in M. Sanader, D. Tončinić, Z. Šimić Kanaet, S. Ivčević, Z. Buljević, T. Šeparović, I. Miloglav, Tilurium IV. Arheološka istraživanja 2007.-2010. godine, 239-317, 2017
U novim arheološkim istraživanjima rimskog vojnog logora Tilurij osim dijelova vojne opreme, pron... more U novim arheološkim istraživanjima rimskog vojnog logora Tilurij osim dijelova vojne opreme, pronađeni su i dijelovi nošnje, medicinski instrumenti, kućni inventar i alati. Najbrojniji su vojni nalazi koji su u obradi podijeljeni u osnovne kategorija obzirom na namjenu; oružje, zaštitna, osobna i konjska oprema te ostala oprema.
Najranije datirani metalni nalazi pronađeni u novim istraživanjima rimskog vojnog logora Tilurij su fibule koje pripadaju tipovima Almgren 65 i Almgren 18b datirane u drugu četvrtinu, odnosno drugu polovicu 1. st. pr. Kr., te Alesia fibula i zakovice za cipele iz kasnorepublikanskog/ranocarskog vremena. Većina datiranih nalaza pripada vremenu 1. st., a za nekolicinu se trajanje produžuje kroz 2. i 3. st. Kasnoantičkom dobu pripadaju ulomak zatvorene prstenaste fibule datiran u 3. i prvu polovicu 4. st. i vrh romboidne strijele za luk. Kopčice za odjeću iz srednjovjekovnog i novovjekovnog razdoblja svjedoci su života na tom lokalitetu i u kasnijim razdobljima.
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Papers by Sanja Ivcevic
Key words: Tilurium, Salona, Dalmatia, roman military equipment, riding harness phallic pendants, 1st century.
for its decoration and quality of workmanship. These fibulae
are ornamented with riveted animal figures. At present, four
fibulae with the same characteristics can be distinguished,
which we named the Otok variant after the find-spot of the
most beautiful specimen. Three fibulae originate from Dalmatia,
while one was discovered in Haltern, Germany. The paper
discusses the dating and distribution frameworks, as well as
the iconography of the Otok variant of Aucissa fibulae.
Corbridge A and B/C armour types, a Pompeii-type sword sheath mount and certain types of pendants have been highlighted. The stela of a soldier of Cohors VIII Voluntariorum is represented as a possible confirmation for the use of some parts of the Roman military equipment in Dalmatia during the early Trajanic period.
opreme, pronađeni su dijelovi nošnje, medicinski instrumenti, stilus, kućni inventar,
nakit i alat. Vojna oprema zastupljena je dijelovima zaštitne, osobne i konjske opreme.
Datirani nalazi pripadaju vremenu 1. st., s izuzetkom jedne fibule datirane u razdoblje 2. i ranog
3. st.
with common features such as a full central plate and an ajouré frame. Although few in number, such items are widely distributed, so they have been found from Hispania and southern Gallia through northern Italy, Pannonia and Dalmatia, to northern Africa. The fragment from the Tilurium probably may be defined as a riding harness pendant on the basis of typological analysis and comparisons to similar items that can be found over a broad territory of the Roman Empire. The fact that they are the most numerous in Sisak, where four such pendants have been found, leads to presumption on production at this site, particularly if they are viewed as a variation of the peltashaped Bishop 3 pendant, which is also assumed to have been produced at this site. In this regard, we prefer the dating of the pendant from Tilurium to the latter half of the 1st and 2nd century.
ih nalazimo na priobalnom području, no zastupljene su i u unutrašnjosti. Premda su na raznim područjima Rimskog Carstva
različito datirane, najranija pojava im se stavlja u prvu polovicu 1. st. pr. Kr., a najveća upotreba je u drugoj polovici
1. st. pr. Kr. U uporabi su do ranog, odnosno srednjeaugustovog doba, kada počinju prevladavati Aucissa fibule. U članku se
obrađuju fibule Alesia tipa s trokutastim lukom pronađene u Saloni, dovodi ih se u odnos s nalazima na vojnim i civilnim
lokalitetima u rimskoj Dalmaciji i smješta u širi kontekst nalaza Alesia tipa na prostoru Rimskog Carstva.
Vrijeme kada su Alesia fibule točno dospjele na salonitansko i okolno područje ne može se odrediti preciznije od vremena
trajanja pojedinog tipa budući da nam detaljne okolnosti nalaza nisu poznate i ne omogućuju preciznu dataciju. Stoga su,
budući da povijesne okolnosti to dopuštaju, fibule mogle dospjeti u Salonu još od početaka širenja tipa što vrijedi i za nalaze
iz ostalih urbanih centara u Dalmaciji kao i za područja koja su trgovinskim putovima bila povezana s njima. Za nalaze
iz unutrašnjosti tipološka pripadnost fibula, povijesni kontekst (veća koncentracija i zadržavanje vojske, gradnja logora, a s
tim povezan i veći priljev civila nakon vojnog pohoda 34. god) te okolnosti nalaza (grobne cjeline datirane u razdoblje od
35. god. pr. Kr.) govore u prilog dataciji u razdoblje Augustove vladavine.
an agrarian and mercantile character, which determined the natures of its inhabitants, the city with its surroundings was an important military base in the conquest of Illyricum and a major stronghold of the Romans for military campaigns against that people in the period from a bit before the middle of the 2nd century BC to the
beginning of the second half of the 1st century BC. In the surroundings of Narona the presence of soldiers is confirmed by numerous epigraphs, which are supported by archaeological finds, but apart from the five finds in the Augusteum, there are just a few in the area of the town.
The finds in the Augusteum comprise three items of horse equipment, one fragment of armour and a belt mount, probably belonging to a belt set. A tripartite leaf-shaped pendant for a harness (T 1.1) is dated to the time from the Claudian to the Flavian, and in the typology of M. C. Bishop is defined as type 1l. They are found in various sites in the Empire, this same variant also including specimens the central leg of which ends in the shape of a palmette, which are somewhat more
numerous than those of the kind from Narona. They can be found in Dalmatia too, for example, in Salona and Tilurium. Among the pendants from Dalmatian sites that belong to this type, if not to the variant, mentioned here by analogy, we find luxury pendants, not only at military sites, such as Burnum (variant 1p) and Tilurium (variant 1s) but in city centres such as in Salona (variant 1v). A second harness pendant from the Augusteum (T. 1. 2) is perhaps of the
tear-shaped type (Bishop 5), variant 5a, which is characterised by kidney shaped perforations at the top, a spherical ending and a shape close to that of a heart.
Tear-shaped pendants were in use long, first appeared at the latest in the age of Claudius, lasting the whole of the 2nd century. In various versions they are often found at Roman sites, but examples of variant 5a are not very numerous. There are similar pendants from Sisak and Augusta the edges of which are straight, but the closest analogy is a specimen from Wiesbaden. Also belonging to the harness
is a phalera (T. 1. 3) with a square loop on the rear, which belongs to the type with one loop through which the bridle was drawn (Bishop 1c), and since it has no central opening for a rivet was clearly meant only for a horizontal strap of the harness. The phalera from the Augusteum fits into the chronological framework of the rest of the material found, with the proviso that the dating of the phalerae to an extent similar to ours and some functional decorative items of similar form might suggest a period of the second half of the 1st century. Two bronze plates of scale armour (T. 1. 4) each with four pairs of holes, are dated, because of the existence of perforations on the bottom of the plates (which which they were additionally fastened to the lower row of scales), to the time of the 2nd century. In Croatia, most
numerous are fragments from Sisak, among which there are several that are similar to ours, while those from Dalj are more elongated and have a sharper tip. Finds from Burnum castrum, although they are elongated, do not have perforations at the bottom. As for finds in other areas of the Empire (including those from Corbridge, Avenches, Mušov, Bonn, Eining-Unterfeldt) those most similar, in terms of shape and distribution of the perforations, are items from Dura-Europos.
The belt mount belongs to the type with a trumpet-shaped decoration (T. 1.5). Items decorated with this kind of motif constitute a unique chronological grouping of material dating to the second half of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd century, possibly continuing through the first half of the 3rd, their dating being confirmed by finds with coins in closed grave units. Such mountings are a frequent find in the area of the Rhenish and the Danubian limes, but they can be found in numerous sites through the Empire. A decoration with trumpet shaped
motifs is not limited to belt sets, but is used in the decoration and shaping of objects for other purpose, horse equipment and fibulae, for example. The objects discussed in the article are also found in the temenos of the Augusteum in Narona, and it can be assumed that they came there as votive gifts.
The practice of dedicating weapons and horse trappings is known since prehistory, and is well documented in the Late Iron Age. The making of votive offerings, as proved on altars, was common in the Roman Empire, and research into shrines from Britain, Gaul and the Germanic area shows that parts of military equipment, especially during the 1st century, were frequently consecrated and deposited as
votive gifts. The small number of metal finds in the temple, as compared with other types of finds, can be explained in several ways. Researches from shrines at several sites have shown that usually whole objects or sets were consecrated, and we can assume that our finds are only parts of horse trappings or belt sets or armour that were originally dedicated. During the course of time, or during the
demolition and filling of the shrine, the metal objects might have been destroyed or collected for reuse of the metal, which was a common practice in the Roman period. It has to be borne in mind that this was a city shrine that was not primarily meant for soldiers, who might have undertaken their vows in shrines that probably existed in the camps in which they were stationed, which leads to the supposition
that originally military equipment was not represented to the same extent as some other categories of objects.
shed light not only on religious practices but also on trade and the routes on which it proceeded in that era. At the beginning of the past century, debate proceeded in the scholarly literature on the question of veneration for St. Menas in Dalmatia, primarily after the discovery of a small marble plate bearing the inscription Ο ΑΓΙΟΣ ΜΗΝΑΣ ( O hagios Menas) at the Marusinac cemetery in Salona. Besides this inscription, two ampullae of St. Menas were also found in Dalmatia; one, already mentioned, came from the vicinity of Makarska, while the other is held in the Archaeological Collection of the Franciscan Monastery in Sinj. The circumstances surrounding the discovery of these ampullae are not known, so it has been impossible to ascertain whether they had actually arrived in Dalmatia during Antiquity. Despite this, already in the first publications, Fr. Frane Bulić, based on the study of analogies, craftsmanship, materials and procurement circumstances, assumed that they were original products that may have made their way to Dalmatia in Late Antiquity.
When analysing the ampulla from the Archaeological Museum in Split (Fig. 1), we primarily focused on a typological classification in line with the latest research in this field, which also facilitated more precise dating. It belongs to the ampullae on which the image in the central medallion on both sides depicts St. Menas in orans posture flanked by two camels kneeling at his feet. The bordure consists of two ribs with a row of spherical protrusions between them. The image was rendered flatly and the image is stylized, so the saint’s head is triangular, his hands are outsized, and the camels are stylized virtually to the point of unrecognizability. It corresponds to the ampullae of the third, chronologically most recent phase of production (610–650 AD). Most of ampullae of this type are from the territory of Egypt, but many have also
been found throughout their area of distribution. According to G. Kaminski-Menssen’s classification, it belongs to the basic type with the St. Menas-a image, phase III, while according to J. Witt’s classification it belongs to the basic image (St. Menas flanked by camels), type B, variant B1. They are also well represented at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria, and they have been found in northern Italy, where they correspond
to type VI, which has been dated to the 6th century. When analysing the ampullae from the Louvre, C. Metzger dated group 1a, to which this ampulla belongs, to the period from the mid-6th to the 7th century.
In M. Gilli’s classification, the ampulla from Makarska, based on the image in the central field, belongs to iconographic type 1 (Menas between camels) while the bordure is type 12B. The ampulla from Sinj does not belong to the same type. The central field on one side of that ampulla bears an image of St. Menas with camels on a prominent medallion with a sculptural portrayal on which the saint’s body is compact, as opposed to the elongated image on phase III ampullae. The saint’s hair is thick and wavy, with a halo around his head. The other side has a three-line inscription which reads ΑГІО(У) MENA ЕУΛΟΓ (eulogia tuo hagiou Mena). It corresponds to Metzger’s type Ic, while G. Kaminski-Menssen
efined ampullae such as the one considered herein as a group of the basic type a (image of St. Menas flanked by camels), which is dated to phase II (560–610). It belongs to type E, variant E1 in J. Witt’s typology.
St. Menas ampullae are indicators of a tie between Dalmatia and Egypt, and they may have been brought by a traveller, merchant or settler from Egypt. On the other hand, the inscription from Marusinac in Salona indicates that the dedicant was of eastern origin, who was probably an Egyptian, a worshiper of St. Menas and a member of the Egyptian community in Salona. The inscription is certainly not evidence of the existence of organized reverence for St. Menas in Salona or Dalmatia, but it serves as a point of departure for further research on this question.We may therefore conclude that there is a possibility that the St. Menas ampulla were brought to Croatia’s territory already during Antiquity, precisely at the end of the 6th or the beginning of the 7th century, when such ampullae were made. This hypothesis is backed by the find of another ampulla in the Sinj area and the inscription dedicated to this saint found at the cemetery next to the Early Christian church at Marusinac
in Salona. This possibility is also allowed by the well-known connections between Salona and Egypt, the existence of well-established trade routes and a confirmed Egyptian community in Salona in both the pre-Christian and Christian eras. The reasons why it was brought here and the manner in which it was conveyed remain unknown, so that the question of whether it was brought by a pilgrim from Abu Mena, or by a traveller, merchant or perhaps migrant from Alexandria or Egypt remains unanswered for the time being.
istraživanja na lokalitetu Banjače u Dugopolju
vođenog 2005. godine, koja su proveli djelatnici
Odsjeka za arheologiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu.
U obrađenom materijalu prevladava oruđe (srp, klinovi,
strugala, noževi, čavli, zakovice), dok su u manjoj
mjeri zastupljeni kućni inventar (zasun brave,
igle za šivanje, okov) i osobni predmeti (fibula, okvir
kopče), te se nameće zaključak da se radi o seoskom
gospodarstvu, kakvih je sigurno bilo u antičko doba
na području plodnog dugopoljskog polja i koja su
vjerojatno bila organizirana u zaseoke (vicus). Kako
je većina datiranog materijala iz razdoblja kasne
antike, a raniji materijal dopušta dataciju u 4. st.,
nalazi iz Banjača mogu se staviti u vremenske okvire
od 4. do 6. st.
The paper presents metal finds from the archaeological
excavations carried out at the site of Banjače
in Dugopolje, conducted in 2005 by the employees
of the Department of Archaeology of the Faculty of
Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb.
The analyzed material is dominated by tools (sickle,
wedges, scraper, knifes, nails, rivets), with significantly
less finds of house inventory (shutter, sewing
needles, shackle) and personal items (fibula, clasp),
leading to the conclusion that this was a rural farm
the like of which must have existed on the fertile
territory of Dugopolje in Antiquity and which were
probably organized as villages (vicus). Seeing as most
of the material was dated to the Late Antiquity, and
older material can be dated to the 4th century, the
finds from Banjače can be dated to the timeframe
between the 4th and the 6th century.
Najranije datirani metalni nalazi pronađeni u novim istraživanjima rimskog vojnog logora Tilurij su fibule koje pripadaju tipovima Almgren 65 i Almgren 18b datirane u drugu četvrtinu, odnosno drugu polovicu 1. st. pr. Kr., te Alesia fibula i zakovice za cipele iz kasnorepublikanskog/ranocarskog vremena. Većina datiranih nalaza pripada vremenu 1. st., a za nekolicinu se trajanje produžuje kroz 2. i 3. st. Kasnoantičkom dobu pripadaju ulomak zatvorene prstenaste fibule datiran u 3. i prvu polovicu 4. st. i vrh romboidne strijele za luk. Kopčice za odjeću iz srednjovjekovnog i novovjekovnog razdoblja svjedoci su života na tom lokalitetu i u kasnijim razdobljima.
materijal je raznovrstan i uobičajen za rimski vojni logor. Uz oružje i opremu vojnika
(koplja, strijele, dijelovi oklopa, mača, kacige, dijelovi pojasa), konjsku opremu i dijelove nošnje (dijelovi orme, pojasne kopče i fibule) pronađeno je i nekoliko komada nakita i medicinskih instrumenata (medicinske žličice i sonda). Velik je broj predmeta koji pripadaju kućnom inventaru ili oruđu.
Key words: Tilurium, Salona, Dalmatia, roman military equipment, riding harness phallic pendants, 1st century.
for its decoration and quality of workmanship. These fibulae
are ornamented with riveted animal figures. At present, four
fibulae with the same characteristics can be distinguished,
which we named the Otok variant after the find-spot of the
most beautiful specimen. Three fibulae originate from Dalmatia,
while one was discovered in Haltern, Germany. The paper
discusses the dating and distribution frameworks, as well as
the iconography of the Otok variant of Aucissa fibulae.
Corbridge A and B/C armour types, a Pompeii-type sword sheath mount and certain types of pendants have been highlighted. The stela of a soldier of Cohors VIII Voluntariorum is represented as a possible confirmation for the use of some parts of the Roman military equipment in Dalmatia during the early Trajanic period.
opreme, pronađeni su dijelovi nošnje, medicinski instrumenti, stilus, kućni inventar,
nakit i alat. Vojna oprema zastupljena je dijelovima zaštitne, osobne i konjske opreme.
Datirani nalazi pripadaju vremenu 1. st., s izuzetkom jedne fibule datirane u razdoblje 2. i ranog
3. st.
with common features such as a full central plate and an ajouré frame. Although few in number, such items are widely distributed, so they have been found from Hispania and southern Gallia through northern Italy, Pannonia and Dalmatia, to northern Africa. The fragment from the Tilurium probably may be defined as a riding harness pendant on the basis of typological analysis and comparisons to similar items that can be found over a broad territory of the Roman Empire. The fact that they are the most numerous in Sisak, where four such pendants have been found, leads to presumption on production at this site, particularly if they are viewed as a variation of the peltashaped Bishop 3 pendant, which is also assumed to have been produced at this site. In this regard, we prefer the dating of the pendant from Tilurium to the latter half of the 1st and 2nd century.
ih nalazimo na priobalnom području, no zastupljene su i u unutrašnjosti. Premda su na raznim područjima Rimskog Carstva
različito datirane, najranija pojava im se stavlja u prvu polovicu 1. st. pr. Kr., a najveća upotreba je u drugoj polovici
1. st. pr. Kr. U uporabi su do ranog, odnosno srednjeaugustovog doba, kada počinju prevladavati Aucissa fibule. U članku se
obrađuju fibule Alesia tipa s trokutastim lukom pronađene u Saloni, dovodi ih se u odnos s nalazima na vojnim i civilnim
lokalitetima u rimskoj Dalmaciji i smješta u širi kontekst nalaza Alesia tipa na prostoru Rimskog Carstva.
Vrijeme kada su Alesia fibule točno dospjele na salonitansko i okolno područje ne može se odrediti preciznije od vremena
trajanja pojedinog tipa budući da nam detaljne okolnosti nalaza nisu poznate i ne omogućuju preciznu dataciju. Stoga su,
budući da povijesne okolnosti to dopuštaju, fibule mogle dospjeti u Salonu još od početaka širenja tipa što vrijedi i za nalaze
iz ostalih urbanih centara u Dalmaciji kao i za područja koja su trgovinskim putovima bila povezana s njima. Za nalaze
iz unutrašnjosti tipološka pripadnost fibula, povijesni kontekst (veća koncentracija i zadržavanje vojske, gradnja logora, a s
tim povezan i veći priljev civila nakon vojnog pohoda 34. god) te okolnosti nalaza (grobne cjeline datirane u razdoblje od
35. god. pr. Kr.) govore u prilog dataciji u razdoblje Augustove vladavine.
an agrarian and mercantile character, which determined the natures of its inhabitants, the city with its surroundings was an important military base in the conquest of Illyricum and a major stronghold of the Romans for military campaigns against that people in the period from a bit before the middle of the 2nd century BC to the
beginning of the second half of the 1st century BC. In the surroundings of Narona the presence of soldiers is confirmed by numerous epigraphs, which are supported by archaeological finds, but apart from the five finds in the Augusteum, there are just a few in the area of the town.
The finds in the Augusteum comprise three items of horse equipment, one fragment of armour and a belt mount, probably belonging to a belt set. A tripartite leaf-shaped pendant for a harness (T 1.1) is dated to the time from the Claudian to the Flavian, and in the typology of M. C. Bishop is defined as type 1l. They are found in various sites in the Empire, this same variant also including specimens the central leg of which ends in the shape of a palmette, which are somewhat more
numerous than those of the kind from Narona. They can be found in Dalmatia too, for example, in Salona and Tilurium. Among the pendants from Dalmatian sites that belong to this type, if not to the variant, mentioned here by analogy, we find luxury pendants, not only at military sites, such as Burnum (variant 1p) and Tilurium (variant 1s) but in city centres such as in Salona (variant 1v). A second harness pendant from the Augusteum (T. 1. 2) is perhaps of the
tear-shaped type (Bishop 5), variant 5a, which is characterised by kidney shaped perforations at the top, a spherical ending and a shape close to that of a heart.
Tear-shaped pendants were in use long, first appeared at the latest in the age of Claudius, lasting the whole of the 2nd century. In various versions they are often found at Roman sites, but examples of variant 5a are not very numerous. There are similar pendants from Sisak and Augusta the edges of which are straight, but the closest analogy is a specimen from Wiesbaden. Also belonging to the harness
is a phalera (T. 1. 3) with a square loop on the rear, which belongs to the type with one loop through which the bridle was drawn (Bishop 1c), and since it has no central opening for a rivet was clearly meant only for a horizontal strap of the harness. The phalera from the Augusteum fits into the chronological framework of the rest of the material found, with the proviso that the dating of the phalerae to an extent similar to ours and some functional decorative items of similar form might suggest a period of the second half of the 1st century. Two bronze plates of scale armour (T. 1. 4) each with four pairs of holes, are dated, because of the existence of perforations on the bottom of the plates (which which they were additionally fastened to the lower row of scales), to the time of the 2nd century. In Croatia, most
numerous are fragments from Sisak, among which there are several that are similar to ours, while those from Dalj are more elongated and have a sharper tip. Finds from Burnum castrum, although they are elongated, do not have perforations at the bottom. As for finds in other areas of the Empire (including those from Corbridge, Avenches, Mušov, Bonn, Eining-Unterfeldt) those most similar, in terms of shape and distribution of the perforations, are items from Dura-Europos.
The belt mount belongs to the type with a trumpet-shaped decoration (T. 1.5). Items decorated with this kind of motif constitute a unique chronological grouping of material dating to the second half of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd century, possibly continuing through the first half of the 3rd, their dating being confirmed by finds with coins in closed grave units. Such mountings are a frequent find in the area of the Rhenish and the Danubian limes, but they can be found in numerous sites through the Empire. A decoration with trumpet shaped
motifs is not limited to belt sets, but is used in the decoration and shaping of objects for other purpose, horse equipment and fibulae, for example. The objects discussed in the article are also found in the temenos of the Augusteum in Narona, and it can be assumed that they came there as votive gifts.
The practice of dedicating weapons and horse trappings is known since prehistory, and is well documented in the Late Iron Age. The making of votive offerings, as proved on altars, was common in the Roman Empire, and research into shrines from Britain, Gaul and the Germanic area shows that parts of military equipment, especially during the 1st century, were frequently consecrated and deposited as
votive gifts. The small number of metal finds in the temple, as compared with other types of finds, can be explained in several ways. Researches from shrines at several sites have shown that usually whole objects or sets were consecrated, and we can assume that our finds are only parts of horse trappings or belt sets or armour that were originally dedicated. During the course of time, or during the
demolition and filling of the shrine, the metal objects might have been destroyed or collected for reuse of the metal, which was a common practice in the Roman period. It has to be borne in mind that this was a city shrine that was not primarily meant for soldiers, who might have undertaken their vows in shrines that probably existed in the camps in which they were stationed, which leads to the supposition
that originally military equipment was not represented to the same extent as some other categories of objects.
shed light not only on religious practices but also on trade and the routes on which it proceeded in that era. At the beginning of the past century, debate proceeded in the scholarly literature on the question of veneration for St. Menas in Dalmatia, primarily after the discovery of a small marble plate bearing the inscription Ο ΑΓΙΟΣ ΜΗΝΑΣ ( O hagios Menas) at the Marusinac cemetery in Salona. Besides this inscription, two ampullae of St. Menas were also found in Dalmatia; one, already mentioned, came from the vicinity of Makarska, while the other is held in the Archaeological Collection of the Franciscan Monastery in Sinj. The circumstances surrounding the discovery of these ampullae are not known, so it has been impossible to ascertain whether they had actually arrived in Dalmatia during Antiquity. Despite this, already in the first publications, Fr. Frane Bulić, based on the study of analogies, craftsmanship, materials and procurement circumstances, assumed that they were original products that may have made their way to Dalmatia in Late Antiquity.
When analysing the ampulla from the Archaeological Museum in Split (Fig. 1), we primarily focused on a typological classification in line with the latest research in this field, which also facilitated more precise dating. It belongs to the ampullae on which the image in the central medallion on both sides depicts St. Menas in orans posture flanked by two camels kneeling at his feet. The bordure consists of two ribs with a row of spherical protrusions between them. The image was rendered flatly and the image is stylized, so the saint’s head is triangular, his hands are outsized, and the camels are stylized virtually to the point of unrecognizability. It corresponds to the ampullae of the third, chronologically most recent phase of production (610–650 AD). Most of ampullae of this type are from the territory of Egypt, but many have also
been found throughout their area of distribution. According to G. Kaminski-Menssen’s classification, it belongs to the basic type with the St. Menas-a image, phase III, while according to J. Witt’s classification it belongs to the basic image (St. Menas flanked by camels), type B, variant B1. They are also well represented at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria, and they have been found in northern Italy, where they correspond
to type VI, which has been dated to the 6th century. When analysing the ampullae from the Louvre, C. Metzger dated group 1a, to which this ampulla belongs, to the period from the mid-6th to the 7th century.
In M. Gilli’s classification, the ampulla from Makarska, based on the image in the central field, belongs to iconographic type 1 (Menas between camels) while the bordure is type 12B. The ampulla from Sinj does not belong to the same type. The central field on one side of that ampulla bears an image of St. Menas with camels on a prominent medallion with a sculptural portrayal on which the saint’s body is compact, as opposed to the elongated image on phase III ampullae. The saint’s hair is thick and wavy, with a halo around his head. The other side has a three-line inscription which reads ΑГІО(У) MENA ЕУΛΟΓ (eulogia tuo hagiou Mena). It corresponds to Metzger’s type Ic, while G. Kaminski-Menssen
efined ampullae such as the one considered herein as a group of the basic type a (image of St. Menas flanked by camels), which is dated to phase II (560–610). It belongs to type E, variant E1 in J. Witt’s typology.
St. Menas ampullae are indicators of a tie between Dalmatia and Egypt, and they may have been brought by a traveller, merchant or settler from Egypt. On the other hand, the inscription from Marusinac in Salona indicates that the dedicant was of eastern origin, who was probably an Egyptian, a worshiper of St. Menas and a member of the Egyptian community in Salona. The inscription is certainly not evidence of the existence of organized reverence for St. Menas in Salona or Dalmatia, but it serves as a point of departure for further research on this question.We may therefore conclude that there is a possibility that the St. Menas ampulla were brought to Croatia’s territory already during Antiquity, precisely at the end of the 6th or the beginning of the 7th century, when such ampullae were made. This hypothesis is backed by the find of another ampulla in the Sinj area and the inscription dedicated to this saint found at the cemetery next to the Early Christian church at Marusinac
in Salona. This possibility is also allowed by the well-known connections between Salona and Egypt, the existence of well-established trade routes and a confirmed Egyptian community in Salona in both the pre-Christian and Christian eras. The reasons why it was brought here and the manner in which it was conveyed remain unknown, so that the question of whether it was brought by a pilgrim from Abu Mena, or by a traveller, merchant or perhaps migrant from Alexandria or Egypt remains unanswered for the time being.
istraživanja na lokalitetu Banjače u Dugopolju
vođenog 2005. godine, koja su proveli djelatnici
Odsjeka za arheologiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu.
U obrađenom materijalu prevladava oruđe (srp, klinovi,
strugala, noževi, čavli, zakovice), dok su u manjoj
mjeri zastupljeni kućni inventar (zasun brave,
igle za šivanje, okov) i osobni predmeti (fibula, okvir
kopče), te se nameće zaključak da se radi o seoskom
gospodarstvu, kakvih je sigurno bilo u antičko doba
na području plodnog dugopoljskog polja i koja su
vjerojatno bila organizirana u zaseoke (vicus). Kako
je većina datiranog materijala iz razdoblja kasne
antike, a raniji materijal dopušta dataciju u 4. st.,
nalazi iz Banjača mogu se staviti u vremenske okvire
od 4. do 6. st.
The paper presents metal finds from the archaeological
excavations carried out at the site of Banjače
in Dugopolje, conducted in 2005 by the employees
of the Department of Archaeology of the Faculty of
Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb.
The analyzed material is dominated by tools (sickle,
wedges, scraper, knifes, nails, rivets), with significantly
less finds of house inventory (shutter, sewing
needles, shackle) and personal items (fibula, clasp),
leading to the conclusion that this was a rural farm
the like of which must have existed on the fertile
territory of Dugopolje in Antiquity and which were
probably organized as villages (vicus). Seeing as most
of the material was dated to the Late Antiquity, and
older material can be dated to the 4th century, the
finds from Banjače can be dated to the timeframe
between the 4th and the 6th century.
Najranije datirani metalni nalazi pronađeni u novim istraživanjima rimskog vojnog logora Tilurij su fibule koje pripadaju tipovima Almgren 65 i Almgren 18b datirane u drugu četvrtinu, odnosno drugu polovicu 1. st. pr. Kr., te Alesia fibula i zakovice za cipele iz kasnorepublikanskog/ranocarskog vremena. Većina datiranih nalaza pripada vremenu 1. st., a za nekolicinu se trajanje produžuje kroz 2. i 3. st. Kasnoantičkom dobu pripadaju ulomak zatvorene prstenaste fibule datiran u 3. i prvu polovicu 4. st. i vrh romboidne strijele za luk. Kopčice za odjeću iz srednjovjekovnog i novovjekovnog razdoblja svjedoci su života na tom lokalitetu i u kasnijim razdobljima.
materijal je raznovrstan i uobičajen za rimski vojni logor. Uz oružje i opremu vojnika
(koplja, strijele, dijelovi oklopa, mača, kacige, dijelovi pojasa), konjsku opremu i dijelove nošnje (dijelovi orme, pojasne kopče i fibule) pronađeno je i nekoliko komada nakita i medicinskih instrumenata (medicinske žličice i sonda). Velik je broj predmeta koji pripadaju kućnom inventaru ili oruđu.
Oružje je zastupljeno s 46 predmeta (mač, bodež, koplje, sulica, balistički projektil, olovnjača za praćku, luk i strijela), zaštitna oprema s 39 predmeta (kaciga, štit, oklop), konjska oprema s 89 predmeta (privjesak konjske orme, spojna kuka, zapinjač za remenje orme i okov remena, paradna opreme konja), osobna oprema je zastupljena s 283 predmeta (pojasna garnitura) i ostala oprema s 29 predmeta (gumb s ušicama, staklena falera, dolabre).
Ovako provedena kataloška obrada i objava te tipološko-kronološka analiza predstavljaju veliki doprinos poznavanju i daljnjem znanstvenom istraživanju rimske vojne opreme u provinciji Dalmaciji. Provedena je i analiza rimske vojne opreme prema mjestu nalaza. Očekivano prednjači rimski legijski logor i kasnije logor pomoćnih postrojbi Tilurij, a slijedi Salona, središte provincije Dalmacije. Lokalitet Salona se po prvi put razmatra s aspekta zastupljenosti vojne opreme u jedinstvenoj tipološko-kronološkoj analizi. Obrađeni su i malobrojni, ali značajni nalazi rimske vojne opreme pronađeni na ostalim lokalitetima koji se nalaze na području utjecaja tih dvaju lokaliteta kojima se ovdje ponajprije bavimo.
Najveća je količina nalaza je iz vremena 1. st., kada je vojska najbrojnija u provinciji Dalmaciji. To je vrijeme koje obuhvaća razdoblje ratovanja, gradnju logorâ i boravak legija u njima. Krajem 1. st. legijske postrojbe odlaze iz Dalmacije, a sigurnost su jamčile pomoćne jedinice. Smanjen broj vojnih postrojba tijekom 2. i 3. st. rezultirao je i manjom količinom opreme. Nalazi iz kasnorepublikanskog vremena su malobrojni no za očekivati je da će se u budućim istraživanjima, bilo terenskim, bilo onih u depoima muzeja i zbirki sigurno javiti veći broj nalaza iz tog doba.
Analiza rimske vojne opreme u međuriječju Krke i Cetine dala je važne podatke o vojsci u provinciji Dalmaciji u doba principata te novo značenje vojničkim nalazima, i to ne samo onima koji potječu iz sustavnih istraživanja nego i onima koji su od ranije prikupljani i u velikoj mjeri neobrađeni čuvani u depoima muzeja. Tipološko-kronološka obrada tih nalaza tako je ne samo oslonac za daljnja istraživanja nego daje smjernice za budući rad. Eventualna buduća istraživanja lokaliteta spomenutih u knjizi dovela bi do novih spoznaja i boljeg razumijevanja uloge rimske vojske u prošlosti provincije Dalmacije kao i rimske vojske u cjelini.
U ovoj su knjizi izostavljeni uvodni prilozi kao što su povijest lokaliteta, okolnosti istraživanja, karakteristike prostora na kojem se Tilurij nalazi, ali i bibliografija tekstova o lokalitetu. Razlog tomu leži u činjenici da su te informacije već pomno prikazane u ranijim monografijama osobito u Tilurium III. Nasuprot tome je u prvom dijelu ove knjige posebno poglavlje posvećeno razvoju metodologija koje su se primjenjivale tijekom istraživanja ovog lokaliteta. Slijedi prikaz svih provedenih radnji i postupaka od kojih su se sastojala arheološka istraživanja na sondi Z u razdoblju od 2007.-2010. godine. Uz opis tijeka istraživanja dati su svi relevantni podaci, crteži i fotografije koji omogućavaju bolje razumijevanje istraživanih sondi. Kao priprema za daljnja istraživanja na tom su prostoru provedena nedestruktivna, geofizička istraživanja koja su također prikazana u prvom dijelu knjige. Isto tako je izvršena i konzervacija dijela istraženih građevina.
Drugi dio monografije Tilurium IV posvećen je obradi i analizi onih pokretnih nalaza koji su se na sondi Z pojavili tijekom istraživanja u razdoblju od 2007. do 2010. godine.
Brojna predavanja o zadanoj temi donijela su sudionicima velik broj novih spoznaja o srednjojadranskim otocima, dijelom kao rezultat novih terenskih istraživanja, a dijelom zbog promišljanja i interpretacije već poznatoga.
Osim predavanja o arheologiji otoka domaćina skupa, održana su predavanja o susjednim mu otocima i priobalnom pojasu srednje Dalmacije. Prikazani su i brojni važni rezultati podvodnih istraživanja na području srednjeg Jadrana. Skupina autora koji se intenzivno bave proučavanjem otoka Korčule, nizom predavanja na poseban je način prikazala lokalitet Vela spila. Ovdje se donose dva članka na tu temu.
Teme zastupljene u ovom broju Izdanja pokazuju da se područje jadranskih otoka, podmorja i priobalja proučava s raznih aspekata, te da se otkrivaju nove relevantne arheološke činjenice iz razdoblja od prapovijesti do srednjeg vijeka. Tako su predstavljani rezultati istraživanja kulta, numizmatike, brojne analize keramičkih i ostalih sitnih nalaza sa zaštitnih i sustavnih arheoloških istraživanja, restauratorska analiza mozaičke produkcije, te u dosadašnjoj literaturi slabije zastupljeno proučavanje srednjovjekovlja tog područja. Osobito veseli što su to dobrim dijelom rezultati novijih arheoloških istraživanja, koji se još svježi predstavljaju i daju na uporabu stručnoj javnosti.
The seminar on the topic of “Archaeological Research on the Central Adriatic” was held in the town of Vis in October 2009, organized by the Croatian Archaeology Association and the Archaeological Museum in Split. The island of Vis delighted the numerous participants from throughout Croatia. They had the opportunity to savour not only the island’s specific beauty and atmosphere but also the archaeology of the sites which have been under the care of Archaeological Museum in Split for many years. These sites, besides being rather isolated, have also unfortunately endured much devastation in the latter half of the twentieth century. Despite this, the wealth of the archaeological heritage discovered on the island is impressive, particularly at the site of the Classical-era city, partially exhibited in situ, and partially in the Issa Archaeological Collection.
The many lectures held on the seminar’s main topic provided a great deal of new knowledge on the Central Adriatic islands to the participants – either as a result of new field research or as new assessments and interpretations of already-known facts.
Besides the archaeology of the host island, the lectures also covered neighbouring islands and the coastal belt of Central Dalmatia. The results of numerous underwater research projects in the central Adriatic were also presented. Particularly interesting is the work of a group of authors who intensively study the island of Korčula and who delivered a series of lectures on the Vela Spila site, with only two articles on the topic included herein.
The topics covered in this issue of Izdanja show that the territory of the Central Dalmatian islands, its undersea zone and the coastal belt are being studied from numerous aspects, and that this study is yielding new, relevant archaeological facts from prehistory to the medieval period. Thus, the presented results encompass research into cults, numismatics, numerous analyses of ceramics and other small finds from both rescue and systematic archaeological research, restoration analysis of mosaic products, and the Middle Ages in this territory – something much less present in previous literature. It is particularly encouraging that these are largely the results of newer archaeological research which, still fresh, are being placed at the disposal of the professional public.
Najbrojnija je skupina osobne opreme sa 283 obrađena nalaza, a kao ostala oprema obrađeno ih je ukupno 29. U poglavlju Tipološko – kronološka analiza predmeti su obrađeni u tipološkim skupinama bez obzira na lokalitet s kojeg potječu, te je fokus na postavljanju, uz namjenske i tipološke i vremenskih okvira nalaza. U Zaključnim razmatranjima smo usporedili zastupljenost rimske vojne opreme na pojedinim nalazištima, te izdvojili datacijske okvire materijala obzirom na lokalitet nalaza. Od ukupnog broja od 486 nalaza čak 476 pronađeno je na području Tilurija i Salone, a na svim ostalim lokalitetima 9 (sl. 34). Od tog je broja najveći broj nalaza, ukupno pet, iz Andetrija, dva su pronađena u Podgrađu kod Podstrane u Poljicima, a s po jednim nalazom zastupljeni su Balina glavica kod Umljanovića, Čaporice kod Trilja i Prugovo (kat. br. 153) koje se nalazi na cestovnom pravcu od Klisa prema Muću (karta 2). Usporedba nalaza iz Tilurija i Salone pokazala je na oba lokaliteta najbolju zastupljenost materijala iz razdoblja 1. st., no za razliku od gotovo
otpunog izostanka nalaza 2. i 3. st. u Tiluriju, u Saloni je tako datiran materijal zastupljen u tek nešto manjem broju od onog iz 1. st. (sl. 37). U Tiluriju su potvrđeni nalazi iz kasnorepublikanskog/ranoaugustovskog doba čime je po prvi put u sloju potvrđena ta faza logora. Materijal tog vremena nije zabilježen na području Salone. U Andetriju je oprema zastupljena s pet predmeta iz razdoblja od 1. do 3. st., a nalazi iz u Prugova, Čaporica i Baline glavice i Podgrađa pripadaju 1. st.