Background: COVID-19, the unprecedented deadly pandemic has turned the world topsy-turvy. It has ... more Background: COVID-19, the unprecedented deadly pandemic has turned the world topsy-turvy. It has affected all the people like poor and rich, young and old, educated and uneducated, male and female with detrimental consequences. People who are in quarantine and/or lockdown are likely to develop a wide range of symptoms like psychological stress, irritability, anxiety, depression etc. Hence, this study was undertaken to assess the psychological effects of COVID-19 lockdown among adult population residing in Chennai, India. This study is a cross sectional descriptive study carried out in Chennai, India. A structured questionnaire was developed containing 25 questions related to the emotional disturbance, depression, self-concept, physical problems, cognitive changes and role performance and 7 questions related to the demographics. An online survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire using a non-probability snowball sampling technique. A total of 579 responses were received. ...
Objective: To determine the impact of antenatal care on maternal morbidity. Study Design: Compara... more Objective: To determine the impact of antenatal care on maternal morbidity. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Obstetric Departments of three military hospitals in Northern Punjab cities of Rawalpindi, Jehlum and Mangla, from Jan to Mar 2019. Methodology: Data of all mothers who gave live births in the selected military hospitals were collected. These mothers were classified as booked and unbooked on the basis of number of antenatal care visits. Maternal morbidities and complications of pregnancy were recorded. The data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. Results: In our study, 254 (8.8%) of mothers were unbooked, 2273 (78.8%) were partially booked and 358 (12.4%) were booked. 894 (31%) mothers did not have any co-morbidity while 1991 (69%) mother had co-morbidity. Out of 749 (27.5%) mothers had anaemia, 869 (30.1%) had hypertension, 141 (30.1%) had diabetes mellitus, 24 (0.8%) cardiac disease, 39 (1.4%) had tuberculosis, 9 (0.3%) had liver disease 13 (0.5%) had kidney disease, 69 (2.4%) had allergies while 33 (1.1%) had other diseases. These complications were significantly greater in unbooked patients as compared to booked patients (p<0.001) Out of total 2885 mothers who gave live births in three military hospitals, only one (0.034%) mother died (who was unbooked) in Jhelum Hospital. Its Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) was 34.66 per 100,000 live births. In our study population anemia, hypertension and diabetes were the most common comorbidities in expecting mothers. Unbooked mothers had more morbidities and complications of pregnancy than booked mothers. Furthermore, we found antenatal care to be beneficial in the prevention of these comorbidities and complications.
To determine the effectiveness of intervention by education of doctors in improving the referral ... more To determine the effectiveness of intervention by education of doctors in improving the referral rate and quality in a public-sector healthcare setting. The quasi-experimental study was conducted from March to September 2012 at PNS Rahat Hospital in naval sailors' residential estate, Karsaz, Karachi. Two awareness sessions were held three months apart by a gynaecologist and a paediatrician. The sessions were aimed at communicating the consultant practice to female general practitioners employed at the two family welfare centres. Pre- and post-intervention data was collected manually from the record registers at the two centers as well as gynaecology and paediatrics outpatient clinics. The study comprised 10 female GPs. In paediatric clinic, there was 47% (118 post intervention/ 187 pre intervention) reduction in referrals for acute gastroenteritis and fever of unknown origin (32 post intervention/75 pre intervention). In gynaecology, 30% (50 post intervention/61 pre intervention...
Background: Hepatitis C virus is a blood-borne virus where the most common modes of its transmiss... more Background: Hepatitis C virus is a blood-borne virus where the most common modes of its transmission are unsafe injection practices, inadequate sterilization of medical equipment, and transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products. Approximately, 130–150 million people globally are suffering from chronic hepatitis C infection. A significant number of these chronically infected will develop liver cirrhosis or liver cancer subsequently. Approximately 500,000 people die of hepatitis C related liver diseases every year. This study aimed to describe personal characteristics, knowledge of respondents and to find out association of these factors with perceptions about Hepatitis C. The study also aimed to focus on perceptions (perceived susceptibility, severity and cues to action) of general population and finding association between their perceptions and health-related behaviors. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Layyah city situated in Punjab province. Total of 423 mal...
Objective: To compare the Quality of Life (QOL) of cancer patients at different chemotherapy (CT)... more Objective: To compare the Quality of Life (QOL) of cancer patients at different chemotherapy (CT) cycles.Study Design: Cross sectional analytical.Place and Duration of Study: Tertiary Care Hospital, Rawalpindi.Material and Methods: Study was conducted in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Rawalpindi. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 50 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The patients were grouped in two on the basis of number of chemotherapy cycles, those having ≤ 2 CT cycles and those undergoing >2 CT cycles. After taking informed consent the data was collected using the European Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) to measure QOL in the patients. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Baseline distinctiveness (demographic and HRQOL) was summarized by descriptive statistics. Mean and standard deviation of individual items in the two scales was calculated in two groups and statistical inference was drawn using Indepe...
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan Jcpsp, Jun 1, 2014
Exposure of passive smoking and second hand smoke (SHS) exposure in teenage group results in prec... more Exposure of passive smoking and second hand smoke (SHS) exposure in teenage group results in precipitation of several symptoms. Five hundred teenagers between ages of 13-19 studying in Army Public School and College Westridge, Rawalpindi, were selected for descriptive cross-sectional study from September 2012 till February 2013. Out of the total 500, 279 (55.8%) were exposed to passive smoking while 221 (44.2%) were not exposed to passive smoking. Out of the exposed 279 (55.8%) students, males were 132 (47.3%) and females were 147 (52.7%) with mean age of 15.06 ± 1.805 years. After exposure to SHS, multiple responses were observed. Statistical significant association was found between symptoms precipitation and exposure to SHS. Nose irritation was present in 84, while 195 did not complain of it (p = 0.002). Allergic symptoms were precipitated with SHS in 42, while not in 21 students (p < 0.001). Asthma attack was precipitated in 38, while 241 did not experience precipitation of asthma attack (p < 0.001). More cough was present in 168, while not in 111 students (p = 0.037). Nausea was present in 41, while not in 238 (p < 0.001). Nose irritation was seen in 84 and not in 195 students (p = 0.002). More than half of the teenagers had exposure to passive smoking. Statistical significant association was found between passive smoking exposure and precipitation of symptoms.
Objective: To assess level of awareness of expectant mothers about their birth preparedness and c... more Objective: To assess level of awareness of expectant mothers about their birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPACR). Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: It was a descriptive cross sectional study conducted at a Rural Health Center, Mandra over period of six months, from Sep 2016 to Feb 2017. Material and Methods: Three hundred and twenty pregnant women of rural area of residence in their third trimester (29-40 wks) were approached using non probability convenient sampling. They were interviewed by using a structured questionnaire after taking informed consent. SPSS version 20 was used for data entry and analysis. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 29.02 ± 6.403 years. All the 320 participants were from rural area of residence. The knowledge of elements of BPACR was highest (7 out of 8) in only 26 (8.1%) women followed by 6 elements in 47 (14.7%), 5 elements in...
Background: Current study aim to describe epidemiological, clinical and demographic features in ... more Background: Current study aim to describe epidemiological, clinical and demographic features in patients confirmed to have COVID-19 in Balochistan Methods: This descriptive cross sectional Study was conducted during months of March and April 2020 based on the secondary data available regarding COVID-19 positive patients from the health service records of Government of Balochistan quarantine centers and hospitals during this period. Data was analyzed by using Excel and SPSS version 23. Mean and standard deviations are used for continuous variables like age and duration of stay (of recovered patients), while frequencies and percentages were used to describe age categories, point of entry and current status. Age specific case fatality rate is calculated by keeping deaths in numerator and confirmed cases in denominator. Results: Mean age of respondents was 35.3±16.12 years , two third of the study population i.e,652(76.3%) were males,353 (40.6)% were in the age group 30-49 years and 41...
Background: Globally cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) especially ischemic heart disease (IHD) becam... more Background: Globally cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) especially ischemic heart disease (IHD) became the largest menace and still considering as the most common cause of death. Psychological stress and physical inactivity are the two important risk factors for IHD, but still little is known regarding their actual frequency in Pakistan. Objective: To determine the frequencyof psychological stress and physical inactivity among patients of ischemic heart disease in Rawalpindi. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Study is conducted inArmed ForcesInstitute of Cardiology (AFIC) and Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology (RIC) Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Apr to Oct 2018. Material and Methods: For the present study 200 known patients of IHD have been selected through non probability consecutive sampling, between 20 to 60 years of age, having ejection fraction 30-60% from OPDs of above two selected hospitals. Self-administered General Health Questionnaire (G...
Objective: To determine the prevalence of the unmet need for contraception in terms of spacing bi... more Objective: To determine the prevalence of the unmet need for contraception in terms of spacing birth for a sample of married women of reproductive age (15-49 years) working in tertiary care and Identify underlying factors of unmet need for contraception in same age group. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed forces postgraduate medical institute (AFPGMI), from Apr 2018 to Jan 2019. Methodology: This study was conducted in tertiary care hospital after taking ethical approval from institutional ethical review board. With anticipated Prevalence of unmet need for contraception of 25%, 95% level of confidence and margin of error 0.05, sample size calculated for the study by using Epi info was 317 married women of reproductive age. Two class “A” Military hospitals out of total ten were selected by convenientmethod. From the selected hospitals, 317 women of reproductive age, sample size collected by non-probability consecutive method. The data...
Objective: To determine knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of diabetic and hypertensive pat... more Objective: To determine knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of diabetic and hypertensive patients regarding their disease and its management and to find out the association between Knowledge, attitude and practices of patients with other independent variables. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Rawalpindi, from September to December 2016. Data was collected from 160 diabetic and hypertensive patients who were attending medical OPD of CMH, Rawalpindi. Knowledge, attitude and practices of patients were assessed. Written Informed consent was taken from all patients and data was collected through an interview based questionnaire. Frequencies, percent- ages and p values were reported for the variables under study. Results: Knowledge of both hypertensive and diabetic patients was good with a percentage of 71% and 59% respectively. Practice scores of both groups were low, 51% for hypertensive and 42.5% for diabetic pat...
Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and to explore out the perceptions of expecting and l... more Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and to explore out the perceptions of expecting and lactating women about Exclusive breastfeeding attending Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. Study Design: A Mixed Method Study. Place and Duration of Study: Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, from Jul 2018 to Dec 2018. Material and Methods: The study was carried out by using non-probability convenience sampling on 354 women who visited Gynaecology and Obstetrics department of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. Quantitative data was collected by using a semi structured questionnaire developed with the help of literature review whereas the qualitative data was collected by using a qualitative interview guide. Frequencies and percentages were computed and chi-square was used to find associations between socio-demographic status of women and their knowledge and perceptions about exclusive breastfeeding. In-depth interviews were conducted to explore the perceptions of women about exclusive b...
Background: Adolescent girls constitute about 1/5th of total female population worldwide. During ... more Background: Adolescent girls constitute about 1/5th of total female population worldwide. During menstruation,poor hygienic practices leads to multiple reproductive tract infections which have now become a silent epidemic. Worldwide approximately 10% of the women are exposed to genital infections including UTIs and bacterial vaginosis annually. In Pakistan, poor menstrual hygiene management (MHM) has been linked to negative consequences. Objective: To determine the knowledge, practices, and availability of Menstrual Hygiene Management facilities in girls’ schools and formulate recommendations for policy makers/reproductive health programmers. Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Post Graduate Medical Institute from April 2018 to December 2018 Material and Methods: Sample size was 416 adolescent school girls. Universal sampling was used to include female teachers of selected schools. Validated structured questionnaire was adapted ...
Objective: To determine the frequency of digital eye strain among teenagers and its association w... more Objective: To determine the frequency of digital eye strain among teenagers and its association with screen hours. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: Government College Rawalpindi, from Sep 2016 to Mar 2017. Material and Methods: Three hundred eighty five teenagers (13-19 years) from a government college Rawalpindi were interviewed using a validated structured questionnaire. Data was collected about duration of computers, laptops or smart phone use and various related ocular and extra ocular symptoms. SPSS version 20 was used for data entry and analysis. Results: Mean age of the participant’s was 14.9 ± 1.99 years while mean hours of computer, laptop or smart screen use was 2.45 ± 1.49 hours. The most frequently experienced symptoms were headache 47.3%, followed by tired eyes 33.7%, blurred vision 25%, eye strain 22.3%, lightning or glare discomfort 20.5%, irritated or sore eyes 15% and dry eyes reported by 9.6% participants. There was a s...
Objective: To determine the knowledge, practices, and preparedness of GHPs for providing tobacco ... more Objective: To determine the knowledge, practices, and preparedness of GHPs for providing tobacco cessation services in public and private hospitals, and to find the factors which impede the provision of tobacco cessation services. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: GHPs in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, from Mar to Aug 2018. Methodology: Semi-structured questionnaire was administered to GHPs worked in public and private hospitals through non probability convenience sampling. Responses were collected on ordinal scale against three main items were knowledge, skills and practice regarding tobacco cessation counseling. Collected data was analyzed through SPSS. Responses were computed in frequency and percentages. Results: The proportions of general healthcare practitioners who got enough training on Tobacco cessation activities during their formal education were (26%). Almost half of the general healthcare practitioners (51.2%) feel confident about their tobacc...
Objective: To quantify the need for assistive technology in children with disabilities and determ... more Objective: To quantify the need for assistive technology in children with disabilities and determine the barriers for the use of assistive technology and formulate recommendations for the optimum use of assistive technology for children with disabilities. Study Design: A descriptive cross sectional study design. Place and Duration of Study: Study was carried out in National Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Islamabad from Apr 2018 to Sep 2018. Material and Methods: A WHO structured questionnaire was used. It assessed the assistive technology needs in children with disabilities. Due to complexity of the questionnaire, it was explained to the respondents of thestudy. Sampling was done through non-probability convenient sampling. One hundred and thirty eight respondents were included in the study. SPSS was used for Statistical analysis of the data. Results: Overall, the needs of children were highest for the mobility aids. Among which mostly need Lower limb orthosis (43.5%) and wa...
Culture of physical fitness has been considered important in primitive civilizations; even being ... more Culture of physical fitness has been considered important in primitive civilizations; even being imbibed as religious rituals based on dancing. Earliest records from ancient China; 2500 BC reveal recognition of organized exercise, as a formal means of health promotion. Chinese surgeons also suggested exercises modelled on the movement of animals; especially the Tiger, as a means to stay healthy and agile. Kung Fu; the common violent combat connotation is also a form of medical gymnastics like yoga. Evaluation of scaled-up PA interventions is important in order to increase practice-based evidence on effective PA promotion and tackle the global pandemic of population inactivity. Changes in priority and investment in health promotion programs affect reach, adoption, and effectiveness by strongly embedding Physical Physical Activity As Medicine Activity promotion as a Bonafide prescription in the healthcare delivery system.
Objective: To assess the need to induct Military Medicine as under graduate subject at military m... more Objective: To assess the need to induct Military Medicine as under graduate subject at military medical colleges of Pakistan. Study Design: Mixed method study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Post Graduate Medical Institute (AFPGMI) Rawalpindi, from Oct 2013 to Jul 2014.Methodology: A data collection tool was pretested and structured questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was distributed to 100 male military doctors (n=74) with service limit of <5 years. In Depth Interviews were also conducted from Nineteen Key Informants including faculty and military healthcare administrators. Results: Only 30 (41%) participants correctly responded to 11-15 responses. Twenty (27%) respondents almost aware of management of patient in field. Twenty two (30%) and 27 (36%) had knowledge of capabilities of forward treatment center and advance dressing station respectively. Seventy (95%) respondents and almost all key informants had acknowledged that newly commissioned medical graduates ...
JBUMDC 2012; 2(2): 8-12 Page 8 INTRODUCTION: Healthcare management revolves around appropriate hu... more JBUMDC 2012; 2(2): 8-12 Page 8 INTRODUCTION: Healthcare management revolves around appropriate human and material resource utilization and developing workflow patterns in line with the requirements of the patients.1 Like various business profession and other services industries, health care delivery also has its foundations based upon public perception and demands from the consumer i.e., in need patient.2 Apart from their medical or surgical ailments they harbor, they also need care in a respectful way from the caregivers, quality service provision and a chance to comment upon what they want to say about services focused for their welfare.3 Thus managing patients as stakeholders and incorporating their views for improving service provision along with an effective healthcare utilization in public sector has been identified as one of the opportunity areas for improving performance.4 In order to improve the process, the existing practices must be evaluated to develop benchmarks and key...
Objective: The objective is to find out the knowledge regarding tuberculosis and patient‘s adhere... more Objective: The objective is to find out the knowledge regarding tuberculosis and patient‘s adherence to antituberculosis treatment and also to find out the association of adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment with other social and demographic factors. Study Design: It was cross sectional study. Non probability convenient sampling technique was used. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Tuberculosis Hospital Rawalpindi and Leprosy center Rawalpindi with effect, from Jan 2018 to Jan 2019. Patients and Methods: A total 366 patients of tuberculosis were included in the study. A structured questionnaire was prepared to assess the knowledge of disease (adequate and inadequate), and socio demographic variables. Morisky questionnaire was used to assess the adherence to treatment (High, Medium and Low). Results: Adequate knowledge was exhibited by 124 (35.5%) and 222 (65.5%) had inadequate knowledge about the disease. Forty f...
Background: COVID-19, the unprecedented deadly pandemic has turned the world topsy-turvy. It has ... more Background: COVID-19, the unprecedented deadly pandemic has turned the world topsy-turvy. It has affected all the people like poor and rich, young and old, educated and uneducated, male and female with detrimental consequences. People who are in quarantine and/or lockdown are likely to develop a wide range of symptoms like psychological stress, irritability, anxiety, depression etc. Hence, this study was undertaken to assess the psychological effects of COVID-19 lockdown among adult population residing in Chennai, India. This study is a cross sectional descriptive study carried out in Chennai, India. A structured questionnaire was developed containing 25 questions related to the emotional disturbance, depression, self-concept, physical problems, cognitive changes and role performance and 7 questions related to the demographics. An online survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire using a non-probability snowball sampling technique. A total of 579 responses were received. ...
Objective: To determine the impact of antenatal care on maternal morbidity. Study Design: Compara... more Objective: To determine the impact of antenatal care on maternal morbidity. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Obstetric Departments of three military hospitals in Northern Punjab cities of Rawalpindi, Jehlum and Mangla, from Jan to Mar 2019. Methodology: Data of all mothers who gave live births in the selected military hospitals were collected. These mothers were classified as booked and unbooked on the basis of number of antenatal care visits. Maternal morbidities and complications of pregnancy were recorded. The data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. Results: In our study, 254 (8.8%) of mothers were unbooked, 2273 (78.8%) were partially booked and 358 (12.4%) were booked. 894 (31%) mothers did not have any co-morbidity while 1991 (69%) mother had co-morbidity. Out of 749 (27.5%) mothers had anaemia, 869 (30.1%) had hypertension, 141 (30.1%) had diabetes mellitus, 24 (0.8%) cardiac disease, 39 (1.4%) had tuberculosis, 9 (0.3%) had liver disease 13 (0.5%) had kidney disease, 69 (2.4%) had allergies while 33 (1.1%) had other diseases. These complications were significantly greater in unbooked patients as compared to booked patients (p<0.001) Out of total 2885 mothers who gave live births in three military hospitals, only one (0.034%) mother died (who was unbooked) in Jhelum Hospital. Its Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) was 34.66 per 100,000 live births. In our study population anemia, hypertension and diabetes were the most common comorbidities in expecting mothers. Unbooked mothers had more morbidities and complications of pregnancy than booked mothers. Furthermore, we found antenatal care to be beneficial in the prevention of these comorbidities and complications.
To determine the effectiveness of intervention by education of doctors in improving the referral ... more To determine the effectiveness of intervention by education of doctors in improving the referral rate and quality in a public-sector healthcare setting. The quasi-experimental study was conducted from March to September 2012 at PNS Rahat Hospital in naval sailors' residential estate, Karsaz, Karachi. Two awareness sessions were held three months apart by a gynaecologist and a paediatrician. The sessions were aimed at communicating the consultant practice to female general practitioners employed at the two family welfare centres. Pre- and post-intervention data was collected manually from the record registers at the two centers as well as gynaecology and paediatrics outpatient clinics. The study comprised 10 female GPs. In paediatric clinic, there was 47% (118 post intervention/ 187 pre intervention) reduction in referrals for acute gastroenteritis and fever of unknown origin (32 post intervention/75 pre intervention). In gynaecology, 30% (50 post intervention/61 pre intervention...
Background: Hepatitis C virus is a blood-borne virus where the most common modes of its transmiss... more Background: Hepatitis C virus is a blood-borne virus where the most common modes of its transmission are unsafe injection practices, inadequate sterilization of medical equipment, and transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products. Approximately, 130–150 million people globally are suffering from chronic hepatitis C infection. A significant number of these chronically infected will develop liver cirrhosis or liver cancer subsequently. Approximately 500,000 people die of hepatitis C related liver diseases every year. This study aimed to describe personal characteristics, knowledge of respondents and to find out association of these factors with perceptions about Hepatitis C. The study also aimed to focus on perceptions (perceived susceptibility, severity and cues to action) of general population and finding association between their perceptions and health-related behaviors. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Layyah city situated in Punjab province. Total of 423 mal...
Objective: To compare the Quality of Life (QOL) of cancer patients at different chemotherapy (CT)... more Objective: To compare the Quality of Life (QOL) of cancer patients at different chemotherapy (CT) cycles.Study Design: Cross sectional analytical.Place and Duration of Study: Tertiary Care Hospital, Rawalpindi.Material and Methods: Study was conducted in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Rawalpindi. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 50 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The patients were grouped in two on the basis of number of chemotherapy cycles, those having ≤ 2 CT cycles and those undergoing >2 CT cycles. After taking informed consent the data was collected using the European Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) to measure QOL in the patients. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Baseline distinctiveness (demographic and HRQOL) was summarized by descriptive statistics. Mean and standard deviation of individual items in the two scales was calculated in two groups and statistical inference was drawn using Indepe...
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan Jcpsp, Jun 1, 2014
Exposure of passive smoking and second hand smoke (SHS) exposure in teenage group results in prec... more Exposure of passive smoking and second hand smoke (SHS) exposure in teenage group results in precipitation of several symptoms. Five hundred teenagers between ages of 13-19 studying in Army Public School and College Westridge, Rawalpindi, were selected for descriptive cross-sectional study from September 2012 till February 2013. Out of the total 500, 279 (55.8%) were exposed to passive smoking while 221 (44.2%) were not exposed to passive smoking. Out of the exposed 279 (55.8%) students, males were 132 (47.3%) and females were 147 (52.7%) with mean age of 15.06 ± 1.805 years. After exposure to SHS, multiple responses were observed. Statistical significant association was found between symptoms precipitation and exposure to SHS. Nose irritation was present in 84, while 195 did not complain of it (p = 0.002). Allergic symptoms were precipitated with SHS in 42, while not in 21 students (p < 0.001). Asthma attack was precipitated in 38, while 241 did not experience precipitation of asthma attack (p < 0.001). More cough was present in 168, while not in 111 students (p = 0.037). Nausea was present in 41, while not in 238 (p < 0.001). Nose irritation was seen in 84 and not in 195 students (p = 0.002). More than half of the teenagers had exposure to passive smoking. Statistical significant association was found between passive smoking exposure and precipitation of symptoms.
Objective: To assess level of awareness of expectant mothers about their birth preparedness and c... more Objective: To assess level of awareness of expectant mothers about their birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPACR). Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: It was a descriptive cross sectional study conducted at a Rural Health Center, Mandra over period of six months, from Sep 2016 to Feb 2017. Material and Methods: Three hundred and twenty pregnant women of rural area of residence in their third trimester (29-40 wks) were approached using non probability convenient sampling. They were interviewed by using a structured questionnaire after taking informed consent. SPSS version 20 was used for data entry and analysis. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 29.02 ± 6.403 years. All the 320 participants were from rural area of residence. The knowledge of elements of BPACR was highest (7 out of 8) in only 26 (8.1%) women followed by 6 elements in 47 (14.7%), 5 elements in...
Background: Current study aim to describe epidemiological, clinical and demographic features in ... more Background: Current study aim to describe epidemiological, clinical and demographic features in patients confirmed to have COVID-19 in Balochistan Methods: This descriptive cross sectional Study was conducted during months of March and April 2020 based on the secondary data available regarding COVID-19 positive patients from the health service records of Government of Balochistan quarantine centers and hospitals during this period. Data was analyzed by using Excel and SPSS version 23. Mean and standard deviations are used for continuous variables like age and duration of stay (of recovered patients), while frequencies and percentages were used to describe age categories, point of entry and current status. Age specific case fatality rate is calculated by keeping deaths in numerator and confirmed cases in denominator. Results: Mean age of respondents was 35.3±16.12 years , two third of the study population i.e,652(76.3%) were males,353 (40.6)% were in the age group 30-49 years and 41...
Background: Globally cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) especially ischemic heart disease (IHD) becam... more Background: Globally cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) especially ischemic heart disease (IHD) became the largest menace and still considering as the most common cause of death. Psychological stress and physical inactivity are the two important risk factors for IHD, but still little is known regarding their actual frequency in Pakistan. Objective: To determine the frequencyof psychological stress and physical inactivity among patients of ischemic heart disease in Rawalpindi. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Study is conducted inArmed ForcesInstitute of Cardiology (AFIC) and Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology (RIC) Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Apr to Oct 2018. Material and Methods: For the present study 200 known patients of IHD have been selected through non probability consecutive sampling, between 20 to 60 years of age, having ejection fraction 30-60% from OPDs of above two selected hospitals. Self-administered General Health Questionnaire (G...
Objective: To determine the prevalence of the unmet need for contraception in terms of spacing bi... more Objective: To determine the prevalence of the unmet need for contraception in terms of spacing birth for a sample of married women of reproductive age (15-49 years) working in tertiary care and Identify underlying factors of unmet need for contraception in same age group. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed forces postgraduate medical institute (AFPGMI), from Apr 2018 to Jan 2019. Methodology: This study was conducted in tertiary care hospital after taking ethical approval from institutional ethical review board. With anticipated Prevalence of unmet need for contraception of 25%, 95% level of confidence and margin of error 0.05, sample size calculated for the study by using Epi info was 317 married women of reproductive age. Two class “A” Military hospitals out of total ten were selected by convenientmethod. From the selected hospitals, 317 women of reproductive age, sample size collected by non-probability consecutive method. The data...
Objective: To determine knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of diabetic and hypertensive pat... more Objective: To determine knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of diabetic and hypertensive patients regarding their disease and its management and to find out the association between Knowledge, attitude and practices of patients with other independent variables. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Rawalpindi, from September to December 2016. Data was collected from 160 diabetic and hypertensive patients who were attending medical OPD of CMH, Rawalpindi. Knowledge, attitude and practices of patients were assessed. Written Informed consent was taken from all patients and data was collected through an interview based questionnaire. Frequencies, percent- ages and p values were reported for the variables under study. Results: Knowledge of both hypertensive and diabetic patients was good with a percentage of 71% and 59% respectively. Practice scores of both groups were low, 51% for hypertensive and 42.5% for diabetic pat...
Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and to explore out the perceptions of expecting and l... more Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and to explore out the perceptions of expecting and lactating women about Exclusive breastfeeding attending Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. Study Design: A Mixed Method Study. Place and Duration of Study: Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, from Jul 2018 to Dec 2018. Material and Methods: The study was carried out by using non-probability convenience sampling on 354 women who visited Gynaecology and Obstetrics department of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. Quantitative data was collected by using a semi structured questionnaire developed with the help of literature review whereas the qualitative data was collected by using a qualitative interview guide. Frequencies and percentages were computed and chi-square was used to find associations between socio-demographic status of women and their knowledge and perceptions about exclusive breastfeeding. In-depth interviews were conducted to explore the perceptions of women about exclusive b...
Background: Adolescent girls constitute about 1/5th of total female population worldwide. During ... more Background: Adolescent girls constitute about 1/5th of total female population worldwide. During menstruation,poor hygienic practices leads to multiple reproductive tract infections which have now become a silent epidemic. Worldwide approximately 10% of the women are exposed to genital infections including UTIs and bacterial vaginosis annually. In Pakistan, poor menstrual hygiene management (MHM) has been linked to negative consequences. Objective: To determine the knowledge, practices, and availability of Menstrual Hygiene Management facilities in girls’ schools and formulate recommendations for policy makers/reproductive health programmers. Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Post Graduate Medical Institute from April 2018 to December 2018 Material and Methods: Sample size was 416 adolescent school girls. Universal sampling was used to include female teachers of selected schools. Validated structured questionnaire was adapted ...
Objective: To determine the frequency of digital eye strain among teenagers and its association w... more Objective: To determine the frequency of digital eye strain among teenagers and its association with screen hours. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: Government College Rawalpindi, from Sep 2016 to Mar 2017. Material and Methods: Three hundred eighty five teenagers (13-19 years) from a government college Rawalpindi were interviewed using a validated structured questionnaire. Data was collected about duration of computers, laptops or smart phone use and various related ocular and extra ocular symptoms. SPSS version 20 was used for data entry and analysis. Results: Mean age of the participant’s was 14.9 ± 1.99 years while mean hours of computer, laptop or smart screen use was 2.45 ± 1.49 hours. The most frequently experienced symptoms were headache 47.3%, followed by tired eyes 33.7%, blurred vision 25%, eye strain 22.3%, lightning or glare discomfort 20.5%, irritated or sore eyes 15% and dry eyes reported by 9.6% participants. There was a s...
Objective: To determine the knowledge, practices, and preparedness of GHPs for providing tobacco ... more Objective: To determine the knowledge, practices, and preparedness of GHPs for providing tobacco cessation services in public and private hospitals, and to find the factors which impede the provision of tobacco cessation services. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: GHPs in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, from Mar to Aug 2018. Methodology: Semi-structured questionnaire was administered to GHPs worked in public and private hospitals through non probability convenience sampling. Responses were collected on ordinal scale against three main items were knowledge, skills and practice regarding tobacco cessation counseling. Collected data was analyzed through SPSS. Responses were computed in frequency and percentages. Results: The proportions of general healthcare practitioners who got enough training on Tobacco cessation activities during their formal education were (26%). Almost half of the general healthcare practitioners (51.2%) feel confident about their tobacc...
Objective: To quantify the need for assistive technology in children with disabilities and determ... more Objective: To quantify the need for assistive technology in children with disabilities and determine the barriers for the use of assistive technology and formulate recommendations for the optimum use of assistive technology for children with disabilities. Study Design: A descriptive cross sectional study design. Place and Duration of Study: Study was carried out in National Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Islamabad from Apr 2018 to Sep 2018. Material and Methods: A WHO structured questionnaire was used. It assessed the assistive technology needs in children with disabilities. Due to complexity of the questionnaire, it was explained to the respondents of thestudy. Sampling was done through non-probability convenient sampling. One hundred and thirty eight respondents were included in the study. SPSS was used for Statistical analysis of the data. Results: Overall, the needs of children were highest for the mobility aids. Among which mostly need Lower limb orthosis (43.5%) and wa...
Culture of physical fitness has been considered important in primitive civilizations; even being ... more Culture of physical fitness has been considered important in primitive civilizations; even being imbibed as religious rituals based on dancing. Earliest records from ancient China; 2500 BC reveal recognition of organized exercise, as a formal means of health promotion. Chinese surgeons also suggested exercises modelled on the movement of animals; especially the Tiger, as a means to stay healthy and agile. Kung Fu; the common violent combat connotation is also a form of medical gymnastics like yoga. Evaluation of scaled-up PA interventions is important in order to increase practice-based evidence on effective PA promotion and tackle the global pandemic of population inactivity. Changes in priority and investment in health promotion programs affect reach, adoption, and effectiveness by strongly embedding Physical Physical Activity As Medicine Activity promotion as a Bonafide prescription in the healthcare delivery system.
Objective: To assess the need to induct Military Medicine as under graduate subject at military m... more Objective: To assess the need to induct Military Medicine as under graduate subject at military medical colleges of Pakistan. Study Design: Mixed method study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Post Graduate Medical Institute (AFPGMI) Rawalpindi, from Oct 2013 to Jul 2014.Methodology: A data collection tool was pretested and structured questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was distributed to 100 male military doctors (n=74) with service limit of <5 years. In Depth Interviews were also conducted from Nineteen Key Informants including faculty and military healthcare administrators. Results: Only 30 (41%) participants correctly responded to 11-15 responses. Twenty (27%) respondents almost aware of management of patient in field. Twenty two (30%) and 27 (36%) had knowledge of capabilities of forward treatment center and advance dressing station respectively. Seventy (95%) respondents and almost all key informants had acknowledged that newly commissioned medical graduates ...
JBUMDC 2012; 2(2): 8-12 Page 8 INTRODUCTION: Healthcare management revolves around appropriate hu... more JBUMDC 2012; 2(2): 8-12 Page 8 INTRODUCTION: Healthcare management revolves around appropriate human and material resource utilization and developing workflow patterns in line with the requirements of the patients.1 Like various business profession and other services industries, health care delivery also has its foundations based upon public perception and demands from the consumer i.e., in need patient.2 Apart from their medical or surgical ailments they harbor, they also need care in a respectful way from the caregivers, quality service provision and a chance to comment upon what they want to say about services focused for their welfare.3 Thus managing patients as stakeholders and incorporating their views for improving service provision along with an effective healthcare utilization in public sector has been identified as one of the opportunity areas for improving performance.4 In order to improve the process, the existing practices must be evaluated to develop benchmarks and key...
Objective: The objective is to find out the knowledge regarding tuberculosis and patient‘s adhere... more Objective: The objective is to find out the knowledge regarding tuberculosis and patient‘s adherence to antituberculosis treatment and also to find out the association of adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment with other social and demographic factors. Study Design: It was cross sectional study. Non probability convenient sampling technique was used. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Tuberculosis Hospital Rawalpindi and Leprosy center Rawalpindi with effect, from Jan 2018 to Jan 2019. Patients and Methods: A total 366 patients of tuberculosis were included in the study. A structured questionnaire was prepared to assess the knowledge of disease (adequate and inadequate), and socio demographic variables. Morisky questionnaire was used to assess the adherence to treatment (High, Medium and Low). Results: Adequate knowledge was exhibited by 124 (35.5%) and 222 (65.5%) had inadequate knowledge about the disease. Forty f...
Uploads
Papers by naila azam