Books by Jeffrey Pellegrino
This document evaluates and reports on the science behind first aid and resuscitation. The Inte... more This document evaluates and reports on the science behind first aid and resuscitation. The International First Aid and Resuscitation Guidelines (referred to as the guidelines) have been produced with the main goal of fostering harmonization of first aid practices among the Red Cross Red Crescent National Societies and provide a true evidence-base to these practices. It is part of quality assurance to ensure that the general public and volunteers receive first aid training in accordance with IFRC standards and to establish, in due course, the IFRC International First Aid Certifcation.
These guidelines do not replace first aid manuals and associated educational materials but serve as the basis for developing and updating first aid manuals, resuscitation programmes, apps, public information and associated educational materials. National Societies should adapt these guidelines as needed for their local contexts (culture, language, habits etc.), legal context, local prevalence of injuries or illnesses and their own capacities (see Local adaptation). In addition, these guidelines and evidence review serve as an excellent reference for first aid instructors, emergency responders and their agencies.
16hr first aid course based on Boy Scout of America and OSHA standardsto help those in environmen... more 16hr first aid course based on Boy Scout of America and OSHA standardsto help those in environments where help is more than 60 minutes away.
Papers by Jeffrey Pellegrino
Abstract - In 2010, Kent State University implemented a policy that required students to declare ... more Abstract - In 2010, Kent State University implemented a policy that required students to declare a major by the time they earned 45 credit hours. Then in 2011 Kent State University implemented the “Exploratory Plan” to enrich the experience of their undecided students to support their major declaration decision. This study assessed the original six components through multiple inputs from students, institutional research, and professional practices. This assessment combined with the current culture of career readiness, increasing student debt, and best practices for student success suggests a need for stronger connection between purposeful actions by staff, learning outcomes by the student, expanded sources of support and through a behavioral model. The Transtheoretical Model is used in v.2 to aid in framing the Exploratory Plan and to assess it in the future. From having quality data on the outcomes of the first version and an understanding of the current and future context in which it exists today and tomorrow, we recommend components and their organization for v.2 of the Plan.
In the autumn of 2012, ILCOR approved the First Aid Task Force as a fully participating task forc... more In the autumn of 2012, ILCOR approved the First Aid Task Force as a fully participating task force in the 2015 ILCOR international evidence evaluation and appointed 2 international co-chairs. In the spring of 2013, each member council of ILCOR nominated individuals for membership in the First Aid Task Force. In addition to the co-chairs, 11 task force members were appointed, representing the ILCOR member organizations of the American Heart Association (AHA), the European Resuscitation Council (ERC), the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, the Australian Resuscitation Council, the InterAmerican Heart Foundation, and the Resuscitation Council of Asia. Members included physicians specializing in anesthesia, critical care/resuscitation, emergency medicine, cardiology, internal medicine, and pediatric emergency medicine, as well as paramedics specializing in prehospital care guideline development, specialists in first aid course education (Circulation. 2015;132[suppl 1]:S269-S311.
First aid is a proven, cost-effective measure to save lives. Widespread training and education in... more First aid is a proven, cost-effective measure to save lives. Widespread training and education in first aid can improve the chances that someone is close at hand who is able and willing to provide the necessary intervention in the first moments after an injury or other sudden health crisis, avoiding “death by delay” pending the arrival of more highly trained health professionals.
Nevertheless, lawmakers have traditionally paid relatively little attention to first aid provided by laypeople. From country to country, there is enormous variety as to whether and how first aid training and delivery is promoted and regulated by law,
with important gaps in many countries.
This report highlights three areas in which stronger legislation related to first aid may contribute to saving more lives. It draws on an extensive review of current medical and grey literature, several surveys of first aid experts from National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies around the world, and a study of the laws of 37 sample countries.
First, it is recommended that first aid training be made mandatory in certain circumstances. One of these is in schools. It goes without saying that parents everywhere expect schools to do their best to ensure the safety of their children. However, many countries do not require teachers or school personnel to have first aid training. Perhaps more important, studies have shown that children themselves, even at quite
a young age, are capable of learning and applying aspects of first aid. Moreover, they are well placed to learn and to receive training and in particular refresher sessions to cement their knowledge. Yet, only a minority of the countries examined required first aid training for students.
Another opportunity relates to driver’s license applicants. Countries that have instituted mandatory first aid training requirements for applicants have seen dramatically higher permeation of first aid knowledge in their populations compared to those that have not. Moreover, road traffic accidents make up the largest proportion of unintentional injury deaths in the world and other drivers are often those closest at hand when they occur. Countries in Europe have gone farthest in this respect, though even there about a fourth of countries have no mandatory requirements.
The most common type of first aid training requirement around the world is related to occupational safety and health rules. Evidence has shown that workplace first aid training not only saves lives in situations of crisis but also enhances participants’ motivation to avoid occupational injuries and illnesses in the first place and improves their risk control behaviour. Even here, however, the picture is mixed. Some countries do not impose first aid training as part of their occupational and health approach, and some that do have such rules lack the institutional infrastructure for enforcement.
A second issue raised by this report goes to the quality of first aid education. As may be expected, studies confirm that correctly performed first aid is much more likely to save lives than clumsier attempts. Yet, very few states examined for this report had any official guidelines or standards for the minimum quality of content of first aid courses.
Finally, the report points to the issue of liability of lay first aiders. Studies in the literature and the surveys of Red Cross and Red Crescent first aid experts have shown that bystanders are frequently very reluctant to provide assistance in situations of crisis, and one of the reasons is a fear of legal entanglement. In some countries, this fear is clearly justified in light of a substantial number of cases where victims or the state have brought action against persons who tried unsuccessfully to intervene.
While some countries provide explicit protections against liability for those who try to help in such situations, this is not the case everywhere else. Moreover, even in some countries where protections do exist, they are not well known (or believed) in the population. Of course, mistakes can and do happen, but society is much better served by encouraging people to help than increasing a personal sense of risk among those who might be in a position to save a life. Accordingly, the report recommends that states expressly provide for protection against liability for the good faith efforts of lay first aiders.
To engage students and meet institutional goals, higher education leaders need to leverage the in... more To engage students and meet institutional goals, higher education leaders need to leverage the institutional knowledge of their staff and their professional competencies. Evidence based decision-making provides a stepping-stone to strategic staffing practices. Strategically developing and retaining staff
members moves the conversation from foundational evidence to policy and practices. This meta-analysis provides a case study for the development process of a ‘career ladder’ borne in institutional evidence and strategically implemented through leadership and policy development. Five steps are identified in
the achievement institutional recognition and sustainability for key personnel in Academic Advising. Step 1: empower institutional leaders; Step 2: recruit change leaders; Step 3: link strategic plan outcomes
to larger institutional culture and policy; Step 4: engage strategic stakeholders; and Step 5: assess policy implementation and outcomes (different processes). Practical implementation strategies for policy are discussed.
Mass Media by Jeffrey Pellegrino
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Books by Jeffrey Pellegrino
These guidelines do not replace first aid manuals and associated educational materials but serve as the basis for developing and updating first aid manuals, resuscitation programmes, apps, public information and associated educational materials. National Societies should adapt these guidelines as needed for their local contexts (culture, language, habits etc.), legal context, local prevalence of injuries or illnesses and their own capacities (see Local adaptation). In addition, these guidelines and evidence review serve as an excellent reference for first aid instructors, emergency responders and their agencies.
Papers by Jeffrey Pellegrino
Nevertheless, lawmakers have traditionally paid relatively little attention to first aid provided by laypeople. From country to country, there is enormous variety as to whether and how first aid training and delivery is promoted and regulated by law,
with important gaps in many countries.
This report highlights three areas in which stronger legislation related to first aid may contribute to saving more lives. It draws on an extensive review of current medical and grey literature, several surveys of first aid experts from National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies around the world, and a study of the laws of 37 sample countries.
First, it is recommended that first aid training be made mandatory in certain circumstances. One of these is in schools. It goes without saying that parents everywhere expect schools to do their best to ensure the safety of their children. However, many countries do not require teachers or school personnel to have first aid training. Perhaps more important, studies have shown that children themselves, even at quite
a young age, are capable of learning and applying aspects of first aid. Moreover, they are well placed to learn and to receive training and in particular refresher sessions to cement their knowledge. Yet, only a minority of the countries examined required first aid training for students.
Another opportunity relates to driver’s license applicants. Countries that have instituted mandatory first aid training requirements for applicants have seen dramatically higher permeation of first aid knowledge in their populations compared to those that have not. Moreover, road traffic accidents make up the largest proportion of unintentional injury deaths in the world and other drivers are often those closest at hand when they occur. Countries in Europe have gone farthest in this respect, though even there about a fourth of countries have no mandatory requirements.
The most common type of first aid training requirement around the world is related to occupational safety and health rules. Evidence has shown that workplace first aid training not only saves lives in situations of crisis but also enhances participants’ motivation to avoid occupational injuries and illnesses in the first place and improves their risk control behaviour. Even here, however, the picture is mixed. Some countries do not impose first aid training as part of their occupational and health approach, and some that do have such rules lack the institutional infrastructure for enforcement.
A second issue raised by this report goes to the quality of first aid education. As may be expected, studies confirm that correctly performed first aid is much more likely to save lives than clumsier attempts. Yet, very few states examined for this report had any official guidelines or standards for the minimum quality of content of first aid courses.
Finally, the report points to the issue of liability of lay first aiders. Studies in the literature and the surveys of Red Cross and Red Crescent first aid experts have shown that bystanders are frequently very reluctant to provide assistance in situations of crisis, and one of the reasons is a fear of legal entanglement. In some countries, this fear is clearly justified in light of a substantial number of cases where victims or the state have brought action against persons who tried unsuccessfully to intervene.
While some countries provide explicit protections against liability for those who try to help in such situations, this is not the case everywhere else. Moreover, even in some countries where protections do exist, they are not well known (or believed) in the population. Of course, mistakes can and do happen, but society is much better served by encouraging people to help than increasing a personal sense of risk among those who might be in a position to save a life. Accordingly, the report recommends that states expressly provide for protection against liability for the good faith efforts of lay first aiders.
members moves the conversation from foundational evidence to policy and practices. This meta-analysis provides a case study for the development process of a ‘career ladder’ borne in institutional evidence and strategically implemented through leadership and policy development. Five steps are identified in
the achievement institutional recognition and sustainability for key personnel in Academic Advising. Step 1: empower institutional leaders; Step 2: recruit change leaders; Step 3: link strategic plan outcomes
to larger institutional culture and policy; Step 4: engage strategic stakeholders; and Step 5: assess policy implementation and outcomes (different processes). Practical implementation strategies for policy are discussed.
Mass Media by Jeffrey Pellegrino
These guidelines do not replace first aid manuals and associated educational materials but serve as the basis for developing and updating first aid manuals, resuscitation programmes, apps, public information and associated educational materials. National Societies should adapt these guidelines as needed for their local contexts (culture, language, habits etc.), legal context, local prevalence of injuries or illnesses and their own capacities (see Local adaptation). In addition, these guidelines and evidence review serve as an excellent reference for first aid instructors, emergency responders and their agencies.
Nevertheless, lawmakers have traditionally paid relatively little attention to first aid provided by laypeople. From country to country, there is enormous variety as to whether and how first aid training and delivery is promoted and regulated by law,
with important gaps in many countries.
This report highlights three areas in which stronger legislation related to first aid may contribute to saving more lives. It draws on an extensive review of current medical and grey literature, several surveys of first aid experts from National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies around the world, and a study of the laws of 37 sample countries.
First, it is recommended that first aid training be made mandatory in certain circumstances. One of these is in schools. It goes without saying that parents everywhere expect schools to do their best to ensure the safety of their children. However, many countries do not require teachers or school personnel to have first aid training. Perhaps more important, studies have shown that children themselves, even at quite
a young age, are capable of learning and applying aspects of first aid. Moreover, they are well placed to learn and to receive training and in particular refresher sessions to cement their knowledge. Yet, only a minority of the countries examined required first aid training for students.
Another opportunity relates to driver’s license applicants. Countries that have instituted mandatory first aid training requirements for applicants have seen dramatically higher permeation of first aid knowledge in their populations compared to those that have not. Moreover, road traffic accidents make up the largest proportion of unintentional injury deaths in the world and other drivers are often those closest at hand when they occur. Countries in Europe have gone farthest in this respect, though even there about a fourth of countries have no mandatory requirements.
The most common type of first aid training requirement around the world is related to occupational safety and health rules. Evidence has shown that workplace first aid training not only saves lives in situations of crisis but also enhances participants’ motivation to avoid occupational injuries and illnesses in the first place and improves their risk control behaviour. Even here, however, the picture is mixed. Some countries do not impose first aid training as part of their occupational and health approach, and some that do have such rules lack the institutional infrastructure for enforcement.
A second issue raised by this report goes to the quality of first aid education. As may be expected, studies confirm that correctly performed first aid is much more likely to save lives than clumsier attempts. Yet, very few states examined for this report had any official guidelines or standards for the minimum quality of content of first aid courses.
Finally, the report points to the issue of liability of lay first aiders. Studies in the literature and the surveys of Red Cross and Red Crescent first aid experts have shown that bystanders are frequently very reluctant to provide assistance in situations of crisis, and one of the reasons is a fear of legal entanglement. In some countries, this fear is clearly justified in light of a substantial number of cases where victims or the state have brought action against persons who tried unsuccessfully to intervene.
While some countries provide explicit protections against liability for those who try to help in such situations, this is not the case everywhere else. Moreover, even in some countries where protections do exist, they are not well known (or believed) in the population. Of course, mistakes can and do happen, but society is much better served by encouraging people to help than increasing a personal sense of risk among those who might be in a position to save a life. Accordingly, the report recommends that states expressly provide for protection against liability for the good faith efforts of lay first aiders.
members moves the conversation from foundational evidence to policy and practices. This meta-analysis provides a case study for the development process of a ‘career ladder’ borne in institutional evidence and strategically implemented through leadership and policy development. Five steps are identified in
the achievement institutional recognition and sustainability for key personnel in Academic Advising. Step 1: empower institutional leaders; Step 2: recruit change leaders; Step 3: link strategic plan outcomes
to larger institutional culture and policy; Step 4: engage strategic stakeholders; and Step 5: assess policy implementation and outcomes (different processes). Practical implementation strategies for policy are discussed.