Papers by Hans van der Mars
Principled, Modest, and Giving … Don Hellison’s Impact Through the Eyes of His Peers
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education
This paper consists of reflections by a group of higher education peers on Don Hellison’s impact ... more This paper consists of reflections by a group of higher education peers on Don Hellison’s impact and legacy. The group of peers reflects a mix of gender, history and (work) experience with Hellison, and philosophical positions. Their views are presented around thematic topics, based on written responses to select questions. Some of the themes include Hellison’s impact on school physical education, physical education teacher education, his atypical role and identity as a researcher and scholar, and him being ahead of his time. The consensus view across Hellison’s peers is Hellison having impacted K–12 physical education, physical education teacher education, and the sport pedagogy research enterprise in significant ways that will be long lasting.
Policy Development in Physical Education … The Last Best Chance?
Quest
Systematic Observation of Formal Assessment of Students by Teachers (SOFAST)
The Physical Educator
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
Physical Education Preservice Teachers' Perceptions About Preparation for Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs
Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 2018
Physical educators may be the responsible people for implementing comprehensive school physical a... more Physical educators may be the responsible people for implementing comprehensive school physical activity programs (CSPAPs) in schools. However, it is unclear whether physical education teacher education (PETE) programs provide the relevant learning opportunities to preservice teachers for CSPAP implementation. The purpose of this study was to understand preservice teachers' perspectives and experiences of CSPAP preparation in their PETE programs. Fourteen PETE students from 6 different universities participated and shared their experiences in PETE programs. Data were collected through a short survey, 1 formal interview, field images, document gathering, and an additional survey to follow up the interview. Descriptive statistics, constant comparison, and analytic induction techniques were used to analyze the data. Participants' familiarity with CSPAPs was related to positive opinions about the role of physical educators in CSPAPs. Three common themes were revealed: (a) introd...
Developing the System for Observing Behavioral Ecology for Youth in Schools Instrument
The Journal of school health, 2017
Behavioral support may be effective in increasing physical activity (PA) in school settings. Howe... more Behavioral support may be effective in increasing physical activity (PA) in school settings. However, there are no data collection systems to concurrently record PA and behavioral support. This paper describes the development and validation of the System for Observing Behavioral Ecology for Youth in Schools (SOBEYS)-an instrument used with existing observation systems to record PA within a behavioral ecological context. In 2013, experts created a set of behavioral categories to record prompting and reinforcement of PA during a recreational school activity program. The school provided supervision and equipment for lunchtime PA, making it possible to assess both PA and behavioral support. The system was implemented in spring semester 2014 at 1 suburban junior high school (N = 1452; 48% girls, 74% Caucasian) in the western Unites States. Following multiple field trials, the SOBEYS instrument recorded behavioral categories of visual and verbal prompting, verbal, and nonreinforcement by ...
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education
This study examined the effectiveness of three conditions in which 48 fourth-grade students were ... more This study examined the effectiveness of three conditions in which 48 fourth-grade students were prompted to be physically active out of school. Using an alternating treatments design (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007) the three intervention conditions included: (a) Baseline: No prompting of students, (b) Teacher Prompts: Verbal prompt to “remember to do something active after school today”, and (c) Teacher Prompts and group-oriented contingencies: Verbal prompts with an index card where students could record their activity to earn bonus points as part of a team challenge. Graphically plotted pedometer data depicting data paths, variability, and trends within and across three conditions showed that students were more active outside of school only when the contingent reinforcement (c) was in place. This suggests that using prompts and group-oriented contingencies within Sport Education appears to be an effective and authentic context for promoting independent (i.e., free play) out-of-sc...
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education
This article provides an overview of the application of systematic supervisory strategies in an u... more This article provides an overview of the application of systematic supervisory strategies in an undergraduate teacher preparation program. Furthermore, the results are reported for a series of intervention studies. These studies were conducted to determine the impact of using systematic supervisory feedback on teacher behaviors and interaction patterns of preservice physical education teachers. Also included are the findings of the effects of such feedback on the trainees’ attitudes toward teaching, the degree to which they exhibited behaviors indicative of effective teaching, and their awareness of their own teaching behavior.
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education
This study sought to determine the effects of three teacher supervision patterns on student on-ta... more This study sought to determine the effects of three teacher supervision patterns on student on-task and practice skill behavior. Three experienced physical education instructors and 3 off-task junior high school males served as subjects. An alternating treatments design was used to study the on-task behavior, total practice trials and appropriate practice trials under three supervision patterns: (a) close with feedback, (b) distant with feedback, and (c) distant with no feedback. Under the active supervision patterns (with feedback), teachers issued specific skill feedback to target students at a minimum of 0.5 per minute. Findings indicated that when the treatments were successfully implemented, (a) the percentage of on-task behavior was significantly higher during active supervision for two target students and (b) mixed results were produced for total practice trials and appropriate practice trials across all three treatments.
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education
Audiocueing by way of a microcassette recorder was used to change a female student teacher’s (S1)... more Audiocueing by way of a microcassette recorder was used to change a female student teacher’s (S1) use of verbal praise of students’ overall class behavior. A second student teacher’s (S2) behavior teaching in the same setting was used as concurrent baseline measure. Both subjects taught K-3 classes at a rural elementary school. An ABAB reversal design was used to determine the relationship between the intervention and dependent variables. Results showed that when audiocues were introduced, verbal praise rate increased significantly. Upon removal of the audiocues, the rate of verbal praise decreased gradually. Percentage of specific verbal praise also increased upon presentation of audiocues. Experimental significance found through visual inspection of graphic data was supported statistically by f-test results. Findings of the exit interview with S1 are included. Suggestions for further research are provided.
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education
This study examined the effects of active supervision on the moderate to vigorous physical activi... more This study examined the effects of active supervision on the moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels of middle school students during fitness instruction. Students from four separate classes, characterized as “low activity students,” and their teacher participated in the study. Students’ MVPA levels during fitness instruction served as the target behavior. Two supervisory conditions were contrasted using a reversal design. Passive supervision was characterized by low rates of teacher interaction, such as prompting, encouragement, feedback, and movement. Active supervision consisted of teaching patterns that included higher rates of interactions with students and movement. Mean MVPA levels during passive condition were 49.7% while mean MVPA levels during active supervision were 68%. Findings point to a functional relationship between specific components of teachers’ supervisory efforts and students’ MVPA levels during fitness instruction. The importance of active supervi...
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education
The effects of specific verbal praise by an experienced male physical education specialist on off... more The effects of specific verbal praise by an experienced male physical education specialist on off-task behavior of three second-grade students were studied. A multiple baseline research design across subjects was used to assess the intervention, consisting of teacher praise aimed at the subjects’ class conduct and motor skill performance. To ensure that (a) the intervention would be implemented, and (b) that the praise would be contingent upon appropriate student conduct and skill performance, audio-cues were provided by way of prerecorded cues on microcassettes. Two boys and one girl in a second-grade class served as subjects. Off-task behavior and teacher praise data were collected from videotapes of 15 regular physical education classes. Results showed that the baseline levels of off-task levels were reduced significantly after introduction of the intervention for each subject. Specific verbal praise was effective in reducing off-task behavior of second-grade students in physical...
Measuring Students’ Physical Activity Levels: Validating SOFIT for Use with High-School Students
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education
This study was conducted to validate the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) fo... more This study was conducted to validate the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) for measuring physical activity levels of high-school students. Thirty-five students (21 girls and 14 boys from grades 9-12) completed a standardized protocol including lying, sitting, standing, walking, running, curl-ups, and push-ups. Heart rates and Energy Expenditure, that is, oxygen uptake, served as concurrent validity criteria. Results indicate that SOFIT discriminates accurately among high-school students’ sedentary behaviors (i.e., lying down, sitting, standing) and moderate to vigorous physical activity behavior and is recommended for use in research and assessment of physical activity levels in physical education classes for this age group. Implications for use of SOFIT by both researchers and teachers in physical education are described, as well.
The Effects of Audio-Cueing on Selected Teaching Behaviors of an Experienced Elementary Physical Education Specialist
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education
Audio-cueing was used as the intervention to increase an experienced male physical educator’s use... more Audio-cueing was used as the intervention to increase an experienced male physical educator’s use of verbal positive behavior feedback and specific positive skill feedback. The intervention was introduced by using a multiple baseline design across behaviors, with percent of management time as a concurrent baseline. Visual analysis of graphs showed the effectiveness of the intervention. Across both target behaviors, audio-cueing produced immediate and substantial changes as evidenced by changes in level and the absence of data overlap. Subsequent statistical analysis was possible in light of the absence of serial dependency in the data. T-test results supported the findings established through visual analysis. For both target behaviors, differences between baseline and intervention data were statistically significant (p
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education
, Apollo 13 embarked on humankind's third mission with the goal of landing two more U.S. astronau... more , Apollo 13 embarked on humankind's third mission with the goal of landing two more U.S. astronauts on the surface of the moon. The Apollo space program had experienced enormous successes in a short amount of time. And following the historic Apollo 11 and 12 missions, the future looked bright. However, two days into the mission, one of the oxygen tanks exploded, because of a defective wiring in the electrical system. In their effort to bring back the three astronauts, the entire team of technicians in the program had to use all of their expertise and creativity to make unprecedented adjustments and decisions. The astronauts did return safely, but after the mission (called "a successful failure"), program administrators had to step back, reflect, determine the cause of the problem, and develop solutions to prevent a repeat occurrence. This theme issue of Journal of Teaching in Physical Education constitutes the first concentrated effort to reflect on critical dimensions and issues related to the quality of doctoral programs in Sport Pedagogy/Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) in the United States (hereafter referred to as D-PETE programs). For a number of years now, Drs. Rikard, Boyce, Goc Karp, and Woods have been eyeing the supply-demand balance of D-PETE positions in the U.S. market. However, what started as a budding curiosity about just the "supply-demand" question of D-PETE positions in universities flourished into a broader line of inquiry. We can only hope that what they have started will continue an ongoing series of regular checkups that deserve attention from the entire PETE community. This multifaceted research on D-PETE programs could not have come at a better time. A close look at the state of affairs in D-PETE programs was in order (Rikard, Boyce, Ward, Parker, Sinclair, Goc Karp, et al., 2011). The recent collapse of the U.S. and global economies has put enormous strain on the financial health of colleges and universities, as well as school districts. Moreover, as state funding continues to shrink, universities systems (have to) are becoming increasingly entrepreneurial (a euphemism for "corporate") in maintaining a semblance of financial health. For example, every college/university has a "Research Office" that traditionally aims to support faculty research endeavors. At my own institution, that office has been absorbed into the Office of Knowledge Enterprise Development.
Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly
The purpose was to compare two conditions (leader-plus-video, video-only) that involved different... more The purpose was to compare two conditions (leader-plus-video, video-only) that involved different levels of support on facilitating engagement in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in adults with mental retardation (MR). Engagement was examined during 10-min aerobic dance sessions conducted 3 days per week over a 10-week experimental period followed by a 4-week maintenance period. The experimental design was single subject reversal (B-A-B-A). Participants were 17 adults (mean age = 42.6 years) with MR (5 females, 12 males) employed at a sheltered workshop. Visual analysis of graphed data revealed no meaningful difference between leader-plus-video and video-only conditions on MVPA engagement. Over 75% of the participants chose to attend each session over the 10-week experiment. Approximately 60% chose to attend during the 4-week maintenance period. Persons who attended, however, did not necessarily engage in MVPA.
Building CSPAP Development into Arizona State University's PETE Program: A Work in Progress
Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education
Breaking News: High Schools Surpass Elusive Goal for Physical Education Minutes per Week!
Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance
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Papers by Hans van der Mars