Papers by Eneko Garmendia
Climate change impacts on the hydrological cycle are altering the quantity, quality, and temporal... more Climate change impacts on the hydrological cycle are altering the quantity, quality, and temporal distribution of riverine discharge, necessitating a more rigorous consideration of changes in land cover and land use. This study establishes relationships between different land cover combinations (e.g. percentages of forest-both native and exoticand pastureland) and hydrological services, using hydrological indices estimated at annual and seasonal timescales in an area with a steep precipitation gradient (900-2600 mm yr −1). Using discharge data from 20 catchments in the Bay of Biscay, a climate transition zone, the study applied multiple regression models to better understand how the interaction between precipitation and land cover combinations influence hydrological services. Findings showed the relationship between land cover combinations and hydrological services is highly dependent on the amount of precipitation, even in a climatically homogeneous and relatively small area. In general, in the Bay of Biscay area, the greater presence of any type of forests is associated with lower annual water resources, especially with greater percentages of exotic plantations and high annual precipitation. Where precipitation is low, forests show more potential to reduce annual and winter high flows than pasturelands, but this potential decreases as annual or seasonal precipitation increases. As annual precipitation increases, low flows increase as the percentage of exotic plantations decreases and pasturelands increase. Results obtained in this study improve understanding of the multiple effects of land cover on hydrological services, and illustrate the relevance of land planning to the management of water resources, especially under a climate change scenario.
Springer eBooks, Dec 30, 2017
Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch ge... more Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes. You are not to copy documents for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.
Lurralde: investigación y espacio
En un contexto en el que el estudio y análisis de los comunes ha resurgido con vigor, la gobernan... more En un contexto en el que el estudio y análisis de los comunes ha resurgido con vigor, la gobernanza de los sistemas comunales de pastoreo afronta nuevos retos derivados de sus múltiples usos y de un contexto social y económico cambiante. En este trabajo se analiza el caso de la Mancomunidad de Enirio-Aralar (Gipuzkoa, País Vasco), lugar donde recientemente han emergido conflictos y donde en definitiva se está poniendo en riesgo la gobernanza de su sistema comunal tradicional. Se concluye que sólo la adaptación de la Mancomunidad tanto a las nuevas funciones que le demanda la sociedad como al creciente intervencionismo de las instituciones provinciales y europeas en la ordenación del territorio rural, podrá seguir garantizando su supervivencia como comunal en el futuro.
Land Use Policy, 2021
Abstract Land use changes are among the primary drivers of declining biodiversity. To reverse thi... more Abstract Land use changes are among the primary drivers of declining biodiversity. To reverse this decline, governments and agencies are promoting conservation measures. However, these initiatives often lead to conservation conflicts associated with competing land uses. This study analyzes the potential for using the Social Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) framework to manage conservation conflicts in multifunctional landscapes with competing land demands. On the basis of lessons learned from a real conservation conflict within the European Natura 2000, the largest network of protected areas in the world, this article provides guidance on how to develop holistic and inclusive processes that consider the multiple dimensions of conflicts. The SMCE framework offers a structured approach for dealing with incommensurate values, addressing trade-offs and their impacts on affected parties. Under this framework, transparent and inclusive decision-making processes are heralded as key factors for managing conservation conflicts and searching for equitable and sustainable solutions.
- Environmental justice constitutes an instrumental element for conservation. - Environmental Jus... more - Environmental justice constitutes an instrumental element for conservation. - Environmental Justice is based on the principles of equity, recognition of different values and inclusive decision processes. - Social equity is the catalyst of ecological effectiveness. - Conservation measures that ignore the social context imply higher cost and stand the risk of failure in the long term.
BioScience, 2018
Target 11 requires its 193 signatory parties to incorporate social equity into protected area (PA... more Target 11 requires its 193 signatory parties to incorporate social equity into protected area (PA) management by 2020. However, there is limited evidence of progress toward this commitment. We surveyed PA managers, staff, and community representatives involved in the management of 225 PAs worldwide to gather information against 10 equity criteria, including the distribution of benefits and burdens, recognition of rights, diversity of cultural and knowledge systems, and processes of participation in decision-making. Our results show that more than half of the respondents indicated that there are still significant challenges to be addressed in achieving equitably managed PAs, particularly in ensuring effective participation in decision-making, transparent procedures, access to justice in conflicting situations, and the recognition of the rights and diversity of local people. Our findings are a first and fundamental contribution toward a global assessment of equitable management in
EG acknowledges the Basque government’s postdoctoral research grant and support from the 17 Spani... more EG acknowledges the Basque government’s postdoctoral research grant and support from the 17 Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through CAUSE project under the 2012 18 National Plan. EA acknowledges the Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship within FP7 19 (PIEF-GA-2013-622631, Conservation and Ecosystem Services in the New biodiversity 20 Economy—CESINE). DB acknowledges the SCALES project, an EU Large-scale Integrating 21 Project within FP 7 (226 852). We thank Chris Sandbrook for insightful comments on a 22 previous draft of this manuscript. 23
Agronomy for Sustainable Development
Pastoral systems face increasing pressure from competing global markets, food sector industrializ... more Pastoral systems face increasing pressure from competing global markets, food sector industrialization, and new policies such as Europe’s post-2020 Common Agriculture Policy. This pressure threatens the use of extensive sheep-grazing systems in mountain areas of low productivity but high natural value. Using information gathered at a long-term research setting in a mountainous area of the Basque Country (northern Spain), we assessed the multiple benefits of extensive dairy sheep grazing systems from multiple perspectives using indicators pertaining to ecological, socio-economic, and food quality domains. In this way, we address the benefits that would be lost if sheep grazing abandonment persists in mountain regions. Our results show that the benefits of extensive dairy sheep grazing in the research area include the production of healthy and high-quality foods and multiple ecological benefits including biodiversity conservation. Extensive dairy sheep grazing also contributes to rura...
Land Use Policy, 2016
EG acknowledges the Basque government's postdoctoral research grant and support from the Spanish ... more EG acknowledges the Basque government's postdoctoral research grant and support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through CAUSE project under the 2012 National Plan. EA acknowledges the Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship within FP7 (PIEF-GA-2013-622631, Conservation and Ecosystem Services in the New biodiversity Economy-CESINE). DB acknowledges the SCALES project, an EU Large-scale Integrating Project within FP 7 (226 852). We thank Chris Sandbrook for insightful comments on a previous draft of this manuscript.
Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 2015
Managing protected areas (PAs) requires dealing with complex social-ecological systems where mult... more Managing protected areas (PAs) requires dealing with complex social-ecological systems where multiple dimensions (i.e. social, institutional, economic and ecological) interact over time. Uni-dimensional and top-down approaches have been unable to capture this complexity. Instead, new integrated approaches that acknowledge the multidimensional nature of PAs and the diversity of social actors in the decision making process are required. In this paper we put forward a novel participatory assessment approach which integrates multiple methodologies to reflect value articulating institutions in the case of a Natura 2000 (N2000) network site in the Basque Country (Southern Europe). This novel approach is based on a social multi-criteria evaluation framework, that integrates (i) economic values derived from a choice experiment, (ii) ecological values by means of a spatial bio-geographic assessment, and (iii) a participatory process among diverse social actors. The case study shows that thro...
Rural landscapes in Europe are changing due to the globalization of the food system, new policies... more Rural landscapes in Europe are changing due to the globalization of the food system, new policies like the CAP (Common Agriculture Policy) and evolving rural lifestyles, among others. These changes are remarkable in mountain areas where traditional activities that contribute to food sovereignty are threatened by industrial production systems. In this context, it becomes critical to assess the socio-ecological and nutritional benefits of traditional food systems like extensive sheep grazing in order to ensure their contribution to a sustainable food system. Using as a case study Aralar (Basque Country), this article analyzes the contribution of traditional mountain sheep grazing to rural development, the provision of high quality food and biodiversity conservation. With this aim we develop a multi-criteria evaluation system that integrates socio-economic (e.g. employment, added value, profitability) and ecological (e.g. biodiversity conservation, soil quality) indicators. This evalua...
Among the traditional strategies for conservation, like for instance Protected Areas and Communit... more Among the traditional strategies for conservation, like for instance Protected Areas and Community Conservation, new instruments have emerged such as Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) as an incentive for the sustainable management and conservation of natural resources. They are intended to act as incentives for the conservation of ES, by means of creating mechanisms of payments between beneficiaries and “providers” of said resources. These mechanisms are considered to be economically more efficient than the traditional approaches of “command & control” currently rapidly expanding, among others, as an incentive for coal sequestration, curbing erosion, improving water quality and protecting agrobiodiversity (Ferraro and Kiss 2002).
Globalisation of the world economy has increased the material and energy flows around the planet,... more Globalisation of the world economy has increased the material and energy flows around the planet, raising the pressure over the environment and the communities that depend on them. Climate Change or natural resource depletion are just some consequences of the increasing pressure on the global environment.
Sustainable Development, Ecological Complexity, and Environmental Values contributes to expanding... more Sustainable Development, Ecological Complexity, and Environmental Values contributes to expanding the idea of sustainability by integrating different thematic issues related to sustainable development in its threefold consideration (economic, social, and environmental) with regard to the case of the Basque Country. On the global scale, changes have clearly accelerated; ecological and social sustainability are two facets of the same changing reality. First, social sustainability depends on ecological sustainability. If we continue degrading nature's capacity to produce the ecosystems' services (water filtration, climate stabilization, etc) and resources (food, materials), both individuals and nations will be affected by growing pressures and increasing conflicts, as well as by threats to public health and personal safety. Second, ecological sustainability depends on social sustainability, a socially unjust and unfair system wiht an ever-increasing population that is not able ...
Sustainability
This article describes a novel methodological approach for the integrated sustainability assessme... more This article describes a novel methodological approach for the integrated sustainability assessment of pasture-based dairy sheep systems. Most studies on livestock system sustainability focus on animal production, farm profitability, and mitigation strategies of greenhouse gas emissions. However, recent research indicates that pasture-based livestock farming also contributes positively to rural areas, and the associated increase in plant diversity promotes ecosystem functioning and services in natural and managed grasslands. Likewise, little attention has focused on how pasture-based livestock systems affect soil carbon changes, biodiversity, and ecotoxicity. Furthermore, the quality and safety of food products, particularly sheep milk and cheese, and socioeconomic issues such as cultural heritage and consumer behavior are often neglected in livestock system sustainability assessments. To improve the analysis of sustainability and adaptation strategies of livestock systems, we sugge...
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Papers by Eneko Garmendia