Chemistry

Sudan has a tremendous wealth flora due to its unique geographical location and diverse climate. Vast records of plants and plants' secondary metabolites are reported to possess redox capacity and can be exploited for the biosynthesis of nanoparti-cles. Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles is preferred due to their availability and their various metabolites. The present review explores the potentiality and diversity of biological activities of silver nanoparticles that originated from the combination of silver and phyto-constituents of mostly traditionally used Sudanese medicinal and aromatic plants. The green synthesis methods of silver nanoparticles mediated by more than 45 traditionally used medicinal plants are critically reviewed. In addition, parameters that affect the synthesis of plant-mediated silver nanoparticles, their characterization techniques and various biological activities are summarized and discussed. Thus, the study of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its applications can be extended to involve vast plant diversity of Sudan.

Geogenic fluoride ion (F) contamination of groundwater has drawn worldwide attention due to its considerable impact on human health. In this study, the relationships between groundwater F levels, collected in the rainy and dry seasons from 16 rural areas in Khartoum state, Sudan, and the schooling performances of 775 primary school pupils, 315 boys and 460 girls, in 27 schools in these areas, were analyzed using the SPSS. The schooling performances were measured as the average score (%) [(100×average mark)÷total mark] and the high score prevalence (%) [(100×no of students scoring>70%)÷total no of students] for each of 8 subjects (Islamic studies I and II, Arabic, English, mathematics, sciences, history, and technology) and the overall score. The F level was found to be significantly negatively correlated with the average scores for 5 of the 8 subjects (range: r=-0.46, p<0.05 to r=-0.59, p<0.01), with the high score prevalences for 6 of the 8 subjects (range: r=-0.39, p<0.05 to r=-0.60, p<0.01), and with the overall score for both the average score (r=-0.51, p<0.01) and the high score prevalence (r=-0.48, p<0.05). On the basis of these results, we conclude that there may be an inverse relationship between the F level in drinking water and the schooling performance.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that affected 451 million people worldwide on 2017. According to W.HO. The global health care expenditure on diabetic people was estimated to be 850 billion $ on 2017. Many medicinal plants have proven to be a good alternative to chemical medications. In this work 24 medicinal plants from different families used traditionally in Sudanese folk medicine for treatment of diabetes are reviewed based on scientific evidence. Their taxonomy, part used, life form, sources of collection, distribution, phytochemical screening and pharmacological activities have been identified. It is reported that the most abundant plant families were found to be Caesalpiniaceae, followed by Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae and then Anacardiaceae. 45 % were found to be herbs and 63 % of them were wild not cultivated. Phytochemical components of these plants were reviewed. Their anti-diabetic activities were reported in alloxinized and streptozotocin diabetic rats and in normoglycemic ones. LD 50 of these plants was determined. Medicinal plants in this review article showed a confirmed anti-diabetic activity and have been assessed for their safety which proposes them as herbal medications for treatment of diabetes.

Carissa edulis Vahl is well known in Sudanese herbal medicine, commonly used for treatment of epilepsy, headache, chest pains, rheumatism, skin lesions, mania and other psychoactive diseases. The investigations of the safety use for psychoactive purposes in Sudanese healing traditions and identifying secondary metabolites of the plant extracts are the key steps towards determination of appropriate medicinal doses. Therefore, one of the chemical constituents was isolated and structurally identified by 1 H-NMR and LC-MS. With the aim of evaluating Carissa edulis folk random uses, the isolated compound was compared with reference artificial drugs Lormetazepam, a potentially toxic compound. Structure investigations confirm that the isolated product was benzodiazepines analogous 7-chloro 1,4-benzodiazepine-2-ones. It is important to know the potential toxicity of certain plant in order to assess the therapeutic effect of it, as these are slight distinctions between the medicinal and toxic doses. In general the results obtained justify the use of the roots of Carissa edulis in traditional medicine for the treatment of some psychiatric diseases.

Cis-Z-alpha-bisabolene epoxide (bisabolene) compound is extracted from Cassia fistula plant bark, which is a medicinal tree that contains many useful drug substances, the compound can act as a drug predictably similar to vitamin E, with the same function as an antioxidant which can act on pregnane X receptor on the body cells. The gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to identify the constituents of the n-hexane extract. Drug Bank was used to find similar compounds. The ID of the pregnane x receptor (PXR) was retrieved from the PDB database. Then the bisabolene ligand was used for docking with the receptor using Swiss Dock. Finally, the Swiss ADME was used to study and predict the pharmacological parameters. It was found that bisabolene can act as an antioxidant and alternative to vitamin E in the pregnane x receptor and with good pharmacological predicted results. When bisabolene is used as an effective ligand with pregnane X receptor alternative to vitamin E, care must be taken because the compound can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with a specific amount.

From the chloroform extract of the stem bark of Garcinia mangostana alpha mangostin was isolated. Characterization of this compound was established by spectral methods (IR, 1 HNMR and 13 CNMR). In this study through the in silico approach, the isolated compound was used for molecular docking as anti-colorectal cancer. The ID of the protein (6MTU) was retrieved from the PDB database. Preparation of alpha mangostin, colorectal cancer protein, and Molecular Docking was carried out using Molecular Operating Environment software (MOE). The docking results of alpha mangostin show potent energy scores for anti-colorectal cancer; further investigations are needed. The pharmacological parameters of alpha mangostin were studied and predicted. It was found that alpha mangostin compound is suitable as an anti-colorectal cancer drug, completing all pharmacokinetic parameters with good figures. Alpha mangostin will be a promising anti-colorectal cancer that targeted specific proteins in the colon cell.

In this study we planned to identify and quantify the lipid composition of Saudi Lepidium sativum seed and to evaluate the potential antimicrobial activity of the extracted fixed oil . GC- MS analysis of the fixed oil revealed the presence of 16 components. Major constituents are :β-amyrin(31.33%) ,9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester(15.97%) ,9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester(11.93%),α-amyrin(9.32%) , 11-eicosenoic acid methyl ester (6.64%), 9,12– octadecadienoic acid (6.03%) , hexadecanoic acid methyl ester(5.24%) . In cup plate agar diffusion bioassay, the oil which was extracted by two different methods (soxhlet and maceration) was evaluated for antimicrobial activity and the effect of .the method of extraction on the the antimicrobial potency was investigated.

The ultraviolet technique, known for its speed and cleanliness, proved to be highly advantageous in this study. It requires no reagents or pretreatment of the samples, making it a convenient method for analyzing different commercial vegetable tannins. By employing ultraviolet spectroscopy and Hide Powder techniques, valuable insights into the primary absorption bands were obtained, providing information about the chemical composition and structure of the extracts. In addition, specific absorptivity was determined, and the total polyphenols and tannin content of each extract were quantified using the filter and Folin Denis methods, respectively. The results showed that extracts of condensed tannins had the lowest values of specific absorptivity, while hydrolysable tannins exhibited the highest values. When analyzing the total polyphenols, condensed tannins, such as Acacia mearnsii and Azadirachta indica, displayed the highest percentages, with values of 73% and 60%, respectively. Hyd...