Papers by Ahmad Moghaddasi
Tercio creciente, Nov 29, 2023
The art of gardening in Iran dates back to the second millennium BC. Iranians have long paid part... more The art of gardening in Iran dates back to the second millennium BC. Iranians have long paid particular attention to combining architecture with the natural environment, and Iranian gardens are clear examples of this combination. This research aims to study and analyze a unique species of Persian garden called multi-yard gardens. These gardens have introduced a new aspect of Iranian landscape architecture. The research method in this research combines library studies with description, analysis, and comparison of the studied samples. Four examples of Iranian multi-yard gardens have been studied, of which, unfortunately, two have been almost destroyed in recent years, but sufficient information for their analysis has been recorded in historical documents. One of the actual results of this research was the analysis of spatial geometry and movement system in this type of Iranian garden in which privacy and view system are designed creatively.
Architecture Papers of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU, Dec 6, 2021
The genius of the Iranians in developing environmentally friendly architectural techniques create... more The genius of the Iranians in developing environmentally friendly architectural techniques created works of architecture in the deserts of the country which are masterpieces not only from an aesthetic point of view but also from an engineering point of view, and, centuries later, are still highly valued by researchers in various scientific and artistic fields. Directing light into the interior spaces of mosques has always been one of the concerns of Iranian mosque architects. In addition, in Iran’s hot and dry climate, the long hours of sunshine during the day have been one of the motivations for innovations in the natural lighting of mosques. Therefore, the main focus of this article is “the role of light and the use of each of the lighting elements in the shaping of the interior of mosques in the hot and dry climate of Iran during the four historical periods of Islamic architecture.” This issue is explored through theoretical and case studies.
Since the advent of Islam to the plateau of Iran, there have been many mosques in the country’s desert areas that were destroyed or have undergone fundamental changes. So, the selection of eighteen examples studied in this case study was made based on the following criteria: Firstly, adequate information should be available (mainly sufficient images and plans); Secondly, the mosque’s construction should reflect the salient features of the architecture of the relevant historical period. Among the various lighting methods, the most common of all the lighting elements are described in the theoretical foundations of the research. Then, in the case study section, based on plans and visual information of mosques of each period, the application frequency of each element has been measured and evaluated at four levels. The results of the case studies are presented in the form of tables and graphs. Finally, after trend diagrams connecting the points were created, the tendency to apply each method can be seen, and in the interpretation of the diagram, the causes and factors that shaped the trend are addressed. This method has also been combined with the other descriptive methods in similar researches.
Since this research studies mosques located in Iran’s hot and dry climate, naturally, the geographical area studied in Iran is often the country’s central region. On the one hand, there is no information on the buildings of all mosques located in the area. On the other hand, during the relevant historical period (from the beginning of the Islamic period to the middle of the Qajar period) which covers more than a thousand years, many of these buildings fell into ruin or underwent significant changes. In view of this fact, the best surviving examples have been selected based on the available images, documents, plans, and building information and classified based on the historical periods of Islamic architecture. According to the classification of Iranian Islamic Architecture Historians, Islamic architecture in Iran can be divided into four main styles: Khorasani, Raazi, Azeri, and Isfahani, corresponding to critical historical periods: early history, Buyid and Seljuks, Ilkhanate, Timurids and Muzaffarids, Safavid, Zand and Qajar.
Innovations of techniques and methods of providing natural light in the design of the interiors of mosques in hot and dry climates led to the creation and evolution of elements that the Muslim architect can combine to create a spiritual atmosphere emphasizing the dignity of the owner of the building; an environment that, while protecting from the glare of the desert sun, is a refuge for the worshipers, with mosques as houses of God on earth. In order to abide by this obligation, Muslim architects tried to draw all the attention to Allah by creating centrality in the building and the connection between the outer and inner space through natural light.
It is worth noting that daylight has been used to meet human beings’ basic needs, but these methods have been intensely used to induce the sense of sincerity, innocence, insight, and spiritual purity in the interior spaces. To achieve that, elements such as Iwan, Shabaak, window, Rowzan, and Horno were implemented. Furthermore, some elements, such as windows, could balance ventilation and provide light at different hours of the day. In different seasons of the year, other elements, such as Shabaak, ventilated and filtered light at different times of the day so that it could shine in the heart of darkness with eye-catching forms. One of the factors considered by Iranian architects, especially during the Safavid era, is the observance of the hierarchy of light. For example, a person who enters Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, while being impressed by the whole space and the way the lighting inside the building is filtered with natural light, also realizes the presence of God. The design of the space with changes in respect to the proportion of space, light, colour, and other elements involved in the architectural space encourage the visitor to feel spirituality and attain divinity. Thus, in addition to their material function against light, lattice walls, openings, and apertures in the architecture of mosques in hot and dry climates create a unique situation for the Muslims who realise their mortality before the Almighty God.
Tercio Creciente
As one of the earliest human innovations in the architecture of shells, the dome has undergone ma... more As one of the earliest human innovations in the architecture of shells, the dome has undergone many changes. This article examines the theory of the Florence Cathedral's(Santa Maria del Fiore) inspiration from the Soltaniyeh Dome of Zanjan. The methodology employed in this research is comparative-descriptive using reliable historical and library sources. A comparative-historical study of 13 domes in Iran(Iranian plateau) and 13 domes in Italy(Eastern Rome Empire) over 2,000 years has examined the evolution of Iranian and Italian domes in terms of construction time and shape. In the next step, the sources that architectural experts have discussed the influence of the dome of Soltaniyeh in Zanjan on the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore have been reviewed. The influence of the golden age of Islam and the achievements of Muslim scholars on the European renaissance in mathematics and geometry has also been explored. The structural similarities, proportions and forms of these two domes s...
Ahmad Moghaddasi Peer Review Certificate-Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering- ISI Indexed
Tercio Creciente, 2021
The present research is devoted to studying the specifics of sports fashion from the 19th century... more The present research is devoted to studying the specifics of sports fashion from the 19th century to the 20th century. Also, it considers the influences on the cultural image for everyday shoes. This paper considers how shoes are designed for sports, but they have been included in daily wear. The evidence is provided that sport's activity has generated insufficient demand, answering to the growing motivations. Reciprocally, manufacturers have promoted sports fashion and casual clothing to create new consumers for an increased production stream. The approaches employed for the basis of the research methodology are included as: theoretical, multifactorial, and systematic-historical. Also, there are used chronological and comparative approaches for analyzing the problems. Thus, the authors suggest that the producers used new stimulation methods, and they attracted the rhetoric of technological novelty as a means of applying the general interest of innovation by advertising. In this...
Architecture Papers of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU
From the viewpoint of preserving the values of sustainable architecture, daylight in the interior... more From the viewpoint of preserving the values of sustainable architecture, daylight in the interiors of mosques in hot and dry climates has always faced limitations. The need to use daylight to provide the required lighting and, in contrast, to prevent the scorching desert sun from entering the spaces led to innovative techniques in Iranian architecture. These techniques have gradually evolved along with the development of semantic concepts of space in different periods of Islamic architecture, which has resulted in slight differences in their application in mosque buildings. In this article, while analysing the place of light in mosque architecture, the standard techniques in lighting mosques located in Iran’s hot and dry climate are studied. The employed research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. As the current historic-architectural research cannot be based solely on perception-based definitions, authors had to convert the conceptual features into ...
Mohsen Foroughi (1907–1983): Thoughts and Sustainability in the Works of an Iranian Modernist Architect
Architecture and Engineering
Introduction: Mohsen Foroughi was one of the first-generation Iranian modernist architects who jo... more Introduction: Mohsen Foroughi was one of the first-generation Iranian modernist architects who joined Iranian architecture in the 1940s. His knowledge of architecture obtained in one of the most important French architectural schools—École des Beaux-Arts—allowed him to create valuable works by combining the spirit of Iranian architecture with modern values. His interest in education led to the establishment of the foundations of architecture teaching in Iran, based on the lessons taught in Europe. Purpose of the study: The article addresses the works of Mohsen Foroughi, combining modern architecture with the vernacular Iranian architecture. His most significant works include the building of the Senate, the Department of Law at the University of Tehran, the National Bank of Tehran’s Bazaar, and the Saadi Tomb in Shiraz. The article looks at the development of intellectual flows of the time that evolved into social relationships. Methods: In the course of the study, we use descriptive...
Mohsen Foroughi (1907–1983): Thoughts and Sustainability in the Works of an Iranian Modernist Architect
Architecture and Engineering
Introduction: Mohsen Foroughi was one of the first-generation Iranian modernist architects who jo... more Introduction: Mohsen Foroughi was one of the first-generation Iranian modernist architects who joined Iranian architecture in the 1940s. His knowledge of architecture obtained in one of the most important French architectural schools—École des Beaux-Arts—allowed him to create valuable works by combining the spirit of Iranian architecture with modern values. His interest in education led to the establishment of the foundations of architecture teaching in Iran, based on the lessons taught in Europe. Purpose of the study: The article addresses the works of Mohsen Foroughi, combining modern architecture with the vernacular Iranian architecture. His most significant works include the building of the Senate, the Department of Law at the University of Tehran, the National Bank of Tehran’s Bazaar, and the Saadi Tomb in Shiraz. The article looks at the development of intellectual flows of the time that evolved into social relationships. Methods: In the course of the study, we use descriptive...
DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN THE CHECKER-LIKE(GRID SQUARE) URBAN FABRICS; CASE STUDY: HISTORIC CENTER OF ARAK, IRAN
Scientific Herald of the Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. Construction and Architecture, Apr 2014
Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Florence, Italy, 1–3 March 2012
میراث فرهنگی و جفای روزگار ما
Paradise on the Earth: Role of Water, Tree and Geometry in the Formation of Persian Gardens
تكامل شيوه هاي نورگيري درمعماري مساجد واقع درمناطق گرم وخشك ايران بررسي تاريخي
ازديدگاه حفظ ارزشهاي معماري پايدار بهره گيري از نورروز درفضاهاي داخلي مساجد اقليم گرم و خشك هموار... more ازديدگاه حفظ ارزشهاي معماري پايدار بهره گيري از نورروز درفضاهاي داخلي مساجد اقليم گرم و خشك همواره با محدوديت هايي روبرو بودها ست نياز به استفاده از نورروز جهت تامين روشنايي مورد نياز و درمقابل جلوگيري از ورود آفتاب سوزان كوير به داخل فضاها سبب آفرينش فنون نوآورانه اي درمعماري ايراني گرديد اين تكنيكها به تدريج همراه با توسعه مفاهيم معنايي فضا دردوران هاي مختلف معماري اسلامي تكامل يافته كه سبب تفاوت هاي كمي دركاربرد آنها درابنيه مساجد مي باشد دراين مقاله ضمن تحليل جايگاه نور درمعماري مسجد به برسي فنون رايج درنورگيري مساجد واقع دراقليم گرم و خشك ايران پرداخته شده و ضمن مطالعه ميزان كاربرد اين تكنيكها درچندنمونه مسجد منتخب ازچهاردوره تاريخ معماري اسلامي ايران درقالب منحني هاي رشد و زوال ارايه گرديده است دراين بازه تاريخي كه از ابتداي دوره اسلامي تا دوره قاجاريه ادامه مي يابد سعي شده است ضمن رعايت اصل تداوم درمعماري ايراني باتوجه به پايه هاي نظري تحقيق دلايل فرازونشيب هريك از اين فنون نيز تجزيه و تحليل گردد
Typology of Protective Shelters in Archeological Sites; Advantages and Disadvantages
In archeological sites, conservation is a remarkable feature and subordinated by varied criterion... more In archeological sites, conservation is a remarkable feature and subordinated by varied criterions. Cultural identity, tourism development, anthropology… are some of debatable examples in this field. In tourism development, need to archeological and conservator experts for protecting of cultural heritage is necessary. Protective shelters are some of approaches in maintenance of archeological sites, both in excavation process and for tourists visit. In this article, try to introduce the typology of protective shelters and their precedence by reviewing available examples. Advantages and disadvantages in every approach have studied. Some of criteria studies are elegance, well implementation, costs…. Finally, by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages for every approach, best way has concluded. Current research can use by conservators, archeologists and trustees in cultural heritage.
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Papers by Ahmad Moghaddasi
Since the advent of Islam to the plateau of Iran, there have been many mosques in the country’s desert areas that were destroyed or have undergone fundamental changes. So, the selection of eighteen examples studied in this case study was made based on the following criteria: Firstly, adequate information should be available (mainly sufficient images and plans); Secondly, the mosque’s construction should reflect the salient features of the architecture of the relevant historical period. Among the various lighting methods, the most common of all the lighting elements are described in the theoretical foundations of the research. Then, in the case study section, based on plans and visual information of mosques of each period, the application frequency of each element has been measured and evaluated at four levels. The results of the case studies are presented in the form of tables and graphs. Finally, after trend diagrams connecting the points were created, the tendency to apply each method can be seen, and in the interpretation of the diagram, the causes and factors that shaped the trend are addressed. This method has also been combined with the other descriptive methods in similar researches.
Since this research studies mosques located in Iran’s hot and dry climate, naturally, the geographical area studied in Iran is often the country’s central region. On the one hand, there is no information on the buildings of all mosques located in the area. On the other hand, during the relevant historical period (from the beginning of the Islamic period to the middle of the Qajar period) which covers more than a thousand years, many of these buildings fell into ruin or underwent significant changes. In view of this fact, the best surviving examples have been selected based on the available images, documents, plans, and building information and classified based on the historical periods of Islamic architecture. According to the classification of Iranian Islamic Architecture Historians, Islamic architecture in Iran can be divided into four main styles: Khorasani, Raazi, Azeri, and Isfahani, corresponding to critical historical periods: early history, Buyid and Seljuks, Ilkhanate, Timurids and Muzaffarids, Safavid, Zand and Qajar.
Innovations of techniques and methods of providing natural light in the design of the interiors of mosques in hot and dry climates led to the creation and evolution of elements that the Muslim architect can combine to create a spiritual atmosphere emphasizing the dignity of the owner of the building; an environment that, while protecting from the glare of the desert sun, is a refuge for the worshipers, with mosques as houses of God on earth. In order to abide by this obligation, Muslim architects tried to draw all the attention to Allah by creating centrality in the building and the connection between the outer and inner space through natural light.
It is worth noting that daylight has been used to meet human beings’ basic needs, but these methods have been intensely used to induce the sense of sincerity, innocence, insight, and spiritual purity in the interior spaces. To achieve that, elements such as Iwan, Shabaak, window, Rowzan, and Horno were implemented. Furthermore, some elements, such as windows, could balance ventilation and provide light at different hours of the day. In different seasons of the year, other elements, such as Shabaak, ventilated and filtered light at different times of the day so that it could shine in the heart of darkness with eye-catching forms. One of the factors considered by Iranian architects, especially during the Safavid era, is the observance of the hierarchy of light. For example, a person who enters Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, while being impressed by the whole space and the way the lighting inside the building is filtered with natural light, also realizes the presence of God. The design of the space with changes in respect to the proportion of space, light, colour, and other elements involved in the architectural space encourage the visitor to feel spirituality and attain divinity. Thus, in addition to their material function against light, lattice walls, openings, and apertures in the architecture of mosques in hot and dry climates create a unique situation for the Muslims who realise their mortality before the Almighty God.
Since the advent of Islam to the plateau of Iran, there have been many mosques in the country’s desert areas that were destroyed or have undergone fundamental changes. So, the selection of eighteen examples studied in this case study was made based on the following criteria: Firstly, adequate information should be available (mainly sufficient images and plans); Secondly, the mosque’s construction should reflect the salient features of the architecture of the relevant historical period. Among the various lighting methods, the most common of all the lighting elements are described in the theoretical foundations of the research. Then, in the case study section, based on plans and visual information of mosques of each period, the application frequency of each element has been measured and evaluated at four levels. The results of the case studies are presented in the form of tables and graphs. Finally, after trend diagrams connecting the points were created, the tendency to apply each method can be seen, and in the interpretation of the diagram, the causes and factors that shaped the trend are addressed. This method has also been combined with the other descriptive methods in similar researches.
Since this research studies mosques located in Iran’s hot and dry climate, naturally, the geographical area studied in Iran is often the country’s central region. On the one hand, there is no information on the buildings of all mosques located in the area. On the other hand, during the relevant historical period (from the beginning of the Islamic period to the middle of the Qajar period) which covers more than a thousand years, many of these buildings fell into ruin or underwent significant changes. In view of this fact, the best surviving examples have been selected based on the available images, documents, plans, and building information and classified based on the historical periods of Islamic architecture. According to the classification of Iranian Islamic Architecture Historians, Islamic architecture in Iran can be divided into four main styles: Khorasani, Raazi, Azeri, and Isfahani, corresponding to critical historical periods: early history, Buyid and Seljuks, Ilkhanate, Timurids and Muzaffarids, Safavid, Zand and Qajar.
Innovations of techniques and methods of providing natural light in the design of the interiors of mosques in hot and dry climates led to the creation and evolution of elements that the Muslim architect can combine to create a spiritual atmosphere emphasizing the dignity of the owner of the building; an environment that, while protecting from the glare of the desert sun, is a refuge for the worshipers, with mosques as houses of God on earth. In order to abide by this obligation, Muslim architects tried to draw all the attention to Allah by creating centrality in the building and the connection between the outer and inner space through natural light.
It is worth noting that daylight has been used to meet human beings’ basic needs, but these methods have been intensely used to induce the sense of sincerity, innocence, insight, and spiritual purity in the interior spaces. To achieve that, elements such as Iwan, Shabaak, window, Rowzan, and Horno were implemented. Furthermore, some elements, such as windows, could balance ventilation and provide light at different hours of the day. In different seasons of the year, other elements, such as Shabaak, ventilated and filtered light at different times of the day so that it could shine in the heart of darkness with eye-catching forms. One of the factors considered by Iranian architects, especially during the Safavid era, is the observance of the hierarchy of light. For example, a person who enters Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, while being impressed by the whole space and the way the lighting inside the building is filtered with natural light, also realizes the presence of God. The design of the space with changes in respect to the proportion of space, light, colour, and other elements involved in the architectural space encourage the visitor to feel spirituality and attain divinity. Thus, in addition to their material function against light, lattice walls, openings, and apertures in the architecture of mosques in hot and dry climates create a unique situation for the Muslims who realise their mortality before the Almighty God.