from the eye. To overcome these shortcomings, an autologous osteo-odonto keratoprosthesis utilizing intraoral entities was introduced that could positively restore vision even in cases of severely damaged eyes. The successful functioning of this prosthesis, however, predominantly depended on the presence of a healthy periodontium for grafting. Therefore, the following short communication aims to acknowledge this lesser-known role of the periodontium and other oral structures in bestowing vision to the blind patients.
Curcumin is the most active polyphenolic constituent and ingredient in the traditional herbal rem... more Curcumin is the most active polyphenolic constituent and ingredient in the traditional herbal remedy and dietary spice turmeric obtained from the rhizome Curcuma longa, holds a high place in ayurvedic medicine but its role in conventional disease management has also been established. Curcumin has a surprisingly wide range of beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity. The pleiotropic activities of curcumin derive from its complex chemistry as well as its ability to influence multiple signaling pathways and exhibits great promise as a therapeutic agent which is currently in human clinical trials for a variety of conditions. Curcumin, in the near future is likely to bring a promising natural product to the forefront of therapeutic agents for treatment of human disease.
The periodontal tissues and the pulp-dentine complex form an intimate continuum through which pat... more The periodontal tissues and the pulp-dentine complex form an intimate continuum through which pathological changes of either one may lead to infection of the other. When a periapical lesion communicates with a deep periodontal pocket, the etiology can be either endodontic or periodontal. The purpose of this review paper is to explain the nature of that relationship. Successful therapy will only result from the establishment of an accurate diagnosis and forming such a diagnosis requires a methodical mutli-staged approach.
Turmeric has been in use for thousands of years as a dye, flavouring and a medicinal herb. Ancien... more Turmeric has been in use for thousands of years as a dye, flavouring and a medicinal herb. Ancient Indian medicine has touted turmeric as an herb with the ability to provide glow and lustre to the skin as well as vigour and vitality to the entire body. Since turmeric has antimicrobial, antioxidant, astringents and other useful properties, it is quite useful in dentistry also. Curcumin, the most active polyphenolic constituent, is the active ingredient in the traditional herbal remedy and dietary spice turmeric and is obtained from the rhizome Curcuma longa with a range of beneficial properties, including antiinflammatory, antioxidant, chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity. The pleiotropic activities of curcumin derive from its complex chemistry as well as its ability to influence multiple signalling pathways. The objective of this article is to highlight various uses of turmeric in the dental field.
condition and history, together with the dentist's clinical expertise and the patient's t... more condition and history, together with the dentist's clinical expertise and the patient's treatment needs and prefernces [3] ." The need of EBD is important for the dentist, especially with regards to patient safety, and for dentists to be able to keep up to date with developments in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of oral disease, and newly discovered causes of disease. Advances in dentistry are usually first reported in dental journals, and in order to keep up with new research, healthcare professionals need to feel confident that they can read and evaluate dental papers. EBD is founded on clinical research. The ultimate beneficiaries of EBD are members of the public, who will reap the rewards of better care. The internet allows patients, as well as professionals, access to health care information. The public, however, does not have the tools to evaluate the data adequately and must rely on their educated dentists to help sort fact from fiction. Patients will be mor...
Periodontics is a dental specialty that encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of di... more Periodontics is a dental specialty that encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the supporting and surrounding tissues of the teeth (i.e. periodontal tissues) or their substitutes, such as dental implants (i.e. peri-implant tissues) and is also concerned with the maintenance of the health, function and esthetics of these structures and tissues. Periodontal diseases are multifactorial infectious diseases wherein the presence of periodontopathogenic species seems to play a key role in the etiopathogenesis and results in a progressive loss of the hard and soft tissue around the teeth; which if left untreated, ultimately leads to the loosening and subsequent loss of teeth. Similarly diseases affecting peri-implant tissues, if not managed and treated properly results in an implant failure. However, the nature and severity of periodontal and peri-implant diseases depend on the patient’s oral hygiene, interaction between the bacterial agent, the environmen...
Periodontal disease is not a single disease entity but a set of inflammatory diseases affecting t... more Periodontal disease is not a single disease entity but a set of inflammatory diseases affecting the periodontium, i.e. the tissues that surround and support the teeth. It can present in different forms and typically progresses from simple inflammatory condition of gingiva to severe destruction of periodontium. Hence, several classification systems have been developed over the years to reflect the variety of forms of gingivitis and periodontitis. The development of various periodontal classification systems has largely been influenced by the paradigms that reflected the understanding of periodontal diseases at that given historical period. Though such systems have provided clinicians a way to organize the health care needs of their patients, yet because of the multifactorial nature of the periodontal diseases, any endeavor to categorize this vast group of diseases in an orderly and extensively accepted manner is often fraught with difficulty and considerable controversy. Inconsistenc...
Chronic periodontitis is an infection disease caused by an opportunistic microflora. The infectio... more Chronic periodontitis is an infection disease caused by an opportunistic microflora. The infection triggers host inflammatory responses resulting in the destruction of the tooth supporting tissues. Periodontal maintenance measures implicate the elimination of plaque and calculus, and an assessment geared toward categorizing aspects that may impede with oral health. Scientific exploration has established that with meticulous dayto- day plaque removal and periodontal maintenance procedures, the reappearance and progression of periodontal disease can be minimized.
Though bacteria are the primary etiologic factor of periodontal diseases, yet the extent and seve... more Though bacteria are the primary etiologic factor of periodontal diseases, yet the extent and severity of tissue destruction seen in periodontal diseases is determined by the host immuno-inflammatory response to these bacteria. This increasing awareness and knowledge of the host-microbial interaction in periodontal pathogenesis has presented the opportunity for exploiting new therapeutic strategies for periodontitis by means of targeting host response via host modulating agents. Host modulation means supplementing the natural inherent defense mechanisms of the host by modifying or modulating destructive or damaging aspects of the inflammatory host response that develops in the periodontal tissues as a result of the chronic challenge presented by the subgingival bacterial. This chapter discusses the host-modulating role of various systemically delivered (Tetracycline analogues, NSAIDs, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresin, anti-cytokines, bisphosphonates, probiotics, periodontal v...
Localised gingival recessions continue to represent an important aesthetic condition requiring tr... more Localised gingival recessions continue to represent an important aesthetic condition requiring treatment in periodontics. Various techniques have been tried to treat exposed root surfaces to improve aesthetics with high percentage of success and minimal discomfort. Root biomodification is done to improve the predictability of these procedures. This clinical report describes periodontal plastic procedure involving subepithelial connective tissue graft with lateral repositioned flap technique and root biomodification with CO(2) laser for the management of gingival recession.
International journal of preventive medicine, 2013
Influence of systemic disorders on periodontal diseases is well established. However, of growing ... more Influence of systemic disorders on periodontal diseases is well established. However, of growing interest is the effect of periodontal diseases on numerous systemic diseases or conditions like cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, pre-term low birth weight babies, preeclampsia, respiratory infections and others including osteoporosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, erectile dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, gastrointestinal disease, prostatitis, renal diseases, which has also been scientifically validated. This side of the oral-systemic link has been termed Periodontal Medicine and is potentially of great public health significance, as periodontal disease is largely preventable and in many instances readily treatable, hence, providing many new opportunities for preventing and improving prognosis of several systemic pathologic conditions. This review article highlights the importance of prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases as an essential part of p...
Though the fields of regenerative dentistry and tissue engineering have undergone significant adv... more Though the fields of regenerative dentistry and tissue engineering have undergone significant advancements, yet its application to the field of implant-dentistry is lacking; in the sense that presently the implants are being placed with the aim of attaining osseointegration without giving consideration to the regeneration of periodontium around the implant. The following article reveals the clinical benefits of such periodontio-integrated implants and reviews the relevant scientific proofs. A comprehensive research to provide scientific evidence supporting the feasibility of periodontio-integrated implants was carried out using various online resources such as PubMed, Wiley-Blackwell, Elsevier etc., to retrieve studies published between 1980 and 2012 using the following key words: "implant," "tissue engineering," "periodontium," "osseo-integration," "osseoperception," "regeneration" (and their synonyms) and it was found tha...
Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, 2012
Background: The treatment of the mucogingival problem is one of the main objectives of the period... more Background: The treatment of the mucogingival problem is one of the main objectives of the periodontal therapy. The insufficient or absent attached gingiva increases the risk of development of gingival recessions. Method: One patient with Miller class II gingival recession and small vestibule depth in the frontal mandibular region was selected for treatment. Autogenous free gingival grafts harvested from the palatal mucosa were used to gain the attached gingiva. Result: The initial healing completed in 2 weeks without complication. The augmentation of the attached gingival tissue using the free gingival graft technique led to gain of attached gingiva in the treated regions. Conclusion: The limitations of the apical mucosal flap displacement for preparation of recipient site in situations with inadequate vestibule depth and small alveolar bone height require a graft with small width. The result from the presented case report with application of the free gingival graft indicates that it could be applied when augmentation of the attached gingiva tissue.
Purpose: To detect groups of subjects in a sample of 50 periodontally healthy volunteers with dif... more Purpose: To detect groups of subjects in a sample of 50 periodontally healthy volunteers with different combinations of morphometric data related to maxillary central incisors and surrounding soft tissues and thereby establishing the existence of gingival biotypes in a population and correlating their prevelance with gender and tooth morphology. Material and methods: Five clinical parameters were included in a Cluster analysis: Crown Width/Crown Length Ratio (CW/CL), Gingival Width (GW), Papilla Height (PH), Probing Depth (PD) and Gingival Thickness (GT). The latter was based on the transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival margin while probing the buccal sulcus. Results: Cluster A (4 males, 14 females) displayed slender tooth form (CW/CL 0.77), GW 4.80 mm, PH 4.52 mm and a thin gingiva. Cluster B (14 male, 3 female) presented similar features CW/CL 0.79, GW 4.50 mm & PH 4.29 mm with no statistical significant differences from Cluster A. Cluster B showed clear thick gingiva. Cluster C (12 males, 17 females) differed from the other Clusters in many parameters. Subjects showed a more quadratic tooth form (CW/CL 0.88), a broad zone of keratinized tissue (GW 5.42 mm) low papillae (PH 2.84 mm) and thick gingiva. Conclusions: Using a simple and reproducible method for GT assessment, confirmed the existence of gingival biotypes. About one-third of the sample corresponded to the features of the previously defined "thin scalloped biotype" (Cluster A). A section of the sample corresponded to the features of the previously defined "thick-flat biotype" (Cluster C). The other section could not be classified as such (Cluster B).
Traditionally, only antimicrobials have been used as the chemotherapeutic modality for the treatm... more Traditionally, only antimicrobials have been used as the chemotherapeutic modality for the treatment of periodontitis. Though bacteria are the primary etiologic factors of periodontal diseases, yet the extent and severity of tissue destruction seen in periodontitis is determined by the host immuno-inflammatory response to these bacteria. This increasing awareness and knowledge of the host-microbial interaction in periodontal pathogenesis has presented the opportunity for exploring new therapeutic strategies for periodontitis by means of targeting host response via host-modulating agents. This has lead to the emergence of the field of "Perioceutics" i.e. the use of parmacotherapeutic agents including antimicrobial therapy as well as host modulatory therapy for the management of periodontitis. These host-modulating agents used as an adjunct tip the balance between periodontal health and disease progression in the direction of a healing response. In this article the host-modulating role of various systemically and locally delivered perioceutic agents will be reviewed.
Treatment of gingival recession is essential to rectify the esthetic and functional deficiencies ... more Treatment of gingival recession is essential to rectify the esthetic and functional deficiencies of the patient and to combat further periodontal destruction. However, treating multiple recession cases is quite challenging, and therefore requires constant modifications of the prevalent treatment strategies as per the severity of the condition. The objective of this case report was to evaluate the effectiveness of coronally advanced flap (CAF) technique without vertical incisions using CAF brackets (CAF+B) for treating a patient presenting with class II gingival recession defects in relation to maxillary anteriors. Complete root coverage was observed, and the results were consistent even after 6 months. The current case report demonstrates good outcomes of the CAF + B technique without the use of any additional soft tissue grafts or vertical incisions, therefore, endorsing the promising potential of the CAF + B technique in multiple gingival recession cases.
The role of periodontium in supporting the tooth structures is well-known. However, less is known... more The role of periodontium in supporting the tooth structures is well-known. However, less is known about its contribution to the field of ophthalmology. Corneal diseases are among major causes of blindness affecting millions of people worldwide, for which synthetic keratoprosthesis was considered the last resort to restore vision. Yet, these synthetic keratoprosthesis suffered from serious limitations, especially the foreign body reactions invoked by them resulting in extrusion of the whole prosthesis from the eye. To overcome these shortcomings, an autologous osteo-odonto keratoprosthesis utilizing intraoral entities was introduced that could positively restore vision even in cases of severely damaged eyes. The successful functioning of this prosthesis, however, predominantly depended on the presence of a healthy periodontium for grafting. Therefore, the following short communication aims to acknowledge this lesser-known role of the periodontium and other oral structures in bestowing vision to the blind patients.
Curcumin is the most active polyphenolic constituent and ingredient in the traditional herbal rem... more Curcumin is the most active polyphenolic constituent and ingredient in the traditional herbal remedy and dietary spice turmeric obtained from the rhizome Curcuma longa, holds a high place in ayurvedic medicine but its role in conventional disease management has also been established. Curcumin has a surprisingly wide range of beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity. The pleiotropic activities of curcumin derive from its complex chemistry as well as its ability to influence multiple signaling pathways and exhibits great promise as a therapeutic agent which is currently in human clinical trials for a variety of conditions. Curcumin, in the near future is likely to bring a promising natural product to the forefront of therapeutic agents for treatment of human disease.
The periodontal tissues and the pulp-dentine complex form an intimate continuum through which pat... more The periodontal tissues and the pulp-dentine complex form an intimate continuum through which pathological changes of either one may lead to infection of the other. When a periapical lesion communicates with a deep periodontal pocket, the etiology can be either endodontic or periodontal. The purpose of this review paper is to explain the nature of that relationship. Successful therapy will only result from the establishment of an accurate diagnosis and forming such a diagnosis requires a methodical mutli-staged approach.
Turmeric has been in use for thousands of years as a dye, flavouring and a medicinal herb. Ancien... more Turmeric has been in use for thousands of years as a dye, flavouring and a medicinal herb. Ancient Indian medicine has touted turmeric as an herb with the ability to provide glow and lustre to the skin as well as vigour and vitality to the entire body. Since turmeric has antimicrobial, antioxidant, astringents and other useful properties, it is quite useful in dentistry also. Curcumin, the most active polyphenolic constituent, is the active ingredient in the traditional herbal remedy and dietary spice turmeric and is obtained from the rhizome Curcuma longa with a range of beneficial properties, including antiinflammatory, antioxidant, chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity. The pleiotropic activities of curcumin derive from its complex chemistry as well as its ability to influence multiple signalling pathways. The objective of this article is to highlight various uses of turmeric in the dental field.
condition and history, together with the dentist's clinical expertise and the patient's t... more condition and history, together with the dentist's clinical expertise and the patient's treatment needs and prefernces [3] ." The need of EBD is important for the dentist, especially with regards to patient safety, and for dentists to be able to keep up to date with developments in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of oral disease, and newly discovered causes of disease. Advances in dentistry are usually first reported in dental journals, and in order to keep up with new research, healthcare professionals need to feel confident that they can read and evaluate dental papers. EBD is founded on clinical research. The ultimate beneficiaries of EBD are members of the public, who will reap the rewards of better care. The internet allows patients, as well as professionals, access to health care information. The public, however, does not have the tools to evaluate the data adequately and must rely on their educated dentists to help sort fact from fiction. Patients will be mor...
Periodontics is a dental specialty that encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of di... more Periodontics is a dental specialty that encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the supporting and surrounding tissues of the teeth (i.e. periodontal tissues) or their substitutes, such as dental implants (i.e. peri-implant tissues) and is also concerned with the maintenance of the health, function and esthetics of these structures and tissues. Periodontal diseases are multifactorial infectious diseases wherein the presence of periodontopathogenic species seems to play a key role in the etiopathogenesis and results in a progressive loss of the hard and soft tissue around the teeth; which if left untreated, ultimately leads to the loosening and subsequent loss of teeth. Similarly diseases affecting peri-implant tissues, if not managed and treated properly results in an implant failure. However, the nature and severity of periodontal and peri-implant diseases depend on the patient’s oral hygiene, interaction between the bacterial agent, the environmen...
Periodontal disease is not a single disease entity but a set of inflammatory diseases affecting t... more Periodontal disease is not a single disease entity but a set of inflammatory diseases affecting the periodontium, i.e. the tissues that surround and support the teeth. It can present in different forms and typically progresses from simple inflammatory condition of gingiva to severe destruction of periodontium. Hence, several classification systems have been developed over the years to reflect the variety of forms of gingivitis and periodontitis. The development of various periodontal classification systems has largely been influenced by the paradigms that reflected the understanding of periodontal diseases at that given historical period. Though such systems have provided clinicians a way to organize the health care needs of their patients, yet because of the multifactorial nature of the periodontal diseases, any endeavor to categorize this vast group of diseases in an orderly and extensively accepted manner is often fraught with difficulty and considerable controversy. Inconsistenc...
Chronic periodontitis is an infection disease caused by an opportunistic microflora. The infectio... more Chronic periodontitis is an infection disease caused by an opportunistic microflora. The infection triggers host inflammatory responses resulting in the destruction of the tooth supporting tissues. Periodontal maintenance measures implicate the elimination of plaque and calculus, and an assessment geared toward categorizing aspects that may impede with oral health. Scientific exploration has established that with meticulous dayto- day plaque removal and periodontal maintenance procedures, the reappearance and progression of periodontal disease can be minimized.
Though bacteria are the primary etiologic factor of periodontal diseases, yet the extent and seve... more Though bacteria are the primary etiologic factor of periodontal diseases, yet the extent and severity of tissue destruction seen in periodontal diseases is determined by the host immuno-inflammatory response to these bacteria. This increasing awareness and knowledge of the host-microbial interaction in periodontal pathogenesis has presented the opportunity for exploiting new therapeutic strategies for periodontitis by means of targeting host response via host modulating agents. Host modulation means supplementing the natural inherent defense mechanisms of the host by modifying or modulating destructive or damaging aspects of the inflammatory host response that develops in the periodontal tissues as a result of the chronic challenge presented by the subgingival bacterial. This chapter discusses the host-modulating role of various systemically delivered (Tetracycline analogues, NSAIDs, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresin, anti-cytokines, bisphosphonates, probiotics, periodontal v...
Localised gingival recessions continue to represent an important aesthetic condition requiring tr... more Localised gingival recessions continue to represent an important aesthetic condition requiring treatment in periodontics. Various techniques have been tried to treat exposed root surfaces to improve aesthetics with high percentage of success and minimal discomfort. Root biomodification is done to improve the predictability of these procedures. This clinical report describes periodontal plastic procedure involving subepithelial connective tissue graft with lateral repositioned flap technique and root biomodification with CO(2) laser for the management of gingival recession.
International journal of preventive medicine, 2013
Influence of systemic disorders on periodontal diseases is well established. However, of growing ... more Influence of systemic disorders on periodontal diseases is well established. However, of growing interest is the effect of periodontal diseases on numerous systemic diseases or conditions like cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, pre-term low birth weight babies, preeclampsia, respiratory infections and others including osteoporosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, erectile dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, gastrointestinal disease, prostatitis, renal diseases, which has also been scientifically validated. This side of the oral-systemic link has been termed Periodontal Medicine and is potentially of great public health significance, as periodontal disease is largely preventable and in many instances readily treatable, hence, providing many new opportunities for preventing and improving prognosis of several systemic pathologic conditions. This review article highlights the importance of prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases as an essential part of p...
Though the fields of regenerative dentistry and tissue engineering have undergone significant adv... more Though the fields of regenerative dentistry and tissue engineering have undergone significant advancements, yet its application to the field of implant-dentistry is lacking; in the sense that presently the implants are being placed with the aim of attaining osseointegration without giving consideration to the regeneration of periodontium around the implant. The following article reveals the clinical benefits of such periodontio-integrated implants and reviews the relevant scientific proofs. A comprehensive research to provide scientific evidence supporting the feasibility of periodontio-integrated implants was carried out using various online resources such as PubMed, Wiley-Blackwell, Elsevier etc., to retrieve studies published between 1980 and 2012 using the following key words: "implant," "tissue engineering," "periodontium," "osseo-integration," "osseoperception," "regeneration" (and their synonyms) and it was found tha...
Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, 2012
Background: The treatment of the mucogingival problem is one of the main objectives of the period... more Background: The treatment of the mucogingival problem is one of the main objectives of the periodontal therapy. The insufficient or absent attached gingiva increases the risk of development of gingival recessions. Method: One patient with Miller class II gingival recession and small vestibule depth in the frontal mandibular region was selected for treatment. Autogenous free gingival grafts harvested from the palatal mucosa were used to gain the attached gingiva. Result: The initial healing completed in 2 weeks without complication. The augmentation of the attached gingival tissue using the free gingival graft technique led to gain of attached gingiva in the treated regions. Conclusion: The limitations of the apical mucosal flap displacement for preparation of recipient site in situations with inadequate vestibule depth and small alveolar bone height require a graft with small width. The result from the presented case report with application of the free gingival graft indicates that it could be applied when augmentation of the attached gingiva tissue.
Purpose: To detect groups of subjects in a sample of 50 periodontally healthy volunteers with dif... more Purpose: To detect groups of subjects in a sample of 50 periodontally healthy volunteers with different combinations of morphometric data related to maxillary central incisors and surrounding soft tissues and thereby establishing the existence of gingival biotypes in a population and correlating their prevelance with gender and tooth morphology. Material and methods: Five clinical parameters were included in a Cluster analysis: Crown Width/Crown Length Ratio (CW/CL), Gingival Width (GW), Papilla Height (PH), Probing Depth (PD) and Gingival Thickness (GT). The latter was based on the transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival margin while probing the buccal sulcus. Results: Cluster A (4 males, 14 females) displayed slender tooth form (CW/CL 0.77), GW 4.80 mm, PH 4.52 mm and a thin gingiva. Cluster B (14 male, 3 female) presented similar features CW/CL 0.79, GW 4.50 mm & PH 4.29 mm with no statistical significant differences from Cluster A. Cluster B showed clear thick gingiva. Cluster C (12 males, 17 females) differed from the other Clusters in many parameters. Subjects showed a more quadratic tooth form (CW/CL 0.88), a broad zone of keratinized tissue (GW 5.42 mm) low papillae (PH 2.84 mm) and thick gingiva. Conclusions: Using a simple and reproducible method for GT assessment, confirmed the existence of gingival biotypes. About one-third of the sample corresponded to the features of the previously defined "thin scalloped biotype" (Cluster A). A section of the sample corresponded to the features of the previously defined "thick-flat biotype" (Cluster C). The other section could not be classified as such (Cluster B).
Traditionally, only antimicrobials have been used as the chemotherapeutic modality for the treatm... more Traditionally, only antimicrobials have been used as the chemotherapeutic modality for the treatment of periodontitis. Though bacteria are the primary etiologic factors of periodontal diseases, yet the extent and severity of tissue destruction seen in periodontitis is determined by the host immuno-inflammatory response to these bacteria. This increasing awareness and knowledge of the host-microbial interaction in periodontal pathogenesis has presented the opportunity for exploring new therapeutic strategies for periodontitis by means of targeting host response via host-modulating agents. This has lead to the emergence of the field of "Perioceutics" i.e. the use of parmacotherapeutic agents including antimicrobial therapy as well as host modulatory therapy for the management of periodontitis. These host-modulating agents used as an adjunct tip the balance between periodontal health and disease progression in the direction of a healing response. In this article the host-modulating role of various systemically and locally delivered perioceutic agents will be reviewed.
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