Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology
The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the shape of the load-velocity (L-V) and force-veloci... more The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the shape of the load-velocity (L-V) and force-velocity (F-V) relationships obtained during the medicine ball throw (MBT) test, (2) to explore the reliability of their parameters (L-V parameters: maximal load ( L0), maximal velocity ( V0(L-V)), slope of the L-V relationship ( a(L-V)), and area under the L-V relationship line (Aline); F-V parameters: maximal force ( F0), maximal velocity ( V0(F-V)), slope of the F-V relationship ( a(F-V)), and maximal power ( Pmax)), (3) to explore the concurrent validity of the two-point with respect to the multiple-point method, and (4) to evaluate the external validity of L0 and F0 with respect to the maximal strength. Twelve males performed MBTs against four loads, a bench press 1-repetition maximum (1 RM), and maximal isometric medicine ball push. The L-V and F-V relationships were strongly linear (individual r ≥ 0.886). V0 was the only variable that always showed an acceptable reliability (CV ≤ 3.4%)....
The aim of this paper was to provide a possible methodological solution for monitoring of the mar... more The aim of this paper was to provide a possible methodological solution for monitoring of the marksmanship training progress and evaluation of the level of shooting skill acquisition with service pistol CZ99. The second aim was the idea of development of a screening model for gender-dependent classification of the police personal, other security personnel and sport-oriented personnel in relation to their basic marksmanship skill. The research sample included a total of 83 participants (Men = 53, Women = 30) initially divided into four qualitative categories according to the personal shooting experience and shooting skill level. The applied principal component analysis has revealed a highly stable structure of the component matrix of the extracted factor. The following variables had the highest descriptive value in relation to the shooting skill in the respective samples regardless of distance: Men an averaged value of the hit circles on the target and rounds fired, the index of effi...
International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2020
This paper aims to determine the relationship between the measures of shooting performance handgr... more This paper aims to determine the relationship between the measures of shooting performance handgrip strength and weapon kinematics during different phases of the shot. The research included 35 participants who performed shooting sessions on 6 and 15 m shooting distance. Moderate (r > 0.388, p < 0.05) correlations were found between the handgrip strength and shooting performance. In the interval 1.0-0.1 s before the shot moderate correlations of weapon acceleration, accuracy and precision were determined (r > 0.310, p < 0.05) at the 6 m distance. Moderate correlations of shooting precision and rotational speed were found for the shooting distance 15 m for the same time interval (r > 0.413, p < 0.05). Moderate to high correlations of shooting accuracy, precision and weapon kinematics were found for both shooting distances (r > 0.405, p < 0.05) in the time interval 0.1-0.0 s. Absolute handgrip strength was a superior predictor of shooting performance than relative strength. Precision was more related to handgrip strength than accuracy and this relationship was more pronounced with distance. Correlations of shooting performance and rotational speed indicate high influence of the rotational component of weapon movement on the result.
The aim of this paper is to determine the mathematical model of relation of accuracy and precisio... more The aim of this paper is to determine the mathematical model of relation of accuracy and precision when shooting from a pistol Zastava CZ 99 in relation to gender and short target distance. The research included 49 participants (Men = 27, Women = 22). The testing was carried out using precision shooting from CZ 99 pistol on a Standard ISSF 25 m precision pistol target at a 6, 10 and 15 m distance (5 rounds per distance). The level of performance was evaluated in relation to accuracy and precision in the function of target distance. For the sample of men, the shooting accuracy was 76.98, 62.70 and 50.61%, while for the sample of women it was 60.32, 51.03 and 37.29% for the shooting distance of 6, 10 and 15 m respectively. The precision level was 8.52, 7.01 and 5.59 points (i.e. circles) for men and 6.63, 5.61 and 4.24 points for women respectively. The defined dependency models accuracy-distance and precision-distance have shown that for men the efficiency of shooting in relation to accuracy is decreasing 2.91%, i.e. 0.32 circles, while for women the accuracy decreases 2.57%, i.e. 0.27 circles, for every meter of increase in distance.
Апстракт: Обука из гађања службеним оружјем представља једну од најважнијих обука у полицији. Циљ... more Апстракт: Обука из гађања службеним оружјем представља једну од најважнијих обука у полицији. Циљ овог рада је утврђивање релација и дефинисање модела предикције између тачности и прецизности гађања из пиштоља, као специфичног моторичког задатка, и максималне мишићне силе стиска шаке, као базичног индикатора опште физичке припремљености руку. Узорком је обухваћено укупно 46 испитаника и то: студенти Факултета спорта и физичког васпитања који су изабрали предмет Стрељаштво у оквиру студијског програма (N=19, 11 студената и 8 студенткиња), активни службеници МУП-а (N=6), такмичари у практичном стрељаштву ИПСЦ (N=4), рекреативци из стрељаштва (N=10, 8 мушкараца и 2 жене) и почетници (N=7) који су претходно прошли само један час основне обуке у руковању ватреним оружјем. За потребе мерења максималне мишићне силе прегибача прстију шаке коришћен је стандардизовани тест-"стисак шаке", док је гађање извршено из пиштоља ЦЗ 99, и то Факултет спорта и физичког васпитања Универзитета у Београду, Србија Факултет за електротехнику Универзитета у Љубљани, Словенија Овај рад је саставни део пројекта Ефекти примењене физичке активности на локомоторни, метаболички, психо-социјални и васпитни статус популације Републике Србије (МПНТР − III47015). Рад је делом финансирала Агенција за истраживање Републике Словеније (бр. P2-2046).
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2016
Cuk, I, Prebeg, G, Sreckovic, S, Mirkov, DM, and Jaric, S. Generalization of muscle strength capa... more Cuk, I, Prebeg, G, Sreckovic, S, Mirkov, DM, and Jaric, S. Generalization of muscle strength capacities as assessed from different variables, tests, and muscle groups. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 305–312, 2017—The muscle strength capacities to exert force under various movement conditions have been indiscriminately assessed from various strength tests and variables applied on different muscles. We tested the hypotheses that the distinctive strength capacities would be revealed (H1) through different strength tests, and (H2) through different strength variables. Alternatively, (H3) all strength variables independent of the selected test could depict the same strength capacity of the tested muscle. Sixty subjects performed both the standard strength test and the test of alternating contractions of 6 pairs of antagonistic muscles acting in different leg and arm joints. The dependent variables obtained from each test and muscle were the maximum isometric force and the rate of force devel...
Aerobic fitness, endurance, and cardiovascular endurance are synonyms for work capacity, which it... more Aerobic fitness, endurance, and cardiovascular endurance are synonyms for work capacity, which itself is an important prerequisite for the health and life of every man. The purpose of this research was to identify the trend of aerobic fitness of students in the last 15 years. The Survey method, which implies nonexperimental crossectional research, was used. The instrument is UKK 2km, walking test. The total sample consisted of 605 subjects (389 males, 216 females), students of Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, aged 18-28 years. They were divided into three groups, according to when they were tested, the first group was tested in the period 1997-2000 (N = 299), the other was tested from 2001-2004 (N = 200), the third was tested in 2012 (N = 106). Analysis of the results showed a decreasing trend in fitness index of male students with 104.1 to 77.3, and of the female students from 96.4 to 84.8. T-tests confirmed differences in fitness index, at the level of p<0.05 for both sexes. The maximum oxygen consumption among male students declined from 51.3 to 40.3 ml/kg/min, and among female students from 37.5 to 33.7 ml/kg/min. The results indicate toward decreasing trend in students' aerobic fitness in both sexes, but the trend is less pronounced in female students. Students of both sexes have fitness index values below the standard norms of the Swedish population. According to the criteria of Cooper oxygen consumption students have moved from the "Excellent" to the "Very good" category. The general trend of decreasing aerobic fitness of the population can be seen in the sport and physical education students, as a consequence of lifestyle in which there is not enough adequate physical activity.
h i g h l i g h t s • Effects of muscle fatigue on various manipulation tasks were explored. • Th... more h i g h l i g h t s • Effects of muscle fatigue on various manipulation tasks were explored. • The ability to control external loads remained unaffected by fatigue. • Both the hand grip force and its coupling with external load were reduced. • The findings explain why external objects are often dropped by fatigued muscles.
We compared two standard methods routinely used to assess the grip force (GF; perpendicular force... more We compared two standard methods routinely used to assess the grip force (GF; perpendicular force that hand exerts upon the hand-held object) in the studies of coordination of GF and load force (LF; tangential force) in manipulation tasks. A variety of static tasks were tested, and GF-LF coupling (i.e., the maximum cross-correlation between the forces) was assessed. GF was calculated either as the minimum value of the two opposing GF components acting upon the hand-held object (GFmin) or as their average value (GFavg). Although both methods revealed high GF-LF correlation coefficients, most of the data revealed the higher values for GFavg than for GFmin. Therefore, we conclude that the CNS is more likely to take into account GFavg than GFmin when controlling static manipulative actions as well as that GFavg should be the variable of choice in kinetic analyses of static manipulation tasks.
We tested the hypotheses that the individual strength properties depend on the applied test and t... more We tested the hypotheses that the individual strength properties depend on the applied test and the variable extracted, rather than on the muscle group tested. Flexor and extensor muscles acting in the knee and elbow joint were tested in 58 participants. The standard strength test (SST; based on sustained maximum contraction) and alternating consecutive maximum contractions (ACMC; alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles) performed under static conditions were separately applied to provide the maximum force (F) and the rate of force development (RFD) of each tested muscle. The principal component analysis applied on all 16 variables revealed 3 factors that explained 85.5% of the total variance. Contrary to our hypotheses, the individual factors were loaded with the variables recorded from individual muscles, rather than with either the particular variables or tests. The present findings suggest that recording both F and RFD in routine strength testing procedures could be redundant since they may assess the same strength property of the tested muscle. In addition, ACMC may be a feasible alternative to SST since it could assess the same strength properties from two antagonist muscles through a single trial, while being based on relatively low and transient forces.
The aim of this study was to defi ne the actual model of body composition status of working age w... more The aim of this study was to defi ne the actual model of body composition status of working age women in the territory of Belgrade. The sample comprised 109 women respondents, of an average age of 35.2±9.5 and the length of service = 9.6±9.3 years. All measurements were performed in the period from 2011-2012 in the Teaching-research laboratory of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education of the University of Belgrade, by applying stadardised procedure of electrical multichannel bioimpedance method. The researched encompassed twenty-two (22) variables-fourteen basic (14) and eight (8) derived (index) variables. Basic variables were: BH-body height, BMbody mass, ICF-intracellular fl uid, ECW-extracellular fl uid, TBW-total body fl uids, Proteins, Minerals, BMC (Osseous)-bone mineral contents, BFM-total body fat mass, SMM-skeletal muscle mass, VFA-visceral fat area, BCM-body cell mass, BMR-basal metabolic rate, FIS-fi tness score as assessment of body composition. The derived (index) variables were: BMI-body mass index, PBF%-percent of body fat, PBW-percent of body water, PFI-protein fat index, PSMM-percent of skeletal muscle mass, SMMDskeletal muscle mass density, OBMi-Osseous-body mass index, PBMi-protein body mass index. The results showed that the average body mass of the respondents was 67.66±13.39 kg, body height 167.04±6.62 cm, body mass index 24.27±4.66 kg/m2, muscle mass 26.55±4.46 kg, muscle mass percentage 29.09±8.47, body fat mass 20.52±9.74 kg, body fat percentage 29.09±8.47, visceral fat area was 77.92±40.23 cm2 and fi tness score 73.23±6.75 of index points. The obtained results led to the conclusion that the current morphological status of the studied women partially corresponds to a type of normal weight. BMI and the representation of body fat had nearly limiting values towards obesity. A very high percentage of women was recorded in the category of pre-obese and obese according to BMI (40%) and PSMM (36%). Based on the results of this study, it can be claimed that the four-dimensional model (4D model) of body composition of working-age women from the measured sample has the following characteristics: in women of average body mass of 67.66 kg-water content is 34.58 L or 51.11%, protein mass is 9.25 kg or 13.68%, mineral mass is 3.30 kg or 4.88% and fat mass is 20.25 kg or 30.32%.
We tested the hypotheses that the individual strength properties depend on the applied test and t... more We tested the hypotheses that the individual strength properties depend on the applied test and the variable extracted, rather than on the muscle group tested. Flexor and extensor muscles acting in the knee and elbow joint were tested in 58 participants. The standard strength test (SST; based on sustained maximum contraction) and alternating consecutive maximum contractions (ACMCs; alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles) performed under static conditions were separately applied to provide the maximum force (F) and the rate of force development (RFD) of each tested muscle. The principal component analysis applied on all 16 variables revealed three factors that explained 85.5% of the total variance. Contrary to our hypotheses, the individual factors were loaded with the variables recorded from individual muscles, rather than with either the particular variables or tests. The present findings suggest that recording both F and RFD in routine strength testing procedures could be redundant since they may assess the same strength property of the tested muscle. In addition, ACMC may be a feasible alternative to SST since it could assess the same strength properties from two antagonist muscles through a single trial, while being based on relatively low and transient forces.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology
The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the shape of the load-velocity (L-V) and force-veloci... more The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the shape of the load-velocity (L-V) and force-velocity (F-V) relationships obtained during the medicine ball throw (MBT) test, (2) to explore the reliability of their parameters (L-V parameters: maximal load ( L0), maximal velocity ( V0(L-V)), slope of the L-V relationship ( a(L-V)), and area under the L-V relationship line (Aline); F-V parameters: maximal force ( F0), maximal velocity ( V0(F-V)), slope of the F-V relationship ( a(F-V)), and maximal power ( Pmax)), (3) to explore the concurrent validity of the two-point with respect to the multiple-point method, and (4) to evaluate the external validity of L0 and F0 with respect to the maximal strength. Twelve males performed MBTs against four loads, a bench press 1-repetition maximum (1 RM), and maximal isometric medicine ball push. The L-V and F-V relationships were strongly linear (individual r ≥ 0.886). V0 was the only variable that always showed an acceptable reliability (CV ≤ 3.4%)....
The aim of this paper was to provide a possible methodological solution for monitoring of the mar... more The aim of this paper was to provide a possible methodological solution for monitoring of the marksmanship training progress and evaluation of the level of shooting skill acquisition with service pistol CZ99. The second aim was the idea of development of a screening model for gender-dependent classification of the police personal, other security personnel and sport-oriented personnel in relation to their basic marksmanship skill. The research sample included a total of 83 participants (Men = 53, Women = 30) initially divided into four qualitative categories according to the personal shooting experience and shooting skill level. The applied principal component analysis has revealed a highly stable structure of the component matrix of the extracted factor. The following variables had the highest descriptive value in relation to the shooting skill in the respective samples regardless of distance: Men an averaged value of the hit circles on the target and rounds fired, the index of effi...
International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2020
This paper aims to determine the relationship between the measures of shooting performance handgr... more This paper aims to determine the relationship between the measures of shooting performance handgrip strength and weapon kinematics during different phases of the shot. The research included 35 participants who performed shooting sessions on 6 and 15 m shooting distance. Moderate (r > 0.388, p < 0.05) correlations were found between the handgrip strength and shooting performance. In the interval 1.0-0.1 s before the shot moderate correlations of weapon acceleration, accuracy and precision were determined (r > 0.310, p < 0.05) at the 6 m distance. Moderate correlations of shooting precision and rotational speed were found for the shooting distance 15 m for the same time interval (r > 0.413, p < 0.05). Moderate to high correlations of shooting accuracy, precision and weapon kinematics were found for both shooting distances (r > 0.405, p < 0.05) in the time interval 0.1-0.0 s. Absolute handgrip strength was a superior predictor of shooting performance than relative strength. Precision was more related to handgrip strength than accuracy and this relationship was more pronounced with distance. Correlations of shooting performance and rotational speed indicate high influence of the rotational component of weapon movement on the result.
The aim of this paper is to determine the mathematical model of relation of accuracy and precisio... more The aim of this paper is to determine the mathematical model of relation of accuracy and precision when shooting from a pistol Zastava CZ 99 in relation to gender and short target distance. The research included 49 participants (Men = 27, Women = 22). The testing was carried out using precision shooting from CZ 99 pistol on a Standard ISSF 25 m precision pistol target at a 6, 10 and 15 m distance (5 rounds per distance). The level of performance was evaluated in relation to accuracy and precision in the function of target distance. For the sample of men, the shooting accuracy was 76.98, 62.70 and 50.61%, while for the sample of women it was 60.32, 51.03 and 37.29% for the shooting distance of 6, 10 and 15 m respectively. The precision level was 8.52, 7.01 and 5.59 points (i.e. circles) for men and 6.63, 5.61 and 4.24 points for women respectively. The defined dependency models accuracy-distance and precision-distance have shown that for men the efficiency of shooting in relation to accuracy is decreasing 2.91%, i.e. 0.32 circles, while for women the accuracy decreases 2.57%, i.e. 0.27 circles, for every meter of increase in distance.
Апстракт: Обука из гађања службеним оружјем представља једну од најважнијих обука у полицији. Циљ... more Апстракт: Обука из гађања службеним оружјем представља једну од најважнијих обука у полицији. Циљ овог рада је утврђивање релација и дефинисање модела предикције између тачности и прецизности гађања из пиштоља, као специфичног моторичког задатка, и максималне мишићне силе стиска шаке, као базичног индикатора опште физичке припремљености руку. Узорком је обухваћено укупно 46 испитаника и то: студенти Факултета спорта и физичког васпитања који су изабрали предмет Стрељаштво у оквиру студијског програма (N=19, 11 студената и 8 студенткиња), активни службеници МУП-а (N=6), такмичари у практичном стрељаштву ИПСЦ (N=4), рекреативци из стрељаштва (N=10, 8 мушкараца и 2 жене) и почетници (N=7) који су претходно прошли само један час основне обуке у руковању ватреним оружјем. За потребе мерења максималне мишићне силе прегибача прстију шаке коришћен је стандардизовани тест-"стисак шаке", док је гађање извршено из пиштоља ЦЗ 99, и то Факултет спорта и физичког васпитања Универзитета у Београду, Србија Факултет за електротехнику Универзитета у Љубљани, Словенија Овај рад је саставни део пројекта Ефекти примењене физичке активности на локомоторни, метаболички, психо-социјални и васпитни статус популације Републике Србије (МПНТР − III47015). Рад је делом финансирала Агенција за истраживање Републике Словеније (бр. P2-2046).
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2016
Cuk, I, Prebeg, G, Sreckovic, S, Mirkov, DM, and Jaric, S. Generalization of muscle strength capa... more Cuk, I, Prebeg, G, Sreckovic, S, Mirkov, DM, and Jaric, S. Generalization of muscle strength capacities as assessed from different variables, tests, and muscle groups. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 305–312, 2017—The muscle strength capacities to exert force under various movement conditions have been indiscriminately assessed from various strength tests and variables applied on different muscles. We tested the hypotheses that the distinctive strength capacities would be revealed (H1) through different strength tests, and (H2) through different strength variables. Alternatively, (H3) all strength variables independent of the selected test could depict the same strength capacity of the tested muscle. Sixty subjects performed both the standard strength test and the test of alternating contractions of 6 pairs of antagonistic muscles acting in different leg and arm joints. The dependent variables obtained from each test and muscle were the maximum isometric force and the rate of force devel...
Aerobic fitness, endurance, and cardiovascular endurance are synonyms for work capacity, which it... more Aerobic fitness, endurance, and cardiovascular endurance are synonyms for work capacity, which itself is an important prerequisite for the health and life of every man. The purpose of this research was to identify the trend of aerobic fitness of students in the last 15 years. The Survey method, which implies nonexperimental crossectional research, was used. The instrument is UKK 2km, walking test. The total sample consisted of 605 subjects (389 males, 216 females), students of Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, aged 18-28 years. They were divided into three groups, according to when they were tested, the first group was tested in the period 1997-2000 (N = 299), the other was tested from 2001-2004 (N = 200), the third was tested in 2012 (N = 106). Analysis of the results showed a decreasing trend in fitness index of male students with 104.1 to 77.3, and of the female students from 96.4 to 84.8. T-tests confirmed differences in fitness index, at the level of p<0.05 for both sexes. The maximum oxygen consumption among male students declined from 51.3 to 40.3 ml/kg/min, and among female students from 37.5 to 33.7 ml/kg/min. The results indicate toward decreasing trend in students' aerobic fitness in both sexes, but the trend is less pronounced in female students. Students of both sexes have fitness index values below the standard norms of the Swedish population. According to the criteria of Cooper oxygen consumption students have moved from the "Excellent" to the "Very good" category. The general trend of decreasing aerobic fitness of the population can be seen in the sport and physical education students, as a consequence of lifestyle in which there is not enough adequate physical activity.
h i g h l i g h t s • Effects of muscle fatigue on various manipulation tasks were explored. • Th... more h i g h l i g h t s • Effects of muscle fatigue on various manipulation tasks were explored. • The ability to control external loads remained unaffected by fatigue. • Both the hand grip force and its coupling with external load were reduced. • The findings explain why external objects are often dropped by fatigued muscles.
We compared two standard methods routinely used to assess the grip force (GF; perpendicular force... more We compared two standard methods routinely used to assess the grip force (GF; perpendicular force that hand exerts upon the hand-held object) in the studies of coordination of GF and load force (LF; tangential force) in manipulation tasks. A variety of static tasks were tested, and GF-LF coupling (i.e., the maximum cross-correlation between the forces) was assessed. GF was calculated either as the minimum value of the two opposing GF components acting upon the hand-held object (GFmin) or as their average value (GFavg). Although both methods revealed high GF-LF correlation coefficients, most of the data revealed the higher values for GFavg than for GFmin. Therefore, we conclude that the CNS is more likely to take into account GFavg than GFmin when controlling static manipulative actions as well as that GFavg should be the variable of choice in kinetic analyses of static manipulation tasks.
We tested the hypotheses that the individual strength properties depend on the applied test and t... more We tested the hypotheses that the individual strength properties depend on the applied test and the variable extracted, rather than on the muscle group tested. Flexor and extensor muscles acting in the knee and elbow joint were tested in 58 participants. The standard strength test (SST; based on sustained maximum contraction) and alternating consecutive maximum contractions (ACMC; alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles) performed under static conditions were separately applied to provide the maximum force (F) and the rate of force development (RFD) of each tested muscle. The principal component analysis applied on all 16 variables revealed 3 factors that explained 85.5% of the total variance. Contrary to our hypotheses, the individual factors were loaded with the variables recorded from individual muscles, rather than with either the particular variables or tests. The present findings suggest that recording both F and RFD in routine strength testing procedures could be redundant since they may assess the same strength property of the tested muscle. In addition, ACMC may be a feasible alternative to SST since it could assess the same strength properties from two antagonist muscles through a single trial, while being based on relatively low and transient forces.
The aim of this study was to defi ne the actual model of body composition status of working age w... more The aim of this study was to defi ne the actual model of body composition status of working age women in the territory of Belgrade. The sample comprised 109 women respondents, of an average age of 35.2±9.5 and the length of service = 9.6±9.3 years. All measurements were performed in the period from 2011-2012 in the Teaching-research laboratory of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education of the University of Belgrade, by applying stadardised procedure of electrical multichannel bioimpedance method. The researched encompassed twenty-two (22) variables-fourteen basic (14) and eight (8) derived (index) variables. Basic variables were: BH-body height, BMbody mass, ICF-intracellular fl uid, ECW-extracellular fl uid, TBW-total body fl uids, Proteins, Minerals, BMC (Osseous)-bone mineral contents, BFM-total body fat mass, SMM-skeletal muscle mass, VFA-visceral fat area, BCM-body cell mass, BMR-basal metabolic rate, FIS-fi tness score as assessment of body composition. The derived (index) variables were: BMI-body mass index, PBF%-percent of body fat, PBW-percent of body water, PFI-protein fat index, PSMM-percent of skeletal muscle mass, SMMDskeletal muscle mass density, OBMi-Osseous-body mass index, PBMi-protein body mass index. The results showed that the average body mass of the respondents was 67.66±13.39 kg, body height 167.04±6.62 cm, body mass index 24.27±4.66 kg/m2, muscle mass 26.55±4.46 kg, muscle mass percentage 29.09±8.47, body fat mass 20.52±9.74 kg, body fat percentage 29.09±8.47, visceral fat area was 77.92±40.23 cm2 and fi tness score 73.23±6.75 of index points. The obtained results led to the conclusion that the current morphological status of the studied women partially corresponds to a type of normal weight. BMI and the representation of body fat had nearly limiting values towards obesity. A very high percentage of women was recorded in the category of pre-obese and obese according to BMI (40%) and PSMM (36%). Based on the results of this study, it can be claimed that the four-dimensional model (4D model) of body composition of working-age women from the measured sample has the following characteristics: in women of average body mass of 67.66 kg-water content is 34.58 L or 51.11%, protein mass is 9.25 kg or 13.68%, mineral mass is 3.30 kg or 4.88% and fat mass is 20.25 kg or 30.32%.
We tested the hypotheses that the individual strength properties depend on the applied test and t... more We tested the hypotheses that the individual strength properties depend on the applied test and the variable extracted, rather than on the muscle group tested. Flexor and extensor muscles acting in the knee and elbow joint were tested in 58 participants. The standard strength test (SST; based on sustained maximum contraction) and alternating consecutive maximum contractions (ACMCs; alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles) performed under static conditions were separately applied to provide the maximum force (F) and the rate of force development (RFD) of each tested muscle. The principal component analysis applied on all 16 variables revealed three factors that explained 85.5% of the total variance. Contrary to our hypotheses, the individual factors were loaded with the variables recorded from individual muscles, rather than with either the particular variables or tests. The present findings suggest that recording both F and RFD in routine strength testing procedures could be redundant since they may assess the same strength property of the tested muscle. In addition, ACMC may be a feasible alternative to SST since it could assess the same strength properties from two antagonist muscles through a single trial, while being based on relatively low and transient forces.
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