This is a stable archival PDF of an open-access, peer-reviewed journal volume originally publishe... more This is a stable archival PDF of an open-access, peer-reviewed journal volume originally published at www.mizanproject.org/journal/
This chapter mines an early history of modern Lebanon by placing a special focus on the country’s... more This chapter mines an early history of modern Lebanon by placing a special focus on the country’s Jewish community and examining inter-Lebanese relations where Lebanese Jewry had once taken center stage. This is done in the wider context of this volume primarily by giving voice to personal testimonies, family archives, private papers, and recollections of expatriate and resident Lebanese Jewish communities, which shall unfold in more detail in the last two chapters of the book. This chapter, therefore, sketches out close to a century of modern Lebanese history, following the vicissitudes of a maladjusted Lebanese statehood, and the attendant vacillations of Lebanese Jewish life.
<p>Syria's literati have been producing work alluding to the nebulous nature of their m... more <p>Syria's literati have been producing work alluding to the nebulous nature of their modern state, and perhaps foretelling its unmaking; not because multi-ethnic nation-states are by their very nature doomed to failure, but because inherently multi-ethnic states preening themselves to be unitary, monocultural, and monolingual, must sooner or later come to terms with their diversity, and must find ways to valorize and celebrate that diversity. This chapter features authors that attempted to do their part in acknowledging textured identities. These include Nizar Qabbani (1923–98), recognized as the Arabs' leading feminist and advocate of women's rights; and Syro-Lebanese writer Ali Ahmad Said Ispir—known primarily by his <italic>nom de plume</italic>, Adonis (b. 1930).</p>
<p>This chapter discusses the various meanings of the term <italic>Levant</italic&... more <p>This chapter discusses the various meanings of the term <italic>Levant</italic>. The term, which was traditionally used in reference to lands around the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, often distinguished from strictly or exclusively "Arab" or "Muslim" lands, has come to carry a number of negative stigmas. For instance, being a Levantine was to belong to no community and to possess nothing of one's own. However, the children of the Levant seldom viewed things in such a negative manner. Levantines, particularly the intellectuals considered in this volume, saw themselves as sophisticated, urbane cosmopolitan, iconoclastic mongrels, intimately acquainted with multiple cultures, skillfully wielding multiple languages, and elegantly straddling multiple traditions, identities, and civilizations.</p>
Миљана МЛАДЕНОВИЋ * Образовни центар "Миленијум III", Врање АУТОМАТСКО ПРЕПОЗНАВАЊЕ РЕТОРИЧКИХ ФИ... more Миљана МЛАДЕНОВИЋ * Образовни центар "Миленијум III", Врање АУТОМАТСКО ПРЕПОЗНАВАЊЕ РЕТОРИЧКИХ ФИГУРА НАГЛАШАВАЊА У ТЕКСТОВИМА НА СРПСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ РЕГУЛАРНИМ ИЗРАЗИМА Сажетак: У овом раду предложена је метода за аутоматску детекцију двеју реторичких фигура-епизеуксе и алитерације-методом која користи регуларне изразе и дата је статистичка оцена тога модела. С обзиром на то да се ради о два представника класе фигура наглашавања, у раду је истакнуто да резултати ове методе указују на то да се регуларни изрази успешно могу применити за детекције и означавање и других фигура наглашавања у текстовима на српском језику. Модел постиже прецизност 72.2%, а обухватност 83.9% у случају откривања фигуре епизеукса, а код алитерације прецизност је 51,7% док је свеобухватност као код епизеуксе и износи 83,7%. Током истраживања уочено је да постоје могућности знатног побољшања модела детекције епизеуксе-комбинацијом са истовременим препознавањем ономатопеје.
Their miniscule numbers notwithstanding, Lebanese Jews are not a marginal community. They are lik... more Their miniscule numbers notwithstanding, Lebanese Jews are not a marginal community. They are likewise not unaware of their venerable age-old lineage in Lebanon. This chapter, based on a series of interviews conducted over the span of four years, records the testimonies of Lebanese Jews, most of them in the diaspora, most of them still “dreaming” of a Lebanon they once knew, and most of them trying to retrace their early footsteps back to their ancestral familial home. Although a chapter of “memories,” with testimonies often reproduced verbatim as they were related to the author, the text is heavily footnoted, annotated with commentary, clarifications, and historical references bringing factual confirmation to personal recollections.
Jews have resided on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, in the lands that are Syria and Leb... more Jews have resided on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, in the lands that are Syria and Lebanon today since ancient times, going back at least two thousand years − that is, long before the advent of Islam and the emergence of the Arabs as the hegemonic power in the Middle East region. Following the arrival of Islam in the seventh century, Jewish communities knew periods of stability and prosperity, but also periods of persecution and distress. During the good times, Jewish communal life was rich and diverse. Members of the Jewish communities held important positions in public life and the economy. Jews worked as craftsmen, farmers, merchants, physicians, and bankers. Also, major religious centers developed in some of these communities. The fact is, the attitude of the Muslim rulers toward the Jews was in general one of tolerance, and so the conditions under which the Jews lived were quite good. This was certainly the case in comparison with the Jews’ situation in Christian Eur...
Digitalisation is changing the conditions for historical research on postwar Scandinavian knowled... more Digitalisation is changing the conditions for historical research on postwar Scandinavian knowledge societies. In the last few years, vast amounts of topical source material-such as books, governmental reports, parliamentary minutes, and newspapers-have become digitalised and text-searchable. This new digital infrastructure has shifted the outer bounds of what is possible by enabling us to use new methods for distant reading, such as text mining and topic modelling. 1 In practice, however, most historians do not employ these new techniques. Yet, digitalisation has profound-if seldom acknowledged-effects on traditional research as well. For example, the traditional practice of collecting source material from microfilmed newspapers no longer requires weeks in the library but a day or so in front of a computer screen. This is a poignant example of what Lara Putnam has referred to as "shifting the center of the easy", 2 a phenomenon I believe most active historians have experienced first-hand over the last years. Yet, to date, few of us have turned our experiences into writing. 3 Hence, in this chapter I seek to substantiate, and methodologically reflect upon, the practical implications of working with digitised source materials. I do so by discussing and demonstrating how the recent digitalisation of newspapers has made journalists more visible as knowledge actors. This is a way of answering calls for historians of knowledge to broaden the repertoire of actors involved in societal circulation processes. 4 Journalists, to be sure, are by no means invisible in Scandinavian historiography of the postwar era. On the contrary, their texts enjoy a somewhat privileged position, as most historical accounts of the period partially draw upon newspaper material. Yet, compared to other public figures of the era-such as politicians, intellectuals, scholars, and scientists-journalists are rarely studied as historical actors in their own right. They are indirectly present in our studies through their texts, but their activities hardly ever receive closer analytical attention. Hence, I would argue that journalists are but semi-visible. To redress this situation, we need to start following them closely in their tracks, which is now practically possible. A few years ago, it was not. The advent of textsearchable digital newspaper archives, such as the Norwegian bokhylla.no and the Swedish newspaper database tidningar.kb.se, serves a necessary prerequisite for this kind of research.
In the main the author’s own personal reflections, this chapter reveals snippets of what “other” ... more In the main the author’s own personal reflections, this chapter reveals snippets of what “other” non-Jewish Lebanese remember—or choose to remember—about Lebanese Jewish life, often with a palpable hint of nostalgia. Lebanon, the entity that the French established in 1920 as a multi-cultural multiethnic republic in the thicket of a monochromatic Arab-Muslim world, open and receptive to all human conflations of identities and beliefs, has been etiolated, noted one respondent featured in this chapter. The Middle Eastern adage “first the Saturday people, then the Sunday people” might have come to pass in Lebanon: The country with arguably the most “hope” in the early twentieth century has been rendered the homeland of the most abject “hopelessness” with the exodus of Lebanese Jewry.
Being arguably the smallest of Lebanon’s ethno-religious communities, Lebanese Jews have not rece... more Being arguably the smallest of Lebanon’s ethno-religious communities, Lebanese Jews have not received adequate attention in the study of states and minorities in the Middle East. Moreover, as natural allies of Lebanon’s Maronites, the country’s most politically and culturally dominant group of the first half of the twentieth century, meant that interest in—and the station of—Lebanese Jewry would decline as the Maronites’ own dominance got eclipsed in the last fin de siecle era. This chapter brings to the fore a period in time when there had been a Levantine republic outside of Israel that Lebanese Jewry could call home.
<p>This chapter examines the works of Arab and Israeli authors who celebrate diversity, hum... more <p>This chapter examines the works of Arab and Israeli authors who celebrate diversity, humanity, and humanism. These include Anglo-Palestinian novelist Samir el-Youssef (b. 1965), Fawaz Turki (b. 1940), and polyglot Israeli essayist Jacqueline Kahanoff (1917–79). Fawaz Turki and Samir el-Youssef, although outside the circle of those considered paragons of Palestinian literature, are exquisite—albeit contrasting—representatives of the Palestinian condition and the Palestinians' intellectual trajectories of the past fifty years. Rather than being representatives of a single state, they are mostly ensconced in a state of liminality, straddling Israel, the Palestinian Territories, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and other areas of dispersion, both East and West. Kahanoff's relevance is that her work, her thought, and the intellectual school to which she belonged are being excavated, rehabilitated, and valorized by both Israelis and Palestinians today.</p>
What might have befallen the “Jews of Arab lands” in the shadow of the Holocaust certainly did no... more What might have befallen the “Jews of Arab lands” in the shadow of the Holocaust certainly did not apply in the case of Lebanon. Lebanese Jewish life was markedly different from Jewish life elsewhere in the Arab-defined Middle East. This chapter speaks to a relatively “stable” Lebanese Jewish experience, in an era when the world at large was committing collective suicide, when the Jews of Europe were on the cusp of destruction, and when Middle Eastern Jewry was being slated for a similar fate.
The expulsion of Lebanon’s Jews and denuding Lebanon of the blessings of Jewish life, in arguably... more The expulsion of Lebanon’s Jews and denuding Lebanon of the blessings of Jewish life, in arguably the Middle East’s last bastion of diversity, have opened the door to the spread of fascistic Arab nationalist and dogmatist Islamist tendencies. This has in turn paved the way to what is normatively referred to as the “civil war” in Lebanon of the 1970s, and the consequent etiolation of the country’s pluralist ethos. As these “Fragments of Lives Arrested” might have revealed, in any society, open and liberal and tolerant as it might be, the persecution of Jews is often a harbinger of further persecutions to come, against other minority peoples. Anti-Semitism is therefore not merely a form of Jew-hatred; it is hatred for freedom, human dignity, and humanity tout court. Lebanon’s Jews were the main ingredient in Lebanon’s experiment of pluralism one hundred years ago; their disappearance in modern times might as well have spelled the end of Lebanon as it was conceived. This book was a mod...
ABSTRACT This article mines an early history of modern Lebanon by placing a special focus on the ... more ABSTRACT This article mines an early history of modern Lebanon by placing a special focus on the country's Jewish community and examining inter-Lebanese relations where Lebanese Jews take centre stage. Like Lebanon's Christians – Maronites in the main – Lebanon's Jews reveal themselves to have played an important role in the establishment of the Lebanese republic as a ‘confederation of minorities’. But the role of Lebanese Jews was a discreet, low-pitched one, and their ‘voices’ and ‘stories’ seem to have been left out of traditional history books. This article is an attempt at correcting a lacuna of exclusion vis-à-vis Lebanese Jews, mending their memory and restoring them to their rightful place as a foundational element of modern Lebanese history and socio-cultural production.
If I may, I wish to both agree and take issue with parts ofTom Barfield’s conclusion that ISIS is... more If I may, I wish to both agree and take issue with parts ofTom Barfield’s conclusion that ISIS is an “empire ofnostalgia” seeking to recreate a lost “golden age.” This is an exquisitely accurate assessment, suggesting that an exercise such as ISIS may be “based on illusions” and may therefore prove to be ephemeral. By osmosis, this also diminishes the tenacity and resilience of the Islamic State itself, and devalues the legitimacy of its religious bearings. However, such an assessment nevertheless ignores the tenacity and resilience of both empire and religion in the Middle East. For example, suggesting that secular nationalism as a principle and basis of government, as well as a source of political legitimacy, may trump other models in the Middle East ignores the staying power of these forces in the region. To wit, even in presumably secular, modern Middle Eastern societies such as Turkey, more citizens readily identify as Muslims first and foremost than as citizens of a “secular” ...
This is a stable archival PDF of an open-access, peer-reviewed journal volume originally publishe... more This is a stable archival PDF of an open-access, peer-reviewed journal volume originally published at www.mizanproject.org/journal/
This chapter mines an early history of modern Lebanon by placing a special focus on the country’s... more This chapter mines an early history of modern Lebanon by placing a special focus on the country’s Jewish community and examining inter-Lebanese relations where Lebanese Jewry had once taken center stage. This is done in the wider context of this volume primarily by giving voice to personal testimonies, family archives, private papers, and recollections of expatriate and resident Lebanese Jewish communities, which shall unfold in more detail in the last two chapters of the book. This chapter, therefore, sketches out close to a century of modern Lebanese history, following the vicissitudes of a maladjusted Lebanese statehood, and the attendant vacillations of Lebanese Jewish life.
<p>Syria's literati have been producing work alluding to the nebulous nature of their m... more <p>Syria's literati have been producing work alluding to the nebulous nature of their modern state, and perhaps foretelling its unmaking; not because multi-ethnic nation-states are by their very nature doomed to failure, but because inherently multi-ethnic states preening themselves to be unitary, monocultural, and monolingual, must sooner or later come to terms with their diversity, and must find ways to valorize and celebrate that diversity. This chapter features authors that attempted to do their part in acknowledging textured identities. These include Nizar Qabbani (1923–98), recognized as the Arabs' leading feminist and advocate of women's rights; and Syro-Lebanese writer Ali Ahmad Said Ispir—known primarily by his <italic>nom de plume</italic>, Adonis (b. 1930).</p>
<p>This chapter discusses the various meanings of the term <italic>Levant</italic&... more <p>This chapter discusses the various meanings of the term <italic>Levant</italic>. The term, which was traditionally used in reference to lands around the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, often distinguished from strictly or exclusively "Arab" or "Muslim" lands, has come to carry a number of negative stigmas. For instance, being a Levantine was to belong to no community and to possess nothing of one's own. However, the children of the Levant seldom viewed things in such a negative manner. Levantines, particularly the intellectuals considered in this volume, saw themselves as sophisticated, urbane cosmopolitan, iconoclastic mongrels, intimately acquainted with multiple cultures, skillfully wielding multiple languages, and elegantly straddling multiple traditions, identities, and civilizations.</p>
Миљана МЛАДЕНОВИЋ * Образовни центар "Миленијум III", Врање АУТОМАТСКО ПРЕПОЗНАВАЊЕ РЕТОРИЧКИХ ФИ... more Миљана МЛАДЕНОВИЋ * Образовни центар "Миленијум III", Врање АУТОМАТСКО ПРЕПОЗНАВАЊЕ РЕТОРИЧКИХ ФИГУРА НАГЛАШАВАЊА У ТЕКСТОВИМА НА СРПСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ РЕГУЛАРНИМ ИЗРАЗИМА Сажетак: У овом раду предложена је метода за аутоматску детекцију двеју реторичких фигура-епизеуксе и алитерације-методом која користи регуларне изразе и дата је статистичка оцена тога модела. С обзиром на то да се ради о два представника класе фигура наглашавања, у раду је истакнуто да резултати ове методе указују на то да се регуларни изрази успешно могу применити за детекције и означавање и других фигура наглашавања у текстовима на српском језику. Модел постиже прецизност 72.2%, а обухватност 83.9% у случају откривања фигуре епизеукса, а код алитерације прецизност је 51,7% док је свеобухватност као код епизеуксе и износи 83,7%. Током истраживања уочено је да постоје могућности знатног побољшања модела детекције епизеуксе-комбинацијом са истовременим препознавањем ономатопеје.
Their miniscule numbers notwithstanding, Lebanese Jews are not a marginal community. They are lik... more Their miniscule numbers notwithstanding, Lebanese Jews are not a marginal community. They are likewise not unaware of their venerable age-old lineage in Lebanon. This chapter, based on a series of interviews conducted over the span of four years, records the testimonies of Lebanese Jews, most of them in the diaspora, most of them still “dreaming” of a Lebanon they once knew, and most of them trying to retrace their early footsteps back to their ancestral familial home. Although a chapter of “memories,” with testimonies often reproduced verbatim as they were related to the author, the text is heavily footnoted, annotated with commentary, clarifications, and historical references bringing factual confirmation to personal recollections.
Jews have resided on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, in the lands that are Syria and Leb... more Jews have resided on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, in the lands that are Syria and Lebanon today since ancient times, going back at least two thousand years − that is, long before the advent of Islam and the emergence of the Arabs as the hegemonic power in the Middle East region. Following the arrival of Islam in the seventh century, Jewish communities knew periods of stability and prosperity, but also periods of persecution and distress. During the good times, Jewish communal life was rich and diverse. Members of the Jewish communities held important positions in public life and the economy. Jews worked as craftsmen, farmers, merchants, physicians, and bankers. Also, major religious centers developed in some of these communities. The fact is, the attitude of the Muslim rulers toward the Jews was in general one of tolerance, and so the conditions under which the Jews lived were quite good. This was certainly the case in comparison with the Jews’ situation in Christian Eur...
Digitalisation is changing the conditions for historical research on postwar Scandinavian knowled... more Digitalisation is changing the conditions for historical research on postwar Scandinavian knowledge societies. In the last few years, vast amounts of topical source material-such as books, governmental reports, parliamentary minutes, and newspapers-have become digitalised and text-searchable. This new digital infrastructure has shifted the outer bounds of what is possible by enabling us to use new methods for distant reading, such as text mining and topic modelling. 1 In practice, however, most historians do not employ these new techniques. Yet, digitalisation has profound-if seldom acknowledged-effects on traditional research as well. For example, the traditional practice of collecting source material from microfilmed newspapers no longer requires weeks in the library but a day or so in front of a computer screen. This is a poignant example of what Lara Putnam has referred to as "shifting the center of the easy", 2 a phenomenon I believe most active historians have experienced first-hand over the last years. Yet, to date, few of us have turned our experiences into writing. 3 Hence, in this chapter I seek to substantiate, and methodologically reflect upon, the practical implications of working with digitised source materials. I do so by discussing and demonstrating how the recent digitalisation of newspapers has made journalists more visible as knowledge actors. This is a way of answering calls for historians of knowledge to broaden the repertoire of actors involved in societal circulation processes. 4 Journalists, to be sure, are by no means invisible in Scandinavian historiography of the postwar era. On the contrary, their texts enjoy a somewhat privileged position, as most historical accounts of the period partially draw upon newspaper material. Yet, compared to other public figures of the era-such as politicians, intellectuals, scholars, and scientists-journalists are rarely studied as historical actors in their own right. They are indirectly present in our studies through their texts, but their activities hardly ever receive closer analytical attention. Hence, I would argue that journalists are but semi-visible. To redress this situation, we need to start following them closely in their tracks, which is now practically possible. A few years ago, it was not. The advent of textsearchable digital newspaper archives, such as the Norwegian bokhylla.no and the Swedish newspaper database tidningar.kb.se, serves a necessary prerequisite for this kind of research.
In the main the author’s own personal reflections, this chapter reveals snippets of what “other” ... more In the main the author’s own personal reflections, this chapter reveals snippets of what “other” non-Jewish Lebanese remember—or choose to remember—about Lebanese Jewish life, often with a palpable hint of nostalgia. Lebanon, the entity that the French established in 1920 as a multi-cultural multiethnic republic in the thicket of a monochromatic Arab-Muslim world, open and receptive to all human conflations of identities and beliefs, has been etiolated, noted one respondent featured in this chapter. The Middle Eastern adage “first the Saturday people, then the Sunday people” might have come to pass in Lebanon: The country with arguably the most “hope” in the early twentieth century has been rendered the homeland of the most abject “hopelessness” with the exodus of Lebanese Jewry.
Being arguably the smallest of Lebanon’s ethno-religious communities, Lebanese Jews have not rece... more Being arguably the smallest of Lebanon’s ethno-religious communities, Lebanese Jews have not received adequate attention in the study of states and minorities in the Middle East. Moreover, as natural allies of Lebanon’s Maronites, the country’s most politically and culturally dominant group of the first half of the twentieth century, meant that interest in—and the station of—Lebanese Jewry would decline as the Maronites’ own dominance got eclipsed in the last fin de siecle era. This chapter brings to the fore a period in time when there had been a Levantine republic outside of Israel that Lebanese Jewry could call home.
<p>This chapter examines the works of Arab and Israeli authors who celebrate diversity, hum... more <p>This chapter examines the works of Arab and Israeli authors who celebrate diversity, humanity, and humanism. These include Anglo-Palestinian novelist Samir el-Youssef (b. 1965), Fawaz Turki (b. 1940), and polyglot Israeli essayist Jacqueline Kahanoff (1917–79). Fawaz Turki and Samir el-Youssef, although outside the circle of those considered paragons of Palestinian literature, are exquisite—albeit contrasting—representatives of the Palestinian condition and the Palestinians' intellectual trajectories of the past fifty years. Rather than being representatives of a single state, they are mostly ensconced in a state of liminality, straddling Israel, the Palestinian Territories, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and other areas of dispersion, both East and West. Kahanoff's relevance is that her work, her thought, and the intellectual school to which she belonged are being excavated, rehabilitated, and valorized by both Israelis and Palestinians today.</p>
What might have befallen the “Jews of Arab lands” in the shadow of the Holocaust certainly did no... more What might have befallen the “Jews of Arab lands” in the shadow of the Holocaust certainly did not apply in the case of Lebanon. Lebanese Jewish life was markedly different from Jewish life elsewhere in the Arab-defined Middle East. This chapter speaks to a relatively “stable” Lebanese Jewish experience, in an era when the world at large was committing collective suicide, when the Jews of Europe were on the cusp of destruction, and when Middle Eastern Jewry was being slated for a similar fate.
The expulsion of Lebanon’s Jews and denuding Lebanon of the blessings of Jewish life, in arguably... more The expulsion of Lebanon’s Jews and denuding Lebanon of the blessings of Jewish life, in arguably the Middle East’s last bastion of diversity, have opened the door to the spread of fascistic Arab nationalist and dogmatist Islamist tendencies. This has in turn paved the way to what is normatively referred to as the “civil war” in Lebanon of the 1970s, and the consequent etiolation of the country’s pluralist ethos. As these “Fragments of Lives Arrested” might have revealed, in any society, open and liberal and tolerant as it might be, the persecution of Jews is often a harbinger of further persecutions to come, against other minority peoples. Anti-Semitism is therefore not merely a form of Jew-hatred; it is hatred for freedom, human dignity, and humanity tout court. Lebanon’s Jews were the main ingredient in Lebanon’s experiment of pluralism one hundred years ago; their disappearance in modern times might as well have spelled the end of Lebanon as it was conceived. This book was a mod...
ABSTRACT This article mines an early history of modern Lebanon by placing a special focus on the ... more ABSTRACT This article mines an early history of modern Lebanon by placing a special focus on the country's Jewish community and examining inter-Lebanese relations where Lebanese Jews take centre stage. Like Lebanon's Christians – Maronites in the main – Lebanon's Jews reveal themselves to have played an important role in the establishment of the Lebanese republic as a ‘confederation of minorities’. But the role of Lebanese Jews was a discreet, low-pitched one, and their ‘voices’ and ‘stories’ seem to have been left out of traditional history books. This article is an attempt at correcting a lacuna of exclusion vis-à-vis Lebanese Jews, mending their memory and restoring them to their rightful place as a foundational element of modern Lebanese history and socio-cultural production.
If I may, I wish to both agree and take issue with parts ofTom Barfield’s conclusion that ISIS is... more If I may, I wish to both agree and take issue with parts ofTom Barfield’s conclusion that ISIS is an “empire ofnostalgia” seeking to recreate a lost “golden age.” This is an exquisitely accurate assessment, suggesting that an exercise such as ISIS may be “based on illusions” and may therefore prove to be ephemeral. By osmosis, this also diminishes the tenacity and resilience of the Islamic State itself, and devalues the legitimacy of its religious bearings. However, such an assessment nevertheless ignores the tenacity and resilience of both empire and religion in the Middle East. For example, suggesting that secular nationalism as a principle and basis of government, as well as a source of political legitimacy, may trump other models in the Middle East ignores the staying power of these forces in the region. To wit, even in presumably secular, modern Middle Eastern societies such as Turkey, more citizens readily identify as Muslims first and foremost than as citizens of a “secular” ...
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