Social media has enhanced our ability to connect with each other globally but can also be detrime... more Social media has enhanced our ability to connect with each other globally but can also be detrimental to our psychological well-being. Recent data from Pew Research (2021) shows that approximately 70% of Americans use Facebook daily. Furthermore, recent studies show that college students are experiencing more loneliness, lower psychological well-being, and problems with depression and anxiety, and these problems are even more common among students who are more active on social media (Bhagchandani, 2017). However, exposure to nature may counteract the negative effects of social media. Prior research has shown that spending time in a natural environment, or simply seeing photographs or watching videos of natural environments, helps to lessen stress and improve cognition (McMahan & Estes, 2015) and increases social cohesion (Groenewegen & de Vries, 2012). The current study aims to first examine whether the effects of an experimental manipulation in which participants view nature photos...
Using a longitudinal sample of college students, this research aimed to understand how cultural f... more Using a longitudinal sample of college students, this research aimed to understand how cultural factors relate to how vividly students can imagine their future. The overall aim of the study is to test the relationship between vividness of the future self and cultural factors (e.g., gender, college generation status, ethnicity, immigration history, and familism). This knowledge is important to provide a foundation to create interventions to help students have a better chance at achieving academic success.
This research explores the tradeoffs that decision makers are willing to make when implementing d... more This research explores the tradeoffs that decision makers are willing to make when implementing development initiatives to improve supplier sustainability performance. We employ a policy capturing methodology in which respondents are forced to choose between multiple potential sustainable supplier development initiatives. Data were collected from traditional and executive MBA students. The results suggest that when confronted with tradeoffs, decision makers value improvements in supplier cost savings and injury reduction equally, which was somewhat unexpected. Further, both improvements in supplier cost savings and injury reduction were valued over supplier emissions performance. Because we measure individual tradeoff preferences, multi-level regression analysis was used to better understand the impact of respondent value structure regarding sustainably developing suppliers. Our findings suggest a hierarchy of tradeoff preferences for decision makers as they pertain to sustainable supplier development. As the pressure to ensure supply chain sustainability increases, more firms will engage in sustainable supplier development. The outcomes of the choices they make when choosing between initiatives, and how managers make these choices, will be of increasing interest in both industry and academia. This research answers previous calls for further examination of decision maker tradeoff preferences in sustainable supply chain development.
Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, Jan 5, 2017
The current study examines hacktivism (i.e., hacking to convey a moral, ethical, or social justic... more The current study examines hacktivism (i.e., hacking to convey a moral, ethical, or social justice message) through a general game theoretic framework-that is, as a product of costs and benefits. Given the inherent risk of carrying out a hacktivist attack (e.g., legal action, imprisonment), it would be rational for the user to weigh these risks against perceived benefits of carrying out the attack. As such, we examined computer science students' estimations of risks, payoffs, and attack likelihood through a game theoretic design. Furthermore, this study aims at constructing a descriptive profile of potential hacktivists, exploring two predicted covariates of attack decision making, namely, peer prevalence of hacking and sex differences. Contrary to expectations, results suggest that participants' estimations of attack likelihood stemmed solely from expected payoffs, rather than subjective risks. Peer prevalence significantly predicted increased payoffs and attack likelihood,...
Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 2017
As technology's presence grows increasingly concrete in global societies, so too do our relat... more As technology's presence grows increasingly concrete in global societies, so too do our relationships with the devices we keep close at hand from day to day. Whereas research has, in the past, framed smartphone addiction in terms of possessional attachment, the present research hypothesizes that anxious smartphone attachment stems from human attachment, in which Anxiously attached individuals may be more likely to generalize their anxious attachment style to communication devices. In the present study, we found support for this hypothesis and showed that anxious smartphone attachment predicts (1) anthropomorphic beliefs, (2) reliance on-or "clinginess" toward-smartphones, and (3) a seemingly compulsive urge to answer one's phone, even in dangerous situations (e.g., while driving). Taken together, we seek to provide a theoretical framework and methodological tools to identify the sources of technology attachment and those most at risk of engaging in dangerous or ina...
An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource, 2015
This essay synthesizes scientific research across two decades on the influence of cyberlife engag... more This essay synthesizes scientific research across two decades on the influence of cyberlife engagement on cognitive processes, mental and physical health, and interpersonal interactions, highlighting the increasingly pervasive presence of digital innovation in society. New possibilities afforded by the integration of technology in commerce, relationships, therapy, and education are discussed, as are prevalent topics of interest within cyberpsychological research. We present an analysis of the positivity with which information and communication technology is portrayed in scientific literature since its emergence in society and discuss important future directions of study as technology's presence and influence continue to grow on an exponential scale. Last, we present current voids in cyberpsychological research, focusing particularly on the question of digital culture, or the impact of cyberlife engagement on global cultures as both geographical and custom-based barriers are traversed with increasing ease. Keywords: cyberpsychology; cyberlife engagement; information technology; digital culture; Internet; media; computers; health
Scholars of fields as diverse as biology, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and theology have... more Scholars of fields as diverse as biology, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and theology have sought to achieve a greater understanding of the nature of the self. Since its first appearance in psychology, the self has become the most studied topic in Western research on psychology. One of the central issues this article addresses is, ‘What do we know about the Chinese self?’ Besides taking a bottom-up approach to review the literature relevant to the self within a Chinese context, this article also identifies the recurring themes among the topics on the self by assessing the frequency of their appearance in the literature. Although there are many topics relevant to the study of self-processes, this article focuses on only a few. It discusses three widely explored and central self-processes: self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-enhancement. Furthermore it identifies emerging topics and discusses future directions for research on the self.
A poster presented at SPSP 2021 on the relationship between relatedness to the future self and ho... more A poster presented at SPSP 2021 on the relationship between relatedness to the future self and hope with familism as a moderator.
Abstract Despite widespread concerns with social networking site (SNS) security, little research ... more Abstract Despite widespread concerns with social networking site (SNS) security, little research has determined why some are more concerned about SNS security than others. The present research proposes that people may derive their sense of security in SNSs from how safe they are and feel in their physical environment. Specifically, this research examined the relationships between participants’ (N = 1,262; 47.9% women) perceived neighborhood safety, perceived SNS security, and physical environments as defined by their neighborhood zip code. Findings showed that safety in one’s physical environment predicted their perception of physical safety, which in turn predicted their perception of SNS security. These relations held even when holding annual household income constant. Together, these findings suggest that perception of safety in offline and online contexts may be closely intertwined. This research highlights the importance of considering features of the physical environment to understand individual differences in the perception of SNS security.
Abstract Past research has found notable gender differences in the Big Five personality and that ... more Abstract Past research has found notable gender differences in the Big Five personality and that these differences may arise from cultural and ecological contexts. Social media has become part of everyday life with people constantly switching between social media and offline contexts. The present research addressed whether gender differences in the Big Five are the same between offline and social media contexts and potential explanations behind these gender differences between contexts. Across two samples of college students (total N = 943), women reported higher levels of all the Big Five personality traits than men in both contexts, except there were no significant gender differences in offline extraversion. Gender differences in extraversion and agreeableness were more pronounced on social media compared to offline. Gender differences in neuroticism were less pronounced on social media compared to offline. The findings further suggested that the amount of time spent on social media, the number of connections on social media, and public self-consciousness may serve as potential explanations for why these gender differences in personality were not the same between the two contexts. The findings from this research inform how advances in digital technology transform gender differences across contexts.
Group processes & intergroup relations : GPIR, 2016
This special issue of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations presents new theory and research o... more This special issue of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations presents new theory and research on how group processes influence, maintain, and overcome health disparities. We present eight papers that document the causes and consequences of health disparities from the perspective of stigmatized and disadvantaged groups, health care providers, and during the course of interaction between patients and providers. Several papers describe interventions and other factors that have the potential to reduce differences in health and well-being. We hope the research in this collection inspires more investigators to consider how their work on group processes and intergroup relations can address, and help to eliminate, disparities in health outcomes for the disadvantaged.
This research examined the function of future self-continuity and its potential downstream conseq... more This research examined the function of future self-continuity and its potential downstream consequences for academic performance through relations with other temporal psychological factors and self-control. We also addressed the influence of cultural factors by testing whether these relations differed by college generation status. Undergraduate students enrolled at a large public university participated in two studies (Study 1: N 5 119, M age 5 20.55, 56.4% women; Study 2: N 5 403, M age 5 19.83, 58.3% women) in which they completed measures of temporal psychological factors and psychological resources. In Study 2, we also obtained academic records to link responses to academic performance. Future self-continuity predicted subsequent academic performance and was related positively to future focus, negatively to present focus, and positively to self-control. Additionally, the relation between future focus and self-control was stronger for continuing-generation college students than first-generation college students. Future self-continuity plays a pivotal role in academic contexts. Findings suggest that it may have positive downstream consequences on academic achievement by directing attention away from the present and toward the future, which promotes self-control. Further, the strategy of focusing on the future may be effective in promoting self-control only for certain cultural groups.
Journal of personality and social psychology, Jan 21, 2015
The issue of Americans' levels of narcissism is subject to lively debate. The focus of the pr... more The issue of Americans' levels of narcissism is subject to lively debate. The focus of the present research is on the perception of national character (PNC) of Americans as a group. In Study 1, American adults (N = 100) rated Americans as significantly more narcissistic than they perceived themselves and acquaintances. In Study 2, this finding was replicated with American college students (N = 322). PNC ratings of personality traits and externalizing behaviors revealed that Americans were perceived as disagreeable and antisocial as well. In Study 3, we examined the broader characteristics associated with PNC ratings (N = 183). Americans rated the typical American as average on a variety of characteristics (e.g., wealth, education, health, likability) and PNC ratings of narcissism were largely unrelated to these ratings. In Study 4 (N = 1202) Americans rated PNCs for different prespecified groups of Americans; as expected, PNC ratings of narcissism differed by gender, age, and oc...
i ABSTRACT A theme in the life experiences of ethnic minority adolescents is the perception of di... more i ABSTRACT A theme in the life experiences of ethnic minority adolescents is the perception of discrimination and its concomitant challenges. Although existing literature has examined the perception of discrimination in adolescents, little research has examined how the cultural and familial setting may heighten or alleviate the impact of perceived discrimination on psychological outcomes in Latino youth. The current study investigated how traditional cultural values and parent-adolescent relationships prospectively interact with perceptions of group based discrimination to influence Latino adolescent mental health, adjustment, and risky behaviors. Data used from the Parents and Youth Study included 194 Mexican American (MA) adolescents. Adolescents reported on their perceptions of group discrimination, endorsement of traditional Mexican cultural values, and parent-child relationships in the 7 th grade (Time 1). The study also used indices of externalizing (mother report), internalizing, substance use and risky sexual behavior (adolescent report) in 10 th grade (Time 2). The findings demonstrated that traditional Mexican cultural values, particularly familism, moderated the relationship between perceived group discrimination and adolescent sexual behavior. Additionally, a better overall relationship with mother and father buffered the detrimental effects of perceived group discrimination on risky sexual behavior. The current work discusses future directions of how the context of culture and family may shape an adolescent " s response to perceived discrimination and the well-being of minorities. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my family. All my efforts are reflective of your love and care. Los quiero mucho y que Dios los bendiga siempre. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first and foremost like to thank my mentors Delia Saenz and Virginia Kwan for guiding me through the dissertation, graduate school and life. The other two members of my committee, Nancy Gonzales and Christian Geiser, were also extremely helpful and their feedback is invaluable. I would also like to thank my family and friends for continually being a support system for me. Lastly, I am absolutely grateful to my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, for all the wonderful blessings in my life.
Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, Jan 16, 2015
Large ethnic disparities exist in health outcomes, yet little is known about the psychological me... more Large ethnic disparities exist in health outcomes, yet little is known about the psychological mechanisms that underlie these differences. We propose that a key to understanding ethnic minority health is to recognize the cultural factors that influence perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD), specifically ethnicity and ethnic identification. In 3 studies, we examined how these cultural factors were associated with PVD to Type II diabetes, a highly prevalent disease among Latino Americans. We had 3 specific aims. The first was to examine ethnic group differences in PVD between European Americans and Latino Americans. The second was to examine potential psychological mechanisms that account for ethnic differences in PVD. The third was to examine the relationship between ethnic identification and PVD among Latino Americans. Participants in all studies were young European American and Latino American adults and were from independent samples. In all 3 studies, participants completed the...
Social media has enhanced our ability to connect with each other globally but can also be detrime... more Social media has enhanced our ability to connect with each other globally but can also be detrimental to our psychological well-being. Recent data from Pew Research (2021) shows that approximately 70% of Americans use Facebook daily. Furthermore, recent studies show that college students are experiencing more loneliness, lower psychological well-being, and problems with depression and anxiety, and these problems are even more common among students who are more active on social media (Bhagchandani, 2017). However, exposure to nature may counteract the negative effects of social media. Prior research has shown that spending time in a natural environment, or simply seeing photographs or watching videos of natural environments, helps to lessen stress and improve cognition (McMahan & Estes, 2015) and increases social cohesion (Groenewegen & de Vries, 2012). The current study aims to first examine whether the effects of an experimental manipulation in which participants view nature photos...
Using a longitudinal sample of college students, this research aimed to understand how cultural f... more Using a longitudinal sample of college students, this research aimed to understand how cultural factors relate to how vividly students can imagine their future. The overall aim of the study is to test the relationship between vividness of the future self and cultural factors (e.g., gender, college generation status, ethnicity, immigration history, and familism). This knowledge is important to provide a foundation to create interventions to help students have a better chance at achieving academic success.
This research explores the tradeoffs that decision makers are willing to make when implementing d... more This research explores the tradeoffs that decision makers are willing to make when implementing development initiatives to improve supplier sustainability performance. We employ a policy capturing methodology in which respondents are forced to choose between multiple potential sustainable supplier development initiatives. Data were collected from traditional and executive MBA students. The results suggest that when confronted with tradeoffs, decision makers value improvements in supplier cost savings and injury reduction equally, which was somewhat unexpected. Further, both improvements in supplier cost savings and injury reduction were valued over supplier emissions performance. Because we measure individual tradeoff preferences, multi-level regression analysis was used to better understand the impact of respondent value structure regarding sustainably developing suppliers. Our findings suggest a hierarchy of tradeoff preferences for decision makers as they pertain to sustainable supplier development. As the pressure to ensure supply chain sustainability increases, more firms will engage in sustainable supplier development. The outcomes of the choices they make when choosing between initiatives, and how managers make these choices, will be of increasing interest in both industry and academia. This research answers previous calls for further examination of decision maker tradeoff preferences in sustainable supply chain development.
Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, Jan 5, 2017
The current study examines hacktivism (i.e., hacking to convey a moral, ethical, or social justic... more The current study examines hacktivism (i.e., hacking to convey a moral, ethical, or social justice message) through a general game theoretic framework-that is, as a product of costs and benefits. Given the inherent risk of carrying out a hacktivist attack (e.g., legal action, imprisonment), it would be rational for the user to weigh these risks against perceived benefits of carrying out the attack. As such, we examined computer science students' estimations of risks, payoffs, and attack likelihood through a game theoretic design. Furthermore, this study aims at constructing a descriptive profile of potential hacktivists, exploring two predicted covariates of attack decision making, namely, peer prevalence of hacking and sex differences. Contrary to expectations, results suggest that participants' estimations of attack likelihood stemmed solely from expected payoffs, rather than subjective risks. Peer prevalence significantly predicted increased payoffs and attack likelihood,...
Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 2017
As technology's presence grows increasingly concrete in global societies, so too do our relat... more As technology's presence grows increasingly concrete in global societies, so too do our relationships with the devices we keep close at hand from day to day. Whereas research has, in the past, framed smartphone addiction in terms of possessional attachment, the present research hypothesizes that anxious smartphone attachment stems from human attachment, in which Anxiously attached individuals may be more likely to generalize their anxious attachment style to communication devices. In the present study, we found support for this hypothesis and showed that anxious smartphone attachment predicts (1) anthropomorphic beliefs, (2) reliance on-or "clinginess" toward-smartphones, and (3) a seemingly compulsive urge to answer one's phone, even in dangerous situations (e.g., while driving). Taken together, we seek to provide a theoretical framework and methodological tools to identify the sources of technology attachment and those most at risk of engaging in dangerous or ina...
An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource, 2015
This essay synthesizes scientific research across two decades on the influence of cyberlife engag... more This essay synthesizes scientific research across two decades on the influence of cyberlife engagement on cognitive processes, mental and physical health, and interpersonal interactions, highlighting the increasingly pervasive presence of digital innovation in society. New possibilities afforded by the integration of technology in commerce, relationships, therapy, and education are discussed, as are prevalent topics of interest within cyberpsychological research. We present an analysis of the positivity with which information and communication technology is portrayed in scientific literature since its emergence in society and discuss important future directions of study as technology's presence and influence continue to grow on an exponential scale. Last, we present current voids in cyberpsychological research, focusing particularly on the question of digital culture, or the impact of cyberlife engagement on global cultures as both geographical and custom-based barriers are traversed with increasing ease. Keywords: cyberpsychology; cyberlife engagement; information technology; digital culture; Internet; media; computers; health
Scholars of fields as diverse as biology, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and theology have... more Scholars of fields as diverse as biology, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and theology have sought to achieve a greater understanding of the nature of the self. Since its first appearance in psychology, the self has become the most studied topic in Western research on psychology. One of the central issues this article addresses is, ‘What do we know about the Chinese self?’ Besides taking a bottom-up approach to review the literature relevant to the self within a Chinese context, this article also identifies the recurring themes among the topics on the self by assessing the frequency of their appearance in the literature. Although there are many topics relevant to the study of self-processes, this article focuses on only a few. It discusses three widely explored and central self-processes: self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-enhancement. Furthermore it identifies emerging topics and discusses future directions for research on the self.
A poster presented at SPSP 2021 on the relationship between relatedness to the future self and ho... more A poster presented at SPSP 2021 on the relationship between relatedness to the future self and hope with familism as a moderator.
Abstract Despite widespread concerns with social networking site (SNS) security, little research ... more Abstract Despite widespread concerns with social networking site (SNS) security, little research has determined why some are more concerned about SNS security than others. The present research proposes that people may derive their sense of security in SNSs from how safe they are and feel in their physical environment. Specifically, this research examined the relationships between participants’ (N = 1,262; 47.9% women) perceived neighborhood safety, perceived SNS security, and physical environments as defined by their neighborhood zip code. Findings showed that safety in one’s physical environment predicted their perception of physical safety, which in turn predicted their perception of SNS security. These relations held even when holding annual household income constant. Together, these findings suggest that perception of safety in offline and online contexts may be closely intertwined. This research highlights the importance of considering features of the physical environment to understand individual differences in the perception of SNS security.
Abstract Past research has found notable gender differences in the Big Five personality and that ... more Abstract Past research has found notable gender differences in the Big Five personality and that these differences may arise from cultural and ecological contexts. Social media has become part of everyday life with people constantly switching between social media and offline contexts. The present research addressed whether gender differences in the Big Five are the same between offline and social media contexts and potential explanations behind these gender differences between contexts. Across two samples of college students (total N = 943), women reported higher levels of all the Big Five personality traits than men in both contexts, except there were no significant gender differences in offline extraversion. Gender differences in extraversion and agreeableness were more pronounced on social media compared to offline. Gender differences in neuroticism were less pronounced on social media compared to offline. The findings further suggested that the amount of time spent on social media, the number of connections on social media, and public self-consciousness may serve as potential explanations for why these gender differences in personality were not the same between the two contexts. The findings from this research inform how advances in digital technology transform gender differences across contexts.
Group processes & intergroup relations : GPIR, 2016
This special issue of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations presents new theory and research o... more This special issue of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations presents new theory and research on how group processes influence, maintain, and overcome health disparities. We present eight papers that document the causes and consequences of health disparities from the perspective of stigmatized and disadvantaged groups, health care providers, and during the course of interaction between patients and providers. Several papers describe interventions and other factors that have the potential to reduce differences in health and well-being. We hope the research in this collection inspires more investigators to consider how their work on group processes and intergroup relations can address, and help to eliminate, disparities in health outcomes for the disadvantaged.
This research examined the function of future self-continuity and its potential downstream conseq... more This research examined the function of future self-continuity and its potential downstream consequences for academic performance through relations with other temporal psychological factors and self-control. We also addressed the influence of cultural factors by testing whether these relations differed by college generation status. Undergraduate students enrolled at a large public university participated in two studies (Study 1: N 5 119, M age 5 20.55, 56.4% women; Study 2: N 5 403, M age 5 19.83, 58.3% women) in which they completed measures of temporal psychological factors and psychological resources. In Study 2, we also obtained academic records to link responses to academic performance. Future self-continuity predicted subsequent academic performance and was related positively to future focus, negatively to present focus, and positively to self-control. Additionally, the relation between future focus and self-control was stronger for continuing-generation college students than first-generation college students. Future self-continuity plays a pivotal role in academic contexts. Findings suggest that it may have positive downstream consequences on academic achievement by directing attention away from the present and toward the future, which promotes self-control. Further, the strategy of focusing on the future may be effective in promoting self-control only for certain cultural groups.
Journal of personality and social psychology, Jan 21, 2015
The issue of Americans' levels of narcissism is subject to lively debate. The focus of the pr... more The issue of Americans' levels of narcissism is subject to lively debate. The focus of the present research is on the perception of national character (PNC) of Americans as a group. In Study 1, American adults (N = 100) rated Americans as significantly more narcissistic than they perceived themselves and acquaintances. In Study 2, this finding was replicated with American college students (N = 322). PNC ratings of personality traits and externalizing behaviors revealed that Americans were perceived as disagreeable and antisocial as well. In Study 3, we examined the broader characteristics associated with PNC ratings (N = 183). Americans rated the typical American as average on a variety of characteristics (e.g., wealth, education, health, likability) and PNC ratings of narcissism were largely unrelated to these ratings. In Study 4 (N = 1202) Americans rated PNCs for different prespecified groups of Americans; as expected, PNC ratings of narcissism differed by gender, age, and oc...
i ABSTRACT A theme in the life experiences of ethnic minority adolescents is the perception of di... more i ABSTRACT A theme in the life experiences of ethnic minority adolescents is the perception of discrimination and its concomitant challenges. Although existing literature has examined the perception of discrimination in adolescents, little research has examined how the cultural and familial setting may heighten or alleviate the impact of perceived discrimination on psychological outcomes in Latino youth. The current study investigated how traditional cultural values and parent-adolescent relationships prospectively interact with perceptions of group based discrimination to influence Latino adolescent mental health, adjustment, and risky behaviors. Data used from the Parents and Youth Study included 194 Mexican American (MA) adolescents. Adolescents reported on their perceptions of group discrimination, endorsement of traditional Mexican cultural values, and parent-child relationships in the 7 th grade (Time 1). The study also used indices of externalizing (mother report), internalizing, substance use and risky sexual behavior (adolescent report) in 10 th grade (Time 2). The findings demonstrated that traditional Mexican cultural values, particularly familism, moderated the relationship between perceived group discrimination and adolescent sexual behavior. Additionally, a better overall relationship with mother and father buffered the detrimental effects of perceived group discrimination on risky sexual behavior. The current work discusses future directions of how the context of culture and family may shape an adolescent " s response to perceived discrimination and the well-being of minorities. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my family. All my efforts are reflective of your love and care. Los quiero mucho y que Dios los bendiga siempre. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first and foremost like to thank my mentors Delia Saenz and Virginia Kwan for guiding me through the dissertation, graduate school and life. The other two members of my committee, Nancy Gonzales and Christian Geiser, were also extremely helpful and their feedback is invaluable. I would also like to thank my family and friends for continually being a support system for me. Lastly, I am absolutely grateful to my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, for all the wonderful blessings in my life.
Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, Jan 16, 2015
Large ethnic disparities exist in health outcomes, yet little is known about the psychological me... more Large ethnic disparities exist in health outcomes, yet little is known about the psychological mechanisms that underlie these differences. We propose that a key to understanding ethnic minority health is to recognize the cultural factors that influence perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD), specifically ethnicity and ethnic identification. In 3 studies, we examined how these cultural factors were associated with PVD to Type II diabetes, a highly prevalent disease among Latino Americans. We had 3 specific aims. The first was to examine ethnic group differences in PVD between European Americans and Latino Americans. The second was to examine potential psychological mechanisms that account for ethnic differences in PVD. The third was to examine the relationship between ethnic identification and PVD among Latino Americans. Participants in all studies were young European American and Latino American adults and were from independent samples. In all 3 studies, participants completed the...
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