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Peter G Krogh

Aarhus University, Information Studies & Digital Design, School of Communication and Culture, Faculty Member

Aarhus University, Department of Engineering, Faculty Member

Politecnico di Milano, Department of Design, Faculty Member

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Peter Gall Krogh is trained as an architect and product designer. He is professor at the Department of Digital Design and Information Studies at Aarhus University and associated with Politecnico di Milano. Emblematic to the cross-disciplinary character of his work he has held design professorships in institutions based in art, technology and humanities. Additionally, he has been visiting researcher and professor at TU Eindhoven, Hong Kong PolyU, and Jiangnan University. He contributes to service and interaction design both in practice and by theorizing based on co-design techniques, with a particular interest in aesthetics, collective action, and proxemics. In recent years this has been applied in relation to designing for patient experiences in healthcare. His recent book, Drifting by Intention: Four Epistemic Traditions from within Constructive Design Research, describes what design looks like and how it can be approached when developing knowledge is as equally important as providing opportunities by design.
Phone: 93508391
Address: Helsingforsgade 14, 8200 AarhusN , Central Jutland, Denmark

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Kansas State University

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Armando Marques-Guedes

UNL - New University of Lisbon

Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture

Antonis K . Petrides

Open University of Cyprus

Macquarie University

Jean Pierre van Noppen

Université libre de Bruxelles

Alexander Filippov

National Research University Higher School of Economics

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Papers by Peter G Krogh

Drifting by Intention

Design research foundations, 2020

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more

Emergent Participation in DIY Designed Bike Trails

Combining mHealth and health-coaching for improving self-management in chronic care. A scoping review

Patient Education and Counseling, Apr 1, 2021

Healthcare Professionals’ Experiences and Perspectives of Facilitating Self-Management Support for Patients with Low-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer via mHealth and Health Coaching

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Dec 26, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more

Collective Interaction: let's join forces

In this paper we introduce the concept of Collective Interaction. Collective Interaction involves... more In this paper we introduce the concept of Collective Interaction. Collective Interaction involves designing for co-experiences among co-located people sharing collective resources for controlling interfaces. The particular approach we explore in this paper is to instrumentalize collaboration, such that the interaction itself is a matter of collective action. To illustrate this we provide an interaction model and a definition of Collective Interaction, and present two design cases based on this model one in the context of a public library-and one in a home-context. We outline design rationales, and discuss experiences from trial use of the prototypes.

“Interactive rooms—augmented reality in an architectural perspective”

This paper will discus aspects of applying augmented reality technologies in architecture through... more This paper will discus aspects of applying augmented reality technologies in architecture through experiments conducted in full-scale, and seen through the concept of atmosphere in architecture. Working with augmented reality in an architectural perspective brings a set of new artistic effects that will change the perception of the architectural space. The theories and experiments described in this paper take their departure in working interdisciplinary with full-scale models taking in considerations of both enhanced digital functions and as well as architectural working methods.

Mapping Cultural Frame Shifting in Interaction Design with Blending Theory

International Journal of Design, 2008

In this paper, we introduce Gilles Fauconnier & Mark Turner's blending theory as a new conceptual... more In this paper, we introduce Gilles Fauconnier & Mark Turner's blending theory as a new conceptual framework for explaining 'cultural frame shifting' in interaction design. Cultural frame shifting is when people, through their explorative use of technology, are required imaginatively to reorganize their cultural background knowledge and expectations. In current HCI research it has occasionally been pointed out that a proper understanding of this phenomenon hinges on addressing the relationship between embodied interaction and cultural meaning construction as part of a larger interactive system. However, the given treatments of this relationship are mostly unbalanced. Thus, there is a research bias towards either leaving the question of meaning construction aside, or trying to answer it exclusively in terms of embodiment-often grounded in phenomenology. As a tool of analysis and interpretation we apply the network model of mental spaces from Fauconnier & Turner's blending theory onto video material and interviews from initial qualitative use studies of a design case. In so doing we explore and argue for how meaning formation and embodied cognition coalesce in cultural frame shifting and provide a tool for designers to work with cultural aspects as a constitutive factor of user experience in interaction design.

Emergent Participation in DIY Designed Bike Trails

Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference 2022 - Volume 2

This paper details early findings from our exploratory research on bike trails and the people who... more This paper details early findings from our exploratory research on bike trails and the people who build, care for, and use them. The paper contributes to understandings of participation in punk and DIY cultures by engaging with a context outside the traditional realms of PD to learn about existing forms of (non-)participation. We outline three themes from the initial field work: First, the kinds of participation involved in designing and building the trails, including non-participation of those outside the community. We engage with the problems of participation in a DIY (un)commons that is often illegal and therefore fragile. Second, we look to grassroots moves to increase participation in these spaces and the reasons for doing so. Finally, we speculate on an aim to develop a symmetry, whereby academic attention to these spaces and practices may contribute to the community rather than only extract information. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → Interaction design; Interaction design process and methods; Participatory design; • Social and professional topics → User characteristics; Gender; Women.

Graspable AI: Physical Forms as Explanation Modality for Explainable AI

Sixteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, 2022

Explainable AI (XAI) seeks to disclose how an AI system arrives at its outcomes. But the nature o... more Explainable AI (XAI) seeks to disclose how an AI system arrives at its outcomes. But the nature of the disclosure depends in part on who needs to understand the AI and the available explanation modalities (e.g., verbal and visual). Users' preferences regarding explanation modalities might differ, as some might prefer spoken explanations compared to visual ones. However, we argue for broadening the explanation modalities, to consider also tangible and physical forms. In traditional product design, physical forms have mediated people's interactions with objects; more recently interacting with physical forms has become prominent with IoT and smart devices, such as smart lighting and robotic vacuum cleaners. But how tangible interaction can support AI explanations is not yet well understood. In this second studio proposal on Graspable AI (GAI) we seek to explore design qualities of physical forms [12] as an explanation modality for XAI. We anticipate that the design qualities of physical forms and their tangible interactivity can not only contribute to the explainability of AI through facilitating dialogue [5], relationships [18] and human empowerment [15], but they can also contribute to critical and reflective discourses on AI [2, 13]. Therefore, this proposal contributes to design agendas that expand explainable AI into tangible modalities, supporting a more diverse range of users in their understanding of how a given AI works and the meanings of its outcomes. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → Interactive systems and tools; Interaction design; Interaction design theory, concepts and paradigms;

Peter Gall Krogh & Kaj Grønbæk: Architecture and pervasive computing 11

Architecture and pervasive computing when buildings and design artifacts become computer interfaces

From ”Explainable AI” to ”Graspable AI”

Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, 2021

Since the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), researchers have aske... more Since the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), researchers have asked how intelligent computing systems could interact with and relate to their users and their surroundings, leading to debates around issues of biased AI systems, ML black-box, user trust, user's perception of control over the system, and system´s transparency, to name a few. All of these issues are related to how humans interact with AI or ML systems, through an interface which uses different interaction modalities. Prior studies address these issues from a variety of perspectives, spanning from understanding and framing the problems through ethics and Science and Technology Studies (STS) perspectives to finding effective technical solutions to the problems. But what is shared among almost all those efforts is an assumption that if systems can explain the how and why of their predictions, people will have a better perception of control and therefore will trust such systems more, and even can correct their shortcomings. This research field has been called Explainable AI (XAI). In this studio proposal, we take stock on prior efforts in this area; however, we focus on using Tangible and Embodied Interaction (TEI) as an interaction modality for understanding ML. We note that the affordances of physical forms and their behaviors potentially can not only contribute to the explainability of ML systems, but also can contribute to an open environment for criticism. Our proposal seeks to both critique explainable ML terminology and to map the opportunities that TEI can offer to the HCI for designing more sustainable, graspable and just intelligent systems. CCS CONCEPTS • Insert your first CCS term here • Insert your second CCS term here • Insert your third CCS term here

Engagement through mixed modalities

Interactions, 2011

Mapping cultural frame shifting in interaction design with blending theory

International Journal of Design, 2008

Interaction design is commonly viewed as a recent trend in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) that ... more

Collective InteractionLet's Join Forces

proceedings of COOP, 2008

In this paper we introduce the concept of Collective Interaction. Collective Interaction involves... more In this paper we introduce the concept of Collective Interaction. Collective Interaction involves designing for co-experiences among co-located people sharing collective resources for controlling interfaces. The particular approach we explore in this paper is to instrumentalize collaboration, such that the interaction itself is a matter of collective action. To illustrate this we provide an interaction model and a definition of Collective Interaction, and present two design cases based on this model one in the context of a public library-and one in a home-context. We outline design rationales, and discuss experiences from trial use of the prototypes.

Emergence as a Feature of Practice-based Design Research

Designing Interactive Systems Conference

Practice-based design research is often emergent. Methods, tactics, goals and even topics can unf... more Practice-based design research is often emergent. Methods, tactics, goals and even topics can unfold and change as researchers adapt and learn in the course of their projects. This adaptability is one of the strengths of design as an approach to research, but it seems to contradict assumptions about research as a systematic, inquiry-led investigation. This leads to a tension in practicing and reporting research that we unpack here, before making a series of suggestions for practice-based researchers and reviewers about how to better navigate emergence when pursuing, reporting and evaluating practice-based design research. CCS CONCEPTS • B7; Human-centered computing → Interaction design.

1 Collaborative Augmented Reality Environments: Integrating VR, Working Materials, and Distributed Work Spaces

This paper describes Manufaktur, a prototype of a concept and infrastructure that goes beyond the... more This paper describes Manufaktur, a prototype of a concept and infrastructure that goes beyond the classical CVE sys-tems toward a collaborative augmented reality environ-ment, where users ' documents and objects appear as live representations in a 3D workspace. Manufaktur supports collaborative, distributed work across platforms. It provides the possibility of display on the MS Windows and the SGI IRIX platforms with mono and stereographic displays rang-ing from a monitor built into a table to a Holobench. The emphasis is on representing the materials with which people are working, and the actions they are taking with them, and far less on the visual representation, e.g. through avatars, of the collaborating persons. It seeks to facilitate users ’ collective self-organisation of environments, spaces and traces that embody the trajectory of their work.

Service Design in open production, distribution and organisation as a discipline facilitating democratic critique?

Service Design, as its name suggests, is mostly concerned with motivations for building new servi... more Service Design, as its name suggests, is mostly concerned with motivations for building new services and systems. Its driving factors are often the desire to improve human experience of these systems and to create leaner processes. In this paper, we point to the key qualities of service design and how complements from other disciplines may strengthen its analytical components, allowing a critical understanding of complex technological systems. The first part of the paper aims to describe this general scenario of transformation. The second part is based on an initial literature review, mapping existing contributions that talk about the role of service design in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The final aim of this part is to find emerging trends in service design, by analysing and comparing common and/or different disciplinary points of view. These new trends could help discern possible new challenges for service design.

Inquiry into libraries: Design approach to children’s interactive library

Nordes 2007: Design Inquiries, 2007

This article reports on a design process of pervasive computing installations for a children’s in... more This article reports on a design process of pervasive computing installations for a children’s interactive library. The design process involved a wide range of decisive parties of the domain and the process was designed so that the collectively developed design concepts could suit the needs and interests of the many parties. Narratives and sketches were used for inquiries and communication, and the concepts and their iterations illustrate the process of design and how the physical qualities of the environment and the artefacts played a central role in the development of the concepts.

Proxemics Beyond Proximity

Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2020

Cross-device interactions enable ad hoc sharing of content and control in co-located collaboratio... more Cross-device interactions enable ad hoc sharing of content and control in co-located collaboration. Cross-device research often draws from proxemics theory for designing interactions based on detection of spatial relations such as distance and orientation between people and devices. However, detection of human-human or human-device proximity also constrains flexibility in co-located social interaction. We suggest a proxemics-based approach to designing flexible cross-device interactions. From observations in a field study, we articulate how co-located sharing practices are shaped by the interplay between everyday mobile devices and the physical environment. Based on these insights, we present three cross-device prototypes as proofs-of-concept, demonstrating three design sensitivities for considering proxemics beyond proximity; incorporating features in the environment, enabling flexibility in interpersonal distance and orientation, and providing multiple alternative action possibilities. Drawing from characteristics of our prototypes, we discuss concrete proposals for designing cross-device interactions to enable flexible social interaction.

Reconnecting actions and consequences

Electronic Workshops in Computing, 2009

Drifting by Intention

Design research foundations, 2020

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more

Emergent Participation in DIY Designed Bike Trails

Combining mHealth and health-coaching for improving self-management in chronic care. A scoping review

Patient Education and Counseling, Apr 1, 2021

Healthcare Professionals’ Experiences and Perspectives of Facilitating Self-Management Support for Patients with Low-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer via mHealth and Health Coaching

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Dec 26, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more

Collective Interaction: let's join forces

In this paper we introduce the concept of Collective Interaction. Collective Interaction involves... more In this paper we introduce the concept of Collective Interaction. Collective Interaction involves designing for co-experiences among co-located people sharing collective resources for controlling interfaces. The particular approach we explore in this paper is to instrumentalize collaboration, such that the interaction itself is a matter of collective action. To illustrate this we provide an interaction model and a definition of Collective Interaction, and present two design cases based on this model one in the context of a public library-and one in a home-context. We outline design rationales, and discuss experiences from trial use of the prototypes.

“Interactive rooms—augmented reality in an architectural perspective”

This paper will discus aspects of applying augmented reality technologies in architecture through... more This paper will discus aspects of applying augmented reality technologies in architecture through experiments conducted in full-scale, and seen through the concept of atmosphere in architecture. Working with augmented reality in an architectural perspective brings a set of new artistic effects that will change the perception of the architectural space. The theories and experiments described in this paper take their departure in working interdisciplinary with full-scale models taking in considerations of both enhanced digital functions and as well as architectural working methods.

Mapping Cultural Frame Shifting in Interaction Design with Blending Theory

International Journal of Design, 2008

In this paper, we introduce Gilles Fauconnier & Mark Turner's blending theory as a new conceptual... more In this paper, we introduce Gilles Fauconnier & Mark Turner's blending theory as a new conceptual framework for explaining 'cultural frame shifting' in interaction design. Cultural frame shifting is when people, through their explorative use of technology, are required imaginatively to reorganize their cultural background knowledge and expectations. In current HCI research it has occasionally been pointed out that a proper understanding of this phenomenon hinges on addressing the relationship between embodied interaction and cultural meaning construction as part of a larger interactive system. However, the given treatments of this relationship are mostly unbalanced. Thus, there is a research bias towards either leaving the question of meaning construction aside, or trying to answer it exclusively in terms of embodiment-often grounded in phenomenology. As a tool of analysis and interpretation we apply the network model of mental spaces from Fauconnier & Turner's blending theory onto video material and interviews from initial qualitative use studies of a design case. In so doing we explore and argue for how meaning formation and embodied cognition coalesce in cultural frame shifting and provide a tool for designers to work with cultural aspects as a constitutive factor of user experience in interaction design.

Emergent Participation in DIY Designed Bike Trails

Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference 2022 - Volume 2

This paper details early findings from our exploratory research on bike trails and the people who... more This paper details early findings from our exploratory research on bike trails and the people who build, care for, and use them. The paper contributes to understandings of participation in punk and DIY cultures by engaging with a context outside the traditional realms of PD to learn about existing forms of (non-)participation. We outline three themes from the initial field work: First, the kinds of participation involved in designing and building the trails, including non-participation of those outside the community. We engage with the problems of participation in a DIY (un)commons that is often illegal and therefore fragile. Second, we look to grassroots moves to increase participation in these spaces and the reasons for doing so. Finally, we speculate on an aim to develop a symmetry, whereby academic attention to these spaces and practices may contribute to the community rather than only extract information. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → Interaction design; Interaction design process and methods; Participatory design; • Social and professional topics → User characteristics; Gender; Women.

Graspable AI: Physical Forms as Explanation Modality for Explainable AI

Sixteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, 2022

Explainable AI (XAI) seeks to disclose how an AI system arrives at its outcomes. But the nature o... more Explainable AI (XAI) seeks to disclose how an AI system arrives at its outcomes. But the nature of the disclosure depends in part on who needs to understand the AI and the available explanation modalities (e.g., verbal and visual). Users' preferences regarding explanation modalities might differ, as some might prefer spoken explanations compared to visual ones. However, we argue for broadening the explanation modalities, to consider also tangible and physical forms. In traditional product design, physical forms have mediated people's interactions with objects; more recently interacting with physical forms has become prominent with IoT and smart devices, such as smart lighting and robotic vacuum cleaners. But how tangible interaction can support AI explanations is not yet well understood. In this second studio proposal on Graspable AI (GAI) we seek to explore design qualities of physical forms [12] as an explanation modality for XAI. We anticipate that the design qualities of physical forms and their tangible interactivity can not only contribute to the explainability of AI through facilitating dialogue [5], relationships [18] and human empowerment [15], but they can also contribute to critical and reflective discourses on AI [2, 13]. Therefore, this proposal contributes to design agendas that expand explainable AI into tangible modalities, supporting a more diverse range of users in their understanding of how a given AI works and the meanings of its outcomes. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → Interactive systems and tools; Interaction design; Interaction design theory, concepts and paradigms;

Peter Gall Krogh & Kaj Grønbæk: Architecture and pervasive computing 11

Architecture and pervasive computing when buildings and design artifacts become computer interfaces

From ”Explainable AI” to ”Graspable AI”

Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, 2021

Since the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), researchers have aske... more Since the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), researchers have asked how intelligent computing systems could interact with and relate to their users and their surroundings, leading to debates around issues of biased AI systems, ML black-box, user trust, user's perception of control over the system, and system´s transparency, to name a few. All of these issues are related to how humans interact with AI or ML systems, through an interface which uses different interaction modalities. Prior studies address these issues from a variety of perspectives, spanning from understanding and framing the problems through ethics and Science and Technology Studies (STS) perspectives to finding effective technical solutions to the problems. But what is shared among almost all those efforts is an assumption that if systems can explain the how and why of their predictions, people will have a better perception of control and therefore will trust such systems more, and even can correct their shortcomings. This research field has been called Explainable AI (XAI). In this studio proposal, we take stock on prior efforts in this area; however, we focus on using Tangible and Embodied Interaction (TEI) as an interaction modality for understanding ML. We note that the affordances of physical forms and their behaviors potentially can not only contribute to the explainability of ML systems, but also can contribute to an open environment for criticism. Our proposal seeks to both critique explainable ML terminology and to map the opportunities that TEI can offer to the HCI for designing more sustainable, graspable and just intelligent systems. CCS CONCEPTS • Insert your first CCS term here • Insert your second CCS term here • Insert your third CCS term here

Engagement through mixed modalities

Interactions, 2011

Mapping cultural frame shifting in interaction design with blending theory

International Journal of Design, 2008

Interaction design is commonly viewed as a recent trend in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) that ... more

Collective InteractionLet's Join Forces

proceedings of COOP, 2008

In this paper we introduce the concept of Collective Interaction. Collective Interaction involves... more In this paper we introduce the concept of Collective Interaction. Collective Interaction involves designing for co-experiences among co-located people sharing collective resources for controlling interfaces. The particular approach we explore in this paper is to instrumentalize collaboration, such that the interaction itself is a matter of collective action. To illustrate this we provide an interaction model and a definition of Collective Interaction, and present two design cases based on this model one in the context of a public library-and one in a home-context. We outline design rationales, and discuss experiences from trial use of the prototypes.

Emergence as a Feature of Practice-based Design Research

Designing Interactive Systems Conference

Practice-based design research is often emergent. Methods, tactics, goals and even topics can unf... more Practice-based design research is often emergent. Methods, tactics, goals and even topics can unfold and change as researchers adapt and learn in the course of their projects. This adaptability is one of the strengths of design as an approach to research, but it seems to contradict assumptions about research as a systematic, inquiry-led investigation. This leads to a tension in practicing and reporting research that we unpack here, before making a series of suggestions for practice-based researchers and reviewers about how to better navigate emergence when pursuing, reporting and evaluating practice-based design research. CCS CONCEPTS • B7; Human-centered computing → Interaction design.

1 Collaborative Augmented Reality Environments: Integrating VR, Working Materials, and Distributed Work Spaces

This paper describes Manufaktur, a prototype of a concept and infrastructure that goes beyond the... more This paper describes Manufaktur, a prototype of a concept and infrastructure that goes beyond the classical CVE sys-tems toward a collaborative augmented reality environ-ment, where users ' documents and objects appear as live representations in a 3D workspace. Manufaktur supports collaborative, distributed work across platforms. It provides the possibility of display on the MS Windows and the SGI IRIX platforms with mono and stereographic displays rang-ing from a monitor built into a table to a Holobench. The emphasis is on representing the materials with which people are working, and the actions they are taking with them, and far less on the visual representation, e.g. through avatars, of the collaborating persons. It seeks to facilitate users ’ collective self-organisation of environments, spaces and traces that embody the trajectory of their work.

Service Design in open production, distribution and organisation as a discipline facilitating democratic critique?

Service Design, as its name suggests, is mostly concerned with motivations for building new servi... more Service Design, as its name suggests, is mostly concerned with motivations for building new services and systems. Its driving factors are often the desire to improve human experience of these systems and to create leaner processes. In this paper, we point to the key qualities of service design and how complements from other disciplines may strengthen its analytical components, allowing a critical understanding of complex technological systems. The first part of the paper aims to describe this general scenario of transformation. The second part is based on an initial literature review, mapping existing contributions that talk about the role of service design in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The final aim of this part is to find emerging trends in service design, by analysing and comparing common and/or different disciplinary points of view. These new trends could help discern possible new challenges for service design.

Inquiry into libraries: Design approach to children’s interactive library

Nordes 2007: Design Inquiries, 2007

This article reports on a design process of pervasive computing installations for a children’s in... more This article reports on a design process of pervasive computing installations for a children’s interactive library. The design process involved a wide range of decisive parties of the domain and the process was designed so that the collectively developed design concepts could suit the needs and interests of the many parties. Narratives and sketches were used for inquiries and communication, and the concepts and their iterations illustrate the process of design and how the physical qualities of the environment and the artefacts played a central role in the development of the concepts.

Proxemics Beyond Proximity

Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2020

Cross-device interactions enable ad hoc sharing of content and control in co-located collaboratio... more Cross-device interactions enable ad hoc sharing of content and control in co-located collaboration. Cross-device research often draws from proxemics theory for designing interactions based on detection of spatial relations such as distance and orientation between people and devices. However, detection of human-human or human-device proximity also constrains flexibility in co-located social interaction. We suggest a proxemics-based approach to designing flexible cross-device interactions. From observations in a field study, we articulate how co-located sharing practices are shaped by the interplay between everyday mobile devices and the physical environment. Based on these insights, we present three cross-device prototypes as proofs-of-concept, demonstrating three design sensitivities for considering proxemics beyond proximity; incorporating features in the environment, enabling flexibility in interpersonal distance and orientation, and providing multiple alternative action possibilities. Drawing from characteristics of our prototypes, we discuss concrete proposals for designing cross-device interactions to enable flexible social interaction.

Reconnecting actions and consequences

Electronic Workshops in Computing, 2009