Metal-contaminated surface waters can result in adverse effects upon aquatic organisms leading to... more Metal-contaminated surface waters can result in adverse effects upon aquatic organisms leading to declines in taxa richness and abundance, and shifts of community composition due to elimination of metal-sensitive taxa. We measured the concentrations and spatial distribution of naturally-derived metals in surface waters collected from four creeks in north-central Arkansas, USA. Three of these creeks flow over the Mississippian Fayetteville Shale (Trace, Begley, and Cove creeks), whereas the fourth one (Mill Creek) flows over the Mississppian Pitkin Limestone. We also evaluated the potential impacts of metals upon aquatic organisms by conducting standardized toxicity tests using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas. Water hardness (expressed as CaCO3), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and Ni, Cd, Cu, and Pb concentrations were significantly higher in Trace, Begley, and Cove creeks than Mill creek (p < 0.001). Neonate production in the control and Mill creek treatments were significantly higher than that of Trace, Begley, and Cove creeks (p < 0.05). Survival and growth of P. promelas larvae (< 24-h) in Trace, Begley, and Cove creeks were significantly lower than that of Mill creek or the control (p<0.05). The degree of relative impact of metal-enriched black shale-draining stream waters upon aquatic communities was dependent upon the bioavailable metal fraction, which in part was attributed to competition for binding sites between Ca 2+ and the cationic metals, and metal complexation with DOC ligands. Our results suggested that aquatic organisms in shale-draining creeks were exposed to elevated metal concentrations that caused the observed lethal and sublethal effects upon the fathead minnow and waterflea. However, further studies on metal bioaccumulation and community response to metal enrichment are needed to disclose the specific impacts of shale-derived metals on the resident biota.
Weatheringof black shales leads to elevatedmetal concentrations in both surface water and stream ... more Weatheringof black shales leads to elevatedmetal concentrations in both surface water and stream sediments.In spite of the recent focus on black shales,few data exist on the ecologicalimpacts of this process particularly on aquatic organisms. The key objective of this study was to determine the impact of trace metal concentrations in sedimentsupon aquatic organisms. To achieve the above objective,stream sediment sampleswere
Acute toxicity tests were performed on each of nine different organisms in Blaine Creek (Lawrence... more Acute toxicity tests were performed on each of nine different organisms in Blaine Creek (Lawrence County, KY) water to determine 48-h LC50 values for copper (Cu). Blaine Creek is the receiving stream for Kentucky Power Company's Big Sandy Plant fly-ash pond discharge. Selection of the nine tested species and integration of the results were based on the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) resident-species procedure. The following LC50 ([mu]g Cu/L) values were obtained: Daphnia pulex 37; Physella sp. 109; Isonychia bicolor 223; Pimephales promelas 284; Stenonema sp. 453; Eurycea bislineata 1,120; Chironomus riparius 1,170; Orconectes sp. 2,370; Lepomis macrochirus 4,300. A final acute value (FAV) of 10.1 [mu]g Cu/L was derived using the Blaine Creek database, which is lower than the EPA's national FAV. The differences in FAVs were due to the effect of database size, not differences in the relative sensitivity of test organisms. The findings provide caution for...
As potential ecosystem impairment and/or degradation indicators, relic freshwater mussel valves m... more As potential ecosystem impairment and/or degradation indicators, relic freshwater mussel valves may contain valuable information pertaining to life history, mortality, and taphonomy. Relic shells persist in aquatic systems long after mussel mortality and may be used to identify time passed since mortality. Such information may provide evidence in determinations of causality, responsibility, and reciprocity with applications that potentially extends beyond relics to modeling future populations or events. Using Unionids and surrogates, factors influencing decomposition rates for visceral mass, periostracum, nacre, hinge and overall valve condition were measured through both laboratory and field experimentations. Analysis of microbial communities associated with decomposing visceral mass provided short-term decomposition markers. X-Ray diffraction of nacre indicated calcium carbonate polymorph variations within and among different age and species. Digital microscopy with polarized ligh...
Phytoremediation encompasses an array of plant-associated processes known to mitigate contaminant... more Phytoremediation encompasses an array of plant-associated processes known to mitigate contaminants from soil, sediment, and water. Modification of pesticides associated with agricultural runoff includes processes directly associated with aquatic macrophytes in addition to soil geochemical modifications and associated rhizospheric degradation. Remediation attributes of two vegetative species common to agricultural drainages in the Mississippi Delta, USA, were assessed using atrazine and lambda-cyhalothrin. Concentrations used in 8-d hydroponic exposures were calculated using recommended field applications and a 5% runoff model from a 0.65-cm rainfall event on a 2.02-ha field. While greater atrazine uptake was measured in Juncus effusus, greater lambda-cyhalothrin uptake occurred in Ludwigia peploides. Maximum pesticide uptake was reached within 48 h for each exposure and subsequent translocation of pesticides to upper plant biomass occurred in macrophytes exposed to atrazine. Sequest...
... Jonathan D. Maul a b and Jerry L. Farris a. ... William H. Baltosser. submittedFebruary 13, 2... more ... Jonathan D. Maul a b and Jerry L. Farris a. ... William H. Baltosser. submittedFebruary 13, 2001; Accepted: July 10, 2002. The worm-eating warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus) is a ground-nesting Neotropical migratory passerine (Hanners and Patton, 1998). ...
The biocidal potential of total residual chlorine (TRC), monochloramine, monochloramine plus exce... more The biocidal potential of total residual chlorine (TRC), monochloramine, monochloramine plus excess ammonia, ammonia, bromine, and copper for controlling the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) was investigated. Monochloramine with excess ammonia was found to be most effective for controlling Corbicula at 30°C. Although copper appeared to be the most toxic biocide, plant studies indicated that laboratory tests had overestimated clam sensitivity. Chlorination at 0.25-0.40 mg TRC/L at 20-25°C controlled clams of all sizes in two to four weeks but had minimal effect at 12-15°C. The toxicity of all the biocides was highly dependent on temperature and clam size. Se investigó el potencial biocÃdico del cloro residual total (TRC), la monocloramina, la monocloramina con exceso de amonÃaco, el amonÃaco, bromo, y cobre para controlar la almeja asiática (Corbicula fluminea). Se descubrió que la cloramina con exceso de amonÃaco es la forma más efectiva de controlar la Corbicula a 30°C. Auncuando ...
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2015
The use of farm reservoirs for supplemental irrigation is gaining popularity in the Mississippi A... more The use of farm reservoirs for supplemental irrigation is gaining popularity in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain (MAP). Due to depletions of several aquifers, many counties within the MAP have been designated as criticaluse groundwater areas. To help alleviate stress on these aquifers, many farmers are implementing storage reservoirs for economic and conservation benefits. When used in tandem with a tailwater recovery system, reservoirs have the potential to trap and transform potential contaminants (e.g., nutrients and pesticides) rather than releasing them through drainage into receiving systems such as lakes, rivers, and streams. Roberts Reservoir is an intensively used, 49-ha on-farm storage reservoir located in Poinsett County, Arkansas. Water-quality analyses and toxicity assessments of the reservoir and surrounding ditches indicated a stable water-quality environment with no observed toxicity present in collected samples. Results of this study suggest that water released into a local receiving stream poses no contaminant risk and could be maintained for irrigation purposes, thereby decreasing the need for additional groundwater depletion.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2004
Vegetated agricultural ditches play an important role in mitigation of pesticides following irrig... more Vegetated agricultural ditches play an important role in mitigation of pesticides following irrigation and storm runoff events. In a simulated runoff event in the Mississippi (USA) Delta, the mitigation capacity of a drainage ditch using the pyrethroid esfenvalerate (Asana XL) was evaluated. The pesticide was amended to soil prior to the runoff event to simulate actual runoff, ensuring the presence of esfenvalerate in both water and suspended particulate phases. Water, sediment, and plant samples were collected temporally and spatially along the drainage ditch. Even with mixing of the pesticide with soil before application, approximately 99% of measured esfenvalerate was associated with ditch vegetation (Ludwigia peploides, Polygonum amphibium, and Leersia oryzoides) three hours following event initiation. This trend continued for the 112 d study duration. Simple modeling results also suggest that aqueous concentrations of esfenvalerate could be mitigated to 0.1% of the initial expo...
ABSTRACT Relocation of federally protected freshwater mussel (Unionidae) resources as a conservat... more ABSTRACT Relocation of federally protected freshwater mussel (Unionidae) resources as a conservation strategy has occurred for more than 30 y to ameliorate site-specific threats associated with development activities or invasive species. In this study, we evaluated survival rates of resident and relocated Potamilus capax (Green, 1832) individuals and documented short-term (1 mo) and long-term (25 mo) horizontal movements. We observed P. capax survival rates &gt;77% for all treatment groups and horizontal movement up to 120 m annually. While significant differences in movement behavior between treatment groups occurred during the early stages of the study, movement differences between resident and relocated treatment groups became nonsignificant as the study progressed. We concluded using survival as a success measure remains valuable, but requires further evaluation. However, we assert understanding movement behavior in the focus species remains critical to strategic development of monitoring strategies.
2 A Review of the Use of Unionid Mussels as Biological Indicators of Ecosystem Health John H. Van... more 2 A Review of the Use of Unionid Mussels as Biological Indicators of Ecosystem Health John H. Van Hassel and Jerry L. Farris INTRODUCTION The currently heightened concern for freshwater mussel resources has brought about a critical need for accurately monitoring the status of ...
Metal-contaminated surface waters can result in adverse effects upon aquatic organisms leading to... more Metal-contaminated surface waters can result in adverse effects upon aquatic organisms leading to declines in taxa richness and abundance, and shifts of community composition due to elimination of metal-sensitive taxa. We measured the concentrations and spatial distribution of naturally-derived metals in surface waters collected from four creeks in north-central Arkansas, USA. Three of these creeks flow over the Mississippian Fayetteville Shale (Trace, Begley, and Cove creeks), whereas the fourth one (Mill Creek) flows over the Mississppian Pitkin Limestone. We also evaluated the potential impacts of metals upon aquatic organisms by conducting standardized toxicity tests using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas. Water hardness (expressed as CaCO3), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and Ni, Cd, Cu, and Pb concentrations were significantly higher in Trace, Begley, and Cove creeks than Mill creek (p < 0.001). Neonate production in the control and Mill creek treatments were significantly higher than that of Trace, Begley, and Cove creeks (p < 0.05). Survival and growth of P. promelas larvae (< 24-h) in Trace, Begley, and Cove creeks were significantly lower than that of Mill creek or the control (p<0.05). The degree of relative impact of metal-enriched black shale-draining stream waters upon aquatic communities was dependent upon the bioavailable metal fraction, which in part was attributed to competition for binding sites between Ca 2+ and the cationic metals, and metal complexation with DOC ligands. Our results suggested that aquatic organisms in shale-draining creeks were exposed to elevated metal concentrations that caused the observed lethal and sublethal effects upon the fathead minnow and waterflea. However, further studies on metal bioaccumulation and community response to metal enrichment are needed to disclose the specific impacts of shale-derived metals on the resident biota.
Weatheringof black shales leads to elevatedmetal concentrations in both surface water and stream ... more Weatheringof black shales leads to elevatedmetal concentrations in both surface water and stream sediments.In spite of the recent focus on black shales,few data exist on the ecologicalimpacts of this process particularly on aquatic organisms. The key objective of this study was to determine the impact of trace metal concentrations in sedimentsupon aquatic organisms. To achieve the above objective,stream sediment sampleswere
Acute toxicity tests were performed on each of nine different organisms in Blaine Creek (Lawrence... more Acute toxicity tests were performed on each of nine different organisms in Blaine Creek (Lawrence County, KY) water to determine 48-h LC50 values for copper (Cu). Blaine Creek is the receiving stream for Kentucky Power Company's Big Sandy Plant fly-ash pond discharge. Selection of the nine tested species and integration of the results were based on the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) resident-species procedure. The following LC50 ([mu]g Cu/L) values were obtained: Daphnia pulex 37; Physella sp. 109; Isonychia bicolor 223; Pimephales promelas 284; Stenonema sp. 453; Eurycea bislineata 1,120; Chironomus riparius 1,170; Orconectes sp. 2,370; Lepomis macrochirus 4,300. A final acute value (FAV) of 10.1 [mu]g Cu/L was derived using the Blaine Creek database, which is lower than the EPA's national FAV. The differences in FAVs were due to the effect of database size, not differences in the relative sensitivity of test organisms. The findings provide caution for...
As potential ecosystem impairment and/or degradation indicators, relic freshwater mussel valves m... more As potential ecosystem impairment and/or degradation indicators, relic freshwater mussel valves may contain valuable information pertaining to life history, mortality, and taphonomy. Relic shells persist in aquatic systems long after mussel mortality and may be used to identify time passed since mortality. Such information may provide evidence in determinations of causality, responsibility, and reciprocity with applications that potentially extends beyond relics to modeling future populations or events. Using Unionids and surrogates, factors influencing decomposition rates for visceral mass, periostracum, nacre, hinge and overall valve condition were measured through both laboratory and field experimentations. Analysis of microbial communities associated with decomposing visceral mass provided short-term decomposition markers. X-Ray diffraction of nacre indicated calcium carbonate polymorph variations within and among different age and species. Digital microscopy with polarized ligh...
Phytoremediation encompasses an array of plant-associated processes known to mitigate contaminant... more Phytoremediation encompasses an array of plant-associated processes known to mitigate contaminants from soil, sediment, and water. Modification of pesticides associated with agricultural runoff includes processes directly associated with aquatic macrophytes in addition to soil geochemical modifications and associated rhizospheric degradation. Remediation attributes of two vegetative species common to agricultural drainages in the Mississippi Delta, USA, were assessed using atrazine and lambda-cyhalothrin. Concentrations used in 8-d hydroponic exposures were calculated using recommended field applications and a 5% runoff model from a 0.65-cm rainfall event on a 2.02-ha field. While greater atrazine uptake was measured in Juncus effusus, greater lambda-cyhalothrin uptake occurred in Ludwigia peploides. Maximum pesticide uptake was reached within 48 h for each exposure and subsequent translocation of pesticides to upper plant biomass occurred in macrophytes exposed to atrazine. Sequest...
... Jonathan D. Maul a b and Jerry L. Farris a. ... William H. Baltosser. submittedFebruary 13, 2... more ... Jonathan D. Maul a b and Jerry L. Farris a. ... William H. Baltosser. submittedFebruary 13, 2001; Accepted: July 10, 2002. The worm-eating warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus) is a ground-nesting Neotropical migratory passerine (Hanners and Patton, 1998). ...
The biocidal potential of total residual chlorine (TRC), monochloramine, monochloramine plus exce... more The biocidal potential of total residual chlorine (TRC), monochloramine, monochloramine plus excess ammonia, ammonia, bromine, and copper for controlling the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) was investigated. Monochloramine with excess ammonia was found to be most effective for controlling Corbicula at 30°C. Although copper appeared to be the most toxic biocide, plant studies indicated that laboratory tests had overestimated clam sensitivity. Chlorination at 0.25-0.40 mg TRC/L at 20-25°C controlled clams of all sizes in two to four weeks but had minimal effect at 12-15°C. The toxicity of all the biocides was highly dependent on temperature and clam size. Se investigó el potencial biocÃdico del cloro residual total (TRC), la monocloramina, la monocloramina con exceso de amonÃaco, el amonÃaco, bromo, y cobre para controlar la almeja asiática (Corbicula fluminea). Se descubrió que la cloramina con exceso de amonÃaco es la forma más efectiva de controlar la Corbicula a 30°C. Auncuando ...
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2015
The use of farm reservoirs for supplemental irrigation is gaining popularity in the Mississippi A... more The use of farm reservoirs for supplemental irrigation is gaining popularity in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain (MAP). Due to depletions of several aquifers, many counties within the MAP have been designated as criticaluse groundwater areas. To help alleviate stress on these aquifers, many farmers are implementing storage reservoirs for economic and conservation benefits. When used in tandem with a tailwater recovery system, reservoirs have the potential to trap and transform potential contaminants (e.g., nutrients and pesticides) rather than releasing them through drainage into receiving systems such as lakes, rivers, and streams. Roberts Reservoir is an intensively used, 49-ha on-farm storage reservoir located in Poinsett County, Arkansas. Water-quality analyses and toxicity assessments of the reservoir and surrounding ditches indicated a stable water-quality environment with no observed toxicity present in collected samples. Results of this study suggest that water released into a local receiving stream poses no contaminant risk and could be maintained for irrigation purposes, thereby decreasing the need for additional groundwater depletion.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2004
Vegetated agricultural ditches play an important role in mitigation of pesticides following irrig... more Vegetated agricultural ditches play an important role in mitigation of pesticides following irrigation and storm runoff events. In a simulated runoff event in the Mississippi (USA) Delta, the mitigation capacity of a drainage ditch using the pyrethroid esfenvalerate (Asana XL) was evaluated. The pesticide was amended to soil prior to the runoff event to simulate actual runoff, ensuring the presence of esfenvalerate in both water and suspended particulate phases. Water, sediment, and plant samples were collected temporally and spatially along the drainage ditch. Even with mixing of the pesticide with soil before application, approximately 99% of measured esfenvalerate was associated with ditch vegetation (Ludwigia peploides, Polygonum amphibium, and Leersia oryzoides) three hours following event initiation. This trend continued for the 112 d study duration. Simple modeling results also suggest that aqueous concentrations of esfenvalerate could be mitigated to 0.1% of the initial expo...
ABSTRACT Relocation of federally protected freshwater mussel (Unionidae) resources as a conservat... more ABSTRACT Relocation of federally protected freshwater mussel (Unionidae) resources as a conservation strategy has occurred for more than 30 y to ameliorate site-specific threats associated with development activities or invasive species. In this study, we evaluated survival rates of resident and relocated Potamilus capax (Green, 1832) individuals and documented short-term (1 mo) and long-term (25 mo) horizontal movements. We observed P. capax survival rates &gt;77% for all treatment groups and horizontal movement up to 120 m annually. While significant differences in movement behavior between treatment groups occurred during the early stages of the study, movement differences between resident and relocated treatment groups became nonsignificant as the study progressed. We concluded using survival as a success measure remains valuable, but requires further evaluation. However, we assert understanding movement behavior in the focus species remains critical to strategic development of monitoring strategies.
2 A Review of the Use of Unionid Mussels as Biological Indicators of Ecosystem Health John H. Van... more 2 A Review of the Use of Unionid Mussels as Biological Indicators of Ecosystem Health John H. Van Hassel and Jerry L. Farris INTRODUCTION The currently heightened concern for freshwater mussel resources has brought about a critical need for accurately monitoring the status of ...
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