Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 2, 2022
The Theological Higher Education in Transylvania after 1990-Expression of Respect for Human Value... more The Theological Higher Education in Transylvania after 1990-Expression of Respect for Human Values and of Religious Freedom. The socio-cultural context conducive to the development of religious education, which occurred after the fall of the ideocratic regime, stimulated the higher theological education, in the spirit of respect for human values and for religious freedom, both at the national level and in the various local contexts, which in Romania post-December 1989 period were able to highlight their specificities. Thus, in Transylvania after 1989, religious higher education evolved in a framework strongly marked by the multi-ethnic and multi-confessional dimension of long tradition. The old theological institutes (belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church or various Protestant Churches) were revitalized, later being elevated to the rank of Faculties of Theology and thus fully integrated into the regional and national university system, and Faculties of Theology at the newly created Universities throughout Transylvania were founded. The same process was followed by the University Degree Theological Institutes of the Romanian Church United with Rome, re-established in 1990, after the syncopation recorded in their operation, under the conditions of the suppression of the Greek-Catholic Church by the "popular democracy" regime, established at the end of 1947 in Bucharest, under the supervision of Moscow, and consolidated during the following year. In addition, the neo-Protestant Churches were able to open, under conditions of freedom, specific higher education structures, many of which were coherently integrated into the country' s university system.
Anuarul Institutului de Istorie „George Bariţiu”-Series …, 2010
... Writing on 15 june 1198 to Bishop Adrian of Transylvania, Innocent confirmed the terms of a s... more ... Writing on 15 june 1198 to Bishop Adrian of Transylvania, Innocent confirmed the terms of a settlement worked out by Gregory of Sancto Apostolo, cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Portico, in 1192, when he was serving ... Tilman Struve, Renovatio Imperii în Europa in costruzione ...
The study brings to light to the historiography of the problem a lesser known episode in the hist... more The study brings to light to the historiography of the problem a lesser known episode in the history of the persecution of the Roman Catholic Church in Romania. The communist authorities in Bucharest tried to nationalize the Romanian Catholic Church through schism. At the base of this schismatic church – an association led by excommunicated priests - were to be the Catholic buildings confiscated by the communists in 1948. A meeting was convened in Cluj, in August 1950, by which the Ministry of Cults founded a legal fiction called ”Catholic Status”, which referred to an educational institution created in the sixteenth century in Cluj. During the meeting, the buildings confiscated in 1948 were given to this association, which wanted to replace the Roman Catholic Church in Romania, and thanks were given to the communist authorities for their care for the ”Catholics” in Romania. The founding operation of the schismatic Romanian Catholic Church failed in a few years, but the legal consequences are visible to this day in Transylvania.
„Anuarul Institutului de Istorie «George Bariţiu» din Cluj-Napoca”, tom LVIII, 2019, p. 195–208
This research relates to a package of unpublished information from the Foreign Ministry of Italy’... more This research relates to a package of unpublished information from the Foreign Ministry of Italy’s Archives. These are documents stating that the former head of Romanian Freemasonry, Jean Pangal, was sent by King Carol II of Romania to negotiate at the Holy See the possibility of the religious union of the Romanian Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church. The information comes from the Italian Embassy to the Holy See and are extended over the years 1937–1939. The Italian Foreign Ministry is interested in this movement of religious union because it could move towards political solutions non approved by Mussolini’s regime due to Romania’s international position gained in this context. The Holy See did not provide any relevant information on this issue to the fascist authorities either in order to interfere not with Italian foreign policy or because the plan of religious union was too fragile and conditioned rather by the King Carol II’s policy than by the wishes of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Keywords: Church union, Romania, Italy, Holy See, Freemasonry
„Anuarul Institutului de Istorie «George Bariţiu» din Cluj-Napoca”, tom LIII, 2014
This paper is a historical contribution regarding the first attempt of accreditation of Ion Mihai... more This paper is a historical contribution regarding the first attempt of accreditation of Ion Mihai Pacepa as officer in diplomacy at the Romanian Embassy in Italy during 1955-1956. The young officer of the Romanian intelligence services was trained and ready to "work" in the embassy from Italy and Germany. But this project wasn't realised and Pacepa made a short visit in Italy only after the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Treaty's troops in 1968. The Appendix presents the original texts of two telespressos of the Italian Embassy in Bucharest regarding the request of the Ion Mihai Pacepa for a visa permit În discursul public românesc din ultimii cinci luştri (dar în zona oralităţii militante şi desuete cu doi luştri în plus), figura celui ce poartă numele de extracţie onomastică cehă Pacepa, cu prenumele dublu Ion Mihai, este o prezenţă cotidiană. Rar o asemenea figură a copleşit mass-media autohtonă ca acest personaj. Faptul nu este întâmplător. Într-o zonă culturală deşirată precum e România postcomunistă, cu numeroase handicapuri educaţionale generate de "educatori" needucaţi, istoria contemporană şi mai ales istoria recentă au devenit o imensă plăcintă care justifică averi, poziţii publice, trafic de influenţe sau competenţe, neajunsuri publice, tragedii comunitare şi individuale. Iar originea răului (depinde de unde se priveşte) evident nu se găseşte în protagoniştii actuali, în arvunirea viitorului comunităţii româneşti pentru averi consumabile pe parcursul a două-trei generaţii, ci în "răul absolut" reprezentat sintetic şi anistoric de cuplul Nicolae şi Elena Ceauşescu, dar şi în cel mai evident şi public element care s-a contrapus regimului, Ion Mihai Pacepa. Alăturarea celor două entităţi (cuplul Ceauşescu-Pacepa) în publicistica cotidiană, hebdomadară sau mensilă din ultimii ani, dincolo de un paradox bolnav, dovedeşte deprofesionalizarea jurnalismului, care tinde, cu competenţe sfertuite sau decimate, să invadeze sfera istoricului, dar şi să inducă în publicul cititor (tot mai redus, spre neşansa lor şi ca ultimă şansă pentru istoricii contemporaneişti de a disemina profesionist * Cercetător ştiinţific II dr.,
Anuarul Institutului de Istorie „A. D. Xenopol”, Iași., 2017
NEGOTIATIONS ABOUT REOPENING THE ITALIAN CHURCH IN BUCHAREST DURING THE ATHEOCRATIC REGIME
(Summa... more NEGOTIATIONS ABOUT REOPENING THE ITALIAN CHURCH IN BUCHAREST DURING THE ATHEOCRATIC REGIME (Summary) Keywords: Romania, Italia, Church, communism, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Amintore Fanfani. The study covers a new subject in Romanian historiography: the issue of reopening the Italian Church in Bucharest in the context of the permissive attitude towards the West of the Ceauşescu regime during its first five years. Romanian-Italian relations were heavily tested in the years 1950−1955 with various spy scandals and political processes that damaged the Catholic Church in Romania and the Italian community gathered around the Italian Church in Bucharest. The latest priest of the church, Clemente Gatti, was arrested and sentenced to prison and was released before his death. After 1956 Romania make several attempts to get closer to the West and, in this context, after Ceauşescu came to power, tries to rebuilt the relations with Italy, both politically, from an economic point of view and culturally. In the cultural field Italians accept negotiations that were intended to reopening Accademia di Romania in Rome and that the Italian Church reopened for worship in Bucharest. The negotiations were led by Corneliu Mănescu, Foreign Minister of Romania and Amintore Fanfani, Foreign Minister of Italy and were directly supervised by Nicolae Ceauşescu. The negotiations were positive and the Italian Church in Bucharest could work from 1968 to the fall of communism during the main religious feasts of the year.
faþã de poporul sãu, trãire cu ajutorul cãreia a reuºit sã-ºi imprime ºi sã imprime o atitudine d... more faþã de poporul sãu, trãire cu ajutorul cãreia a reuºit sã-ºi imprime ºi sã imprime o atitudine de demnitate româneascã, vizibilã în opera sa ºi în viaþa sa publicã. Braºovul, în anii de gimnaziu ºi de liceu, i-a conferit viitorului cercetãtor dimensiunea realã a civilizaþiei româneºti, cu toate sintezele ei ºi cu interferenþele românogermano-ungare, din care a învãþat de timpuriu respectul faþã de limba, cultura ºi religia celuilalt. Braºovul a fost decisiv în formaþia adolescentului Nicolae Edroiu ºi prin amintirea celor ce trecuserã pe-acolo ºi lãsaserã urme de neºters: diaconul Coresi,
This study traces the evolution over the time of the issue of the Italian priest that the
Holy Se... more This study traces the evolution over the time of the issue of the Italian priest that the Holy See destined for the pastoral care of the Italian community in Bucharest, from the early twentieth century until 1990, in the frame of the interest of the Apostolic See and the Italian state for religious assistance given to emigration from Peninsula. In this context are presented the figures of the first priests of the Italian community in Bucharest, focusing on the figures of father Antonio Mantica and Clemente Gatti, for the latter’s destiny being also published in the Annex a number of original documents from the Foreign Ministry of Italy on his arrest and release (1951-1952).
Anuarul Institutului de Istorie ”George Barițiu” din Cluj-Napoca, LV, 2016
The study refers to the meteoric presence in medieval documents from Transylvania (1355) of an Ar... more The study refers to the meteoric presence in medieval documents from Transylvania (1355) of an Armenian bishop named Martin of Tălmaciu, vicar of the archbishop of Esztergom. We think it is an interesting case for the implementation of the subordination's policy of the Armenian Rite by the figure of a vicar bishop or a diocesan vicar to the authority of the archbishop that oversees the ecclesiastical discipline in the territory of the provostship of Sibiu. In this business is involved also the cistercian abbey of Cârţa, that may have been implicated in the admission of the Armenians of Tălmaciu under the obedience of the Roman Church.
Anuarul Institutului de Istorie «George Bariţiu» din Cluj-Napoca, nr. LVII, 2018
The present study discusses a theme not at all evaluated in the Romanian historiography: a German... more The present study discusses a theme not at all evaluated in the Romanian historiography: a German project to achieve the religious union of Romanians and Bulgarians of Orthodox religion with Rome. The project, advanced by Chancellor von Hertling, involved the acceptance of the Holy See for the realization of the religious union with the help of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Bucharest, Raymund Netzhammer and the Bulgarian King Ferdinand I. Seen in a political key, the religious union of the Romanians and Bulgarians was also, for the authorities in Berlin, a mean of opposing the advance of the Bolshevik revolution. The mediator between the authorities of the Second Reich and the Holy See was Eugenio Pacelli, the Apostolic Nuncio in Munich, the future Pope Pius XII.
The study is based on an unpublished document of the Italian diplomacy from 1941 and it refers to... more The study is based on an unpublished document of the Italian diplomacy from 1941 and it refers to an information emanating from the Italian Consulate in Timişoara. The document enlightens the atmosphere in Cluj almost a year after the Second Vienna Award. The document highlights the profound dissatisfaction of the Hungarian intellectuals from Cluj towards the authorities in Budapest and the desire of the Hungarian ethnic citizens from Cluj to return to Romania by referendum. It is said that when Northern Transylvania became part of Hungary the quality of life decreased significantly and that it was much better during the Romanian administration. The document surprised by its originality especially that coming from one of the authors of the Second Vienna Award. Dictatul de la Viena este încă o rană sângerândă în raporturile publice româno-maghiare, atât pentru maniera în care a fost decisă rataşarea spaţiului nord-transilvan la Ungaria, în contradicţie cu normele contemporane ale dreptului internaţional, cât şi pentru consecinţele deloc faste pe care le-a avut o atare decizie arbitrară şi injustă. Probabil cicatrizarea va veni după încă multe generaţii de la momentul în care scriem acest articol. Noi ne propunem însă să oferim, pe baza unui document inedit cu caracter confidenţial, un reper din întortocheatul parcurs al gestionării maghiare a Ardealului de nord, care poate contribui la dedramatizarea fâstâcelii istoriografice atunci când fie istoriografia română, fie cea maghiară abordează în studii serioase acest segment de istorie. Documentul pe care-l prezentăm este unul care nu poate fi acuzat de neadevăr. Aparţine serviciului diplomatic al unei ţări care a contribuit decisiv la conturarea frontierelor româneşti între 1940-1944. Ba mai mult, este alcătuit şi destinat unuia dintre decidenţii de la Viena: contele Galeazzo Ciano, ministrul de Externe al Italiei. Nota diplomatică este rodul activităţii de informare pe teren a diplomaţiei italiene, are un caracter tehnic şi nu prezintă ingredientele unei intoxicări. Din punct de vedere cronologic corespunde temporal raportului de un an de la cedarea teritoriului românesc către Ungaria şi radiografiază situaţia aşa cum se prezintă în ochii informatorului. Este adevărat însă că, în logica unui anumit tip de comunicări, această notă informativă este din categoria celor îndeobşte conservate de structurile de informaţii şi mai puţin de structurile administrative de tipul ministerelor.
This research is based on a new document: the Verbale Note No. 2667 of the Apostolic Nunciature i... more This research is based on a new document: the Verbale Note No. 2667 of the Apostolic Nunciature in Bucharest to the Romanian Foreign Ministry during Ana Pauker. The copy of the Verbale Note was sent to Rome by the Minister of Italy in Bucharest, Michele Scammacca. He specifies that the Verbale Note which contained the protest against the arrest of the bishops Márton Áron and Anton Durcovici was denied by the Foreign Ministry as if the Holy See would not have been recognized by the Romanian government. The Nunciature made the Verbale Note to reach Ana Pauker by another method along with a letter, but the Foreign Minister of Romania has still not registered the Note, that can not be found in the archives of the Foreign Ministry. The episode demonstrates that political power in Bucharest despised diplomatic rules and was determined to destroy the Catholic Church in Romania. Sfântul Scaun este recunoscut la nivel mondial pentru grija deosebită pe care o acordă arhivelor sale sau celor ale instituțiilor ecleziastice din subordine. Tocmai din această rațiune, accesul la documentele diplomatice create de instituțiile subordonate au condiții de consultabilitate extrem de parcimonioase. Ajunge să amintim aici că actualmente, cu puține excepții, sunt consultabile fără opreliști documentele până la pontificatul lui Pius al XI-lea inclusiv (până în 1939) 1. Așadar documentele din urmă cu 77 de ani rămân încă sub obrocul condițiilor arhivistice pontificale. Se așteaptă de la an la an deschiderea arhivelor pontificatului lui Pius al XII-lea, dar decizia papei Francisc continuă, în ciuda estimărilor optimiste, să rămână negativă cu privire la acest subiect datorită probabil și unor condiții ce fac inope-* Conf. univ. dr.,
The study analyses a request of Pope Gregory XI related to the financial revenues of the Papacy p... more The study analyses a request of Pope Gregory XI related to the financial revenues of the Papacy payable by the Teutonic Order for its property in Transylvania. Only that the request is from 1373, while the order was banished from Transylvania in 1225. The study answers the question: why is claimed a property confiscated 150 years ago? The answer is that the Holy See has never recognized the confiscation of the Teutonic property, as the documents show over the time and the fiscal needs of Pope Gregory XI in 1373 are for supporting a new crusade. In the context is remembered the great inquiry from 1373 for the census of all properties of the Hospitaller Knights intended to provide financial benefits for the crusade. The study concludes that the Holy See has not legally and patrimonially abandoned the Teutonic property in Transylvania.
Riassunto: La politica della Santa Sede di espandere la Cristianità conosce un episodio particola... more Riassunto: La politica della Santa Sede di espandere la Cristianità conosce un episodio particolare in Transilvania alla fine del XII-imo secolo: la fondazione della prepositura dei sassoni. I protagonisti della vicenda sono i pontefici Celestino III e Innocenzo III e i re ungheresi Bela III e Andrea II. Si tratta infatti del primo tentativo di offrire una sistemazione istituzionale ai sassoni confluiti in Transilvania a partire dalla seconda metà del XII secolo sia come crociati sia come coloni attirati qui dalle elargizioni presenti in un contesto in cui l'autorità ungherese esercita un'autorità solamente nominale e per niente concreta. Infatti la fondazione della prepositura dei sassoni certifica l'inesistenza di un strenuo contatto dell'autorità centrale con il territorio della prepositura circostanza di cui profitta la Santa Sede per fondare la prepositura, direttamente dipendente da Roma. La prepositura come istituzione significa un'autorità vicariale che esercita il potere amministrativo al nome del vescovo di Roma. Sempre in questo saggio viene discusso il celebre documento del 1191 in cui accanto al problema della prepositura sono elencati i diritti dell'arcivescovato primaziale di Strigonia che è investito come legato nato anche con la sorveglianza a nome della Sede Apostolica della prepositura di Sibiu. Si evidenzia come durante il pontificato di Innocenzo III assistiamo ad un tentativo di appropriazione della prepositura da parte del re ungherese Andrea II, tentativo fallito. Infatti la situazione particolare della Prepositura, immediatamente soggetta, nel contesto ierocratico del XIII secolo, segnerà la vita della comunità dei sassoni ed il suo rapportarsi ad altri enti.
This study is based on a document stored in the diplomatic archives of the Italian Foreign Minist... more This study is based on a document stored in the diplomatic archives of the Italian Foreign Ministry, an overview of the internal life of the diplomatic corps accredited in Bucharest in 1946. The document's author, Pietro Gerbore, charge d'affaires ad interim of Italy in Bucharest, describes the diplomatic life in the Romanian capital. The diplomats in Bucharest are already grouped into political blocks, each of them not communicating with the other: the block under soviet influence and the block of all Western democracies. The thankless situation of the Apostolic Nuncio in Bucharest is also reflected in the acephalic state of the diplomatic corps in the Romanian capital and highlights the Soviet ambassador's tendency to take over leadership of the foreign representative corps. The Italian diplomat criticizes the performance of the U.S. representatives in Bucharest, as well as the attitude of the USSR and satellite countries' diplomats, that have abandoned diplomatic traditions. The most illustrious members of the diplomatic corps accredited in Bucharest are considered ambassadors of Sweden and Denmark.
1. « La Chrétienté (Christianitas) est cet ensemble cohérent de terres gouvernées par des princes... more 1. « La Chrétienté (Christianitas) est cet ensemble cohérent de terres gouvernées par des princes officiellement soumis à la présidence religieuse du pontife romain qui exerce sa puissance spirituelle (et peut l'exercer directement) sur tous leurs sujets. Elle nous apparaît comme un monde qui se dilate sans repos, depuis la prédication de Jésus.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 2, 2022
The Theological Higher Education in Transylvania after 1990-Expression of Respect for Human Value... more The Theological Higher Education in Transylvania after 1990-Expression of Respect for Human Values and of Religious Freedom. The socio-cultural context conducive to the development of religious education, which occurred after the fall of the ideocratic regime, stimulated the higher theological education, in the spirit of respect for human values and for religious freedom, both at the national level and in the various local contexts, which in Romania post-December 1989 period were able to highlight their specificities. Thus, in Transylvania after 1989, religious higher education evolved in a framework strongly marked by the multi-ethnic and multi-confessional dimension of long tradition. The old theological institutes (belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church or various Protestant Churches) were revitalized, later being elevated to the rank of Faculties of Theology and thus fully integrated into the regional and national university system, and Faculties of Theology at the newly created Universities throughout Transylvania were founded. The same process was followed by the University Degree Theological Institutes of the Romanian Church United with Rome, re-established in 1990, after the syncopation recorded in their operation, under the conditions of the suppression of the Greek-Catholic Church by the "popular democracy" regime, established at the end of 1947 in Bucharest, under the supervision of Moscow, and consolidated during the following year. In addition, the neo-Protestant Churches were able to open, under conditions of freedom, specific higher education structures, many of which were coherently integrated into the country' s university system.
Anuarul Institutului de Istorie „George Bariţiu”-Series …, 2010
... Writing on 15 june 1198 to Bishop Adrian of Transylvania, Innocent confirmed the terms of a s... more ... Writing on 15 june 1198 to Bishop Adrian of Transylvania, Innocent confirmed the terms of a settlement worked out by Gregory of Sancto Apostolo, cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Portico, in 1192, when he was serving ... Tilman Struve, Renovatio Imperii în Europa in costruzione ...
The study brings to light to the historiography of the problem a lesser known episode in the hist... more The study brings to light to the historiography of the problem a lesser known episode in the history of the persecution of the Roman Catholic Church in Romania. The communist authorities in Bucharest tried to nationalize the Romanian Catholic Church through schism. At the base of this schismatic church – an association led by excommunicated priests - were to be the Catholic buildings confiscated by the communists in 1948. A meeting was convened in Cluj, in August 1950, by which the Ministry of Cults founded a legal fiction called ”Catholic Status”, which referred to an educational institution created in the sixteenth century in Cluj. During the meeting, the buildings confiscated in 1948 were given to this association, which wanted to replace the Roman Catholic Church in Romania, and thanks were given to the communist authorities for their care for the ”Catholics” in Romania. The founding operation of the schismatic Romanian Catholic Church failed in a few years, but the legal consequences are visible to this day in Transylvania.
„Anuarul Institutului de Istorie «George Bariţiu» din Cluj-Napoca”, tom LVIII, 2019, p. 195–208
This research relates to a package of unpublished information from the Foreign Ministry of Italy’... more This research relates to a package of unpublished information from the Foreign Ministry of Italy’s Archives. These are documents stating that the former head of Romanian Freemasonry, Jean Pangal, was sent by King Carol II of Romania to negotiate at the Holy See the possibility of the religious union of the Romanian Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church. The information comes from the Italian Embassy to the Holy See and are extended over the years 1937–1939. The Italian Foreign Ministry is interested in this movement of religious union because it could move towards political solutions non approved by Mussolini’s regime due to Romania’s international position gained in this context. The Holy See did not provide any relevant information on this issue to the fascist authorities either in order to interfere not with Italian foreign policy or because the plan of religious union was too fragile and conditioned rather by the King Carol II’s policy than by the wishes of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Keywords: Church union, Romania, Italy, Holy See, Freemasonry
„Anuarul Institutului de Istorie «George Bariţiu» din Cluj-Napoca”, tom LIII, 2014
This paper is a historical contribution regarding the first attempt of accreditation of Ion Mihai... more This paper is a historical contribution regarding the first attempt of accreditation of Ion Mihai Pacepa as officer in diplomacy at the Romanian Embassy in Italy during 1955-1956. The young officer of the Romanian intelligence services was trained and ready to "work" in the embassy from Italy and Germany. But this project wasn't realised and Pacepa made a short visit in Italy only after the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Treaty's troops in 1968. The Appendix presents the original texts of two telespressos of the Italian Embassy in Bucharest regarding the request of the Ion Mihai Pacepa for a visa permit În discursul public românesc din ultimii cinci luştri (dar în zona oralităţii militante şi desuete cu doi luştri în plus), figura celui ce poartă numele de extracţie onomastică cehă Pacepa, cu prenumele dublu Ion Mihai, este o prezenţă cotidiană. Rar o asemenea figură a copleşit mass-media autohtonă ca acest personaj. Faptul nu este întâmplător. Într-o zonă culturală deşirată precum e România postcomunistă, cu numeroase handicapuri educaţionale generate de "educatori" needucaţi, istoria contemporană şi mai ales istoria recentă au devenit o imensă plăcintă care justifică averi, poziţii publice, trafic de influenţe sau competenţe, neajunsuri publice, tragedii comunitare şi individuale. Iar originea răului (depinde de unde se priveşte) evident nu se găseşte în protagoniştii actuali, în arvunirea viitorului comunităţii româneşti pentru averi consumabile pe parcursul a două-trei generaţii, ci în "răul absolut" reprezentat sintetic şi anistoric de cuplul Nicolae şi Elena Ceauşescu, dar şi în cel mai evident şi public element care s-a contrapus regimului, Ion Mihai Pacepa. Alăturarea celor două entităţi (cuplul Ceauşescu-Pacepa) în publicistica cotidiană, hebdomadară sau mensilă din ultimii ani, dincolo de un paradox bolnav, dovedeşte deprofesionalizarea jurnalismului, care tinde, cu competenţe sfertuite sau decimate, să invadeze sfera istoricului, dar şi să inducă în publicul cititor (tot mai redus, spre neşansa lor şi ca ultimă şansă pentru istoricii contemporaneişti de a disemina profesionist * Cercetător ştiinţific II dr.,
Anuarul Institutului de Istorie „A. D. Xenopol”, Iași., 2017
NEGOTIATIONS ABOUT REOPENING THE ITALIAN CHURCH IN BUCHAREST DURING THE ATHEOCRATIC REGIME
(Summa... more NEGOTIATIONS ABOUT REOPENING THE ITALIAN CHURCH IN BUCHAREST DURING THE ATHEOCRATIC REGIME (Summary) Keywords: Romania, Italia, Church, communism, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Amintore Fanfani. The study covers a new subject in Romanian historiography: the issue of reopening the Italian Church in Bucharest in the context of the permissive attitude towards the West of the Ceauşescu regime during its first five years. Romanian-Italian relations were heavily tested in the years 1950−1955 with various spy scandals and political processes that damaged the Catholic Church in Romania and the Italian community gathered around the Italian Church in Bucharest. The latest priest of the church, Clemente Gatti, was arrested and sentenced to prison and was released before his death. After 1956 Romania make several attempts to get closer to the West and, in this context, after Ceauşescu came to power, tries to rebuilt the relations with Italy, both politically, from an economic point of view and culturally. In the cultural field Italians accept negotiations that were intended to reopening Accademia di Romania in Rome and that the Italian Church reopened for worship in Bucharest. The negotiations were led by Corneliu Mănescu, Foreign Minister of Romania and Amintore Fanfani, Foreign Minister of Italy and were directly supervised by Nicolae Ceauşescu. The negotiations were positive and the Italian Church in Bucharest could work from 1968 to the fall of communism during the main religious feasts of the year.
faþã de poporul sãu, trãire cu ajutorul cãreia a reuºit sã-ºi imprime ºi sã imprime o atitudine d... more faþã de poporul sãu, trãire cu ajutorul cãreia a reuºit sã-ºi imprime ºi sã imprime o atitudine de demnitate româneascã, vizibilã în opera sa ºi în viaþa sa publicã. Braºovul, în anii de gimnaziu ºi de liceu, i-a conferit viitorului cercetãtor dimensiunea realã a civilizaþiei româneºti, cu toate sintezele ei ºi cu interferenþele românogermano-ungare, din care a învãþat de timpuriu respectul faþã de limba, cultura ºi religia celuilalt. Braºovul a fost decisiv în formaþia adolescentului Nicolae Edroiu ºi prin amintirea celor ce trecuserã pe-acolo ºi lãsaserã urme de neºters: diaconul Coresi,
This study traces the evolution over the time of the issue of the Italian priest that the
Holy Se... more This study traces the evolution over the time of the issue of the Italian priest that the Holy See destined for the pastoral care of the Italian community in Bucharest, from the early twentieth century until 1990, in the frame of the interest of the Apostolic See and the Italian state for religious assistance given to emigration from Peninsula. In this context are presented the figures of the first priests of the Italian community in Bucharest, focusing on the figures of father Antonio Mantica and Clemente Gatti, for the latter’s destiny being also published in the Annex a number of original documents from the Foreign Ministry of Italy on his arrest and release (1951-1952).
Anuarul Institutului de Istorie ”George Barițiu” din Cluj-Napoca, LV, 2016
The study refers to the meteoric presence in medieval documents from Transylvania (1355) of an Ar... more The study refers to the meteoric presence in medieval documents from Transylvania (1355) of an Armenian bishop named Martin of Tălmaciu, vicar of the archbishop of Esztergom. We think it is an interesting case for the implementation of the subordination's policy of the Armenian Rite by the figure of a vicar bishop or a diocesan vicar to the authority of the archbishop that oversees the ecclesiastical discipline in the territory of the provostship of Sibiu. In this business is involved also the cistercian abbey of Cârţa, that may have been implicated in the admission of the Armenians of Tălmaciu under the obedience of the Roman Church.
Anuarul Institutului de Istorie «George Bariţiu» din Cluj-Napoca, nr. LVII, 2018
The present study discusses a theme not at all evaluated in the Romanian historiography: a German... more The present study discusses a theme not at all evaluated in the Romanian historiography: a German project to achieve the religious union of Romanians and Bulgarians of Orthodox religion with Rome. The project, advanced by Chancellor von Hertling, involved the acceptance of the Holy See for the realization of the religious union with the help of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Bucharest, Raymund Netzhammer and the Bulgarian King Ferdinand I. Seen in a political key, the religious union of the Romanians and Bulgarians was also, for the authorities in Berlin, a mean of opposing the advance of the Bolshevik revolution. The mediator between the authorities of the Second Reich and the Holy See was Eugenio Pacelli, the Apostolic Nuncio in Munich, the future Pope Pius XII.
The study is based on an unpublished document of the Italian diplomacy from 1941 and it refers to... more The study is based on an unpublished document of the Italian diplomacy from 1941 and it refers to an information emanating from the Italian Consulate in Timişoara. The document enlightens the atmosphere in Cluj almost a year after the Second Vienna Award. The document highlights the profound dissatisfaction of the Hungarian intellectuals from Cluj towards the authorities in Budapest and the desire of the Hungarian ethnic citizens from Cluj to return to Romania by referendum. It is said that when Northern Transylvania became part of Hungary the quality of life decreased significantly and that it was much better during the Romanian administration. The document surprised by its originality especially that coming from one of the authors of the Second Vienna Award. Dictatul de la Viena este încă o rană sângerândă în raporturile publice româno-maghiare, atât pentru maniera în care a fost decisă rataşarea spaţiului nord-transilvan la Ungaria, în contradicţie cu normele contemporane ale dreptului internaţional, cât şi pentru consecinţele deloc faste pe care le-a avut o atare decizie arbitrară şi injustă. Probabil cicatrizarea va veni după încă multe generaţii de la momentul în care scriem acest articol. Noi ne propunem însă să oferim, pe baza unui document inedit cu caracter confidenţial, un reper din întortocheatul parcurs al gestionării maghiare a Ardealului de nord, care poate contribui la dedramatizarea fâstâcelii istoriografice atunci când fie istoriografia română, fie cea maghiară abordează în studii serioase acest segment de istorie. Documentul pe care-l prezentăm este unul care nu poate fi acuzat de neadevăr. Aparţine serviciului diplomatic al unei ţări care a contribuit decisiv la conturarea frontierelor româneşti între 1940-1944. Ba mai mult, este alcătuit şi destinat unuia dintre decidenţii de la Viena: contele Galeazzo Ciano, ministrul de Externe al Italiei. Nota diplomatică este rodul activităţii de informare pe teren a diplomaţiei italiene, are un caracter tehnic şi nu prezintă ingredientele unei intoxicări. Din punct de vedere cronologic corespunde temporal raportului de un an de la cedarea teritoriului românesc către Ungaria şi radiografiază situaţia aşa cum se prezintă în ochii informatorului. Este adevărat însă că, în logica unui anumit tip de comunicări, această notă informativă este din categoria celor îndeobşte conservate de structurile de informaţii şi mai puţin de structurile administrative de tipul ministerelor.
This research is based on a new document: the Verbale Note No. 2667 of the Apostolic Nunciature i... more This research is based on a new document: the Verbale Note No. 2667 of the Apostolic Nunciature in Bucharest to the Romanian Foreign Ministry during Ana Pauker. The copy of the Verbale Note was sent to Rome by the Minister of Italy in Bucharest, Michele Scammacca. He specifies that the Verbale Note which contained the protest against the arrest of the bishops Márton Áron and Anton Durcovici was denied by the Foreign Ministry as if the Holy See would not have been recognized by the Romanian government. The Nunciature made the Verbale Note to reach Ana Pauker by another method along with a letter, but the Foreign Minister of Romania has still not registered the Note, that can not be found in the archives of the Foreign Ministry. The episode demonstrates that political power in Bucharest despised diplomatic rules and was determined to destroy the Catholic Church in Romania. Sfântul Scaun este recunoscut la nivel mondial pentru grija deosebită pe care o acordă arhivelor sale sau celor ale instituțiilor ecleziastice din subordine. Tocmai din această rațiune, accesul la documentele diplomatice create de instituțiile subordonate au condiții de consultabilitate extrem de parcimonioase. Ajunge să amintim aici că actualmente, cu puține excepții, sunt consultabile fără opreliști documentele până la pontificatul lui Pius al XI-lea inclusiv (până în 1939) 1. Așadar documentele din urmă cu 77 de ani rămân încă sub obrocul condițiilor arhivistice pontificale. Se așteaptă de la an la an deschiderea arhivelor pontificatului lui Pius al XII-lea, dar decizia papei Francisc continuă, în ciuda estimărilor optimiste, să rămână negativă cu privire la acest subiect datorită probabil și unor condiții ce fac inope-* Conf. univ. dr.,
The study analyses a request of Pope Gregory XI related to the financial revenues of the Papacy p... more The study analyses a request of Pope Gregory XI related to the financial revenues of the Papacy payable by the Teutonic Order for its property in Transylvania. Only that the request is from 1373, while the order was banished from Transylvania in 1225. The study answers the question: why is claimed a property confiscated 150 years ago? The answer is that the Holy See has never recognized the confiscation of the Teutonic property, as the documents show over the time and the fiscal needs of Pope Gregory XI in 1373 are for supporting a new crusade. In the context is remembered the great inquiry from 1373 for the census of all properties of the Hospitaller Knights intended to provide financial benefits for the crusade. The study concludes that the Holy See has not legally and patrimonially abandoned the Teutonic property in Transylvania.
Riassunto: La politica della Santa Sede di espandere la Cristianità conosce un episodio particola... more Riassunto: La politica della Santa Sede di espandere la Cristianità conosce un episodio particolare in Transilvania alla fine del XII-imo secolo: la fondazione della prepositura dei sassoni. I protagonisti della vicenda sono i pontefici Celestino III e Innocenzo III e i re ungheresi Bela III e Andrea II. Si tratta infatti del primo tentativo di offrire una sistemazione istituzionale ai sassoni confluiti in Transilvania a partire dalla seconda metà del XII secolo sia come crociati sia come coloni attirati qui dalle elargizioni presenti in un contesto in cui l'autorità ungherese esercita un'autorità solamente nominale e per niente concreta. Infatti la fondazione della prepositura dei sassoni certifica l'inesistenza di un strenuo contatto dell'autorità centrale con il territorio della prepositura circostanza di cui profitta la Santa Sede per fondare la prepositura, direttamente dipendente da Roma. La prepositura come istituzione significa un'autorità vicariale che esercita il potere amministrativo al nome del vescovo di Roma. Sempre in questo saggio viene discusso il celebre documento del 1191 in cui accanto al problema della prepositura sono elencati i diritti dell'arcivescovato primaziale di Strigonia che è investito come legato nato anche con la sorveglianza a nome della Sede Apostolica della prepositura di Sibiu. Si evidenzia come durante il pontificato di Innocenzo III assistiamo ad un tentativo di appropriazione della prepositura da parte del re ungherese Andrea II, tentativo fallito. Infatti la situazione particolare della Prepositura, immediatamente soggetta, nel contesto ierocratico del XIII secolo, segnerà la vita della comunità dei sassoni ed il suo rapportarsi ad altri enti.
This study is based on a document stored in the diplomatic archives of the Italian Foreign Minist... more This study is based on a document stored in the diplomatic archives of the Italian Foreign Ministry, an overview of the internal life of the diplomatic corps accredited in Bucharest in 1946. The document's author, Pietro Gerbore, charge d'affaires ad interim of Italy in Bucharest, describes the diplomatic life in the Romanian capital. The diplomats in Bucharest are already grouped into political blocks, each of them not communicating with the other: the block under soviet influence and the block of all Western democracies. The thankless situation of the Apostolic Nuncio in Bucharest is also reflected in the acephalic state of the diplomatic corps in the Romanian capital and highlights the Soviet ambassador's tendency to take over leadership of the foreign representative corps. The Italian diplomat criticizes the performance of the U.S. representatives in Bucharest, as well as the attitude of the USSR and satellite countries' diplomats, that have abandoned diplomatic traditions. The most illustrious members of the diplomatic corps accredited in Bucharest are considered ambassadors of Sweden and Denmark.
1. « La Chrétienté (Christianitas) est cet ensemble cohérent de terres gouvernées par des princes... more 1. « La Chrétienté (Christianitas) est cet ensemble cohérent de terres gouvernées par des princes officiellement soumis à la présidence religieuse du pontife romain qui exerce sa puissance spirituelle (et peut l'exercer directement) sur tous leurs sujets. Elle nous apparaît comme un monde qui se dilate sans repos, depuis la prédication de Jésus.
Christianization in Early Medieval Transylvania, 2022
Christianization in Early Medieval Transylvania
A Church Discovered in Alba Iulia and its Interpr... more Christianization in Early Medieval Transylvania A Church Discovered in Alba Iulia and its Interpretations Volume Editors: Daniela Marcu Istrate, Dan Ioan Muresan, and Gabriel Tiberiu Rustoiu Little is known about the Christianization of east-central and eastern Europe, due to the fragmentary nature of the historical record. Yet occasionally, unexpected archaeological discoveries can ofer fresh angles and new insights. This volume presents such an example: the discovery of a Byzantine-like church in Alba Iulia, Transylvania, dating from the 10th century - a unique nd in terms of both age and function. Next to its ruins, another church was built at the end of the 11th century, following a Roman Catholic architectural model, soon to become the seat of the Latin bishopric of Transylvania. Who built the older, Byzantine-style church, and what was the political, religious and cultural context of the church? How does this new discovery afect our perception of the ecclesiastical history of Transylvania? A new reading of the archaeological and historical record prompted by these questions is presented here, thereby opening up new challenges for further research.
Little is known about the Christianization of east-central and eastern Europe, due to the fragmentary nature of the historical record. Yet occasionally, unexpected archaeological discoveries can offer fresh angles and new insights. This volume presents such an example: the discovery of a Byzantine-like church in Alba Iulia, Transylvania, dating from the 10th century - a unique find in terms of both age and function. Next to its ruins, another church was built at the end of the 11th century, following a Roman Catholic architectural model, soon to become the seat of the Latin bishopric of Transylvania.
Who built the older, Byzantine-style church, and what was the political, religious and cultural context of the church? How does this new discovery affect our perception of the ecclesiastical history of Transylvania? A new reading of the archaeological and historical record prompted by these questions is presented here, thereby opening up new challenges for further research.
Contributors are: Daniela Marcu Istrate, Florin Curta, Horia I. Ciugudean, Aurel Dragotă, Monica-Elena Popescu, Călin Cosma, Tudor Sălăgean, Jan Nicolae, Dan Ioan Mureșan, Alexandru Madgearu, Gábor Thoroczkay, Éva Tóth-Révész, Boris Stojkovski, Șerban Turcuș, Adinel C. Dincă, Mihai Kovács, Nicolae Călin Chifăr, Marius Mihail Păsculescu, and Ana Dumitran
Cuprins introducere 7 Trăsăturile tehnice ale denominării persoanelor în perioada medievală 11 Tr... more Cuprins introducere 7 Trăsăturile tehnice ale denominării persoanelor în perioada medievală 11 Trăsăturile istorice ale denominării persoanelor în perioada medievală 23 Biserică, hierocrație și antroponimie între secolele Xi -XiV 46 Numele în Transilvania între secolele Xi -XiV 55 Antroponimia transilvană în secolul al Xii-lea și începutul secolului al Xiii-lea 79 Antroponimia clerului din spațiul transilvan între două extreme sociale și cronologice 99 Antroponimele veterotestamentare și teoforice din Transilvania secolelor Xi -XiV 112 Antroponimele apostolice în Transilvania (secolele Xi -XiV) 138 Alte categorii de hagionime din Transilvania între secolele Xi -XiV 149 Antroponimia feminină transilvană în secolele Xiii -XiV 163 "Nume de familie" și sobriquet-uri în antroponimia transilvană (secolele Xi -XiV) 167 Antroponimie și etnie în Transilvania secolelor Xi -XiV 171 Considerații finale 175 Antroponimele în ordine alfabetică 183 Lista abrevierilor utilizate la întocmirea tabelelor antroponimice 263 1 Școala maghiară de onomastică și-a făcut mea culpa prin reprezentantul cel mai de seamă. A se vedea în acest sens cartea lui Hajdú Mihály, Általános és magyar névtan, Budapest, Osiris, 2003. În prima parte a opului, lingvistul maghiar subliniază că în ungaria nu există baze solide, instituționale, care să sprijine în mod regulat cercetările onomastice, cu grave consecințe asupra nivelului de dezvoltare a acestui domeniu. Città del Vaticano, 28 noiembrie 2011 Șerban Turcuș
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persecution of the Roman Catholic Church in Romania. The communist authorities in Bucharest tried to
nationalize the Romanian Catholic Church through schism. At the base of this schismatic church – an
association led by excommunicated priests - were to be the Catholic buildings confiscated by the communists
in 1948. A meeting was convened in Cluj, in August 1950, by which the Ministry of Cults founded a legal fiction
called ”Catholic Status”, which referred to an educational institution created in the sixteenth century in Cluj.
During the meeting, the buildings confiscated in 1948 were given to this association, which wanted to replace
the Roman Catholic Church in Romania, and thanks were given to the communist authorities for their care for
the ”Catholics” in Romania. The founding operation of the schismatic Romanian Catholic Church failed in a few
years, but the legal consequences are visible to this day in Transylvania.
Keywords: Church union, Romania, Italy, Holy See, Freemasonry
(Summary)
Keywords: Romania, Italia, Church, communism, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Amintore Fanfani.
The study covers a new subject in Romanian historiography: the issue of reopening the Italian Church in Bucharest in the context of the permissive attitude towards the West of the Ceauşescu regime during its first five years. Romanian-Italian relations were heavily tested in the years 1950−1955 with various spy scandals and political processes that damaged the Catholic Church in Romania and the Italian community gathered around the Italian Church in Bucharest. The latest priest of the church, Clemente Gatti, was arrested and sentenced to prison and was released before his death. After 1956 Romania make several attempts to get closer to the West and, in this context, after Ceauşescu came to power, tries to rebuilt the relations with Italy, both politically, from an economic point of view and culturally. In the cultural field Italians accept negotiations that were intended to reopening Accademia di Romania in Rome and that the Italian Church reopened for worship in Bucharest. The negotiations were led by Corneliu Mănescu, Foreign Minister of Romania and Amintore Fanfani, Foreign Minister of Italy and were directly supervised by Nicolae Ceauşescu. The negotiations were positive and the Italian Church in Bucharest could work from 1968 to the fall of communism during the main religious feasts of the year.
Holy See destined for the pastoral care of the Italian community in Bucharest, from the
early twentieth century until 1990, in the frame of the interest of the Apostolic See and
the Italian state for religious assistance given to emigration from Peninsula. In this context
are presented the figures of the first priests of the Italian community in Bucharest, focusing
on the figures of father Antonio Mantica and Clemente Gatti, for the latter’s destiny being
also published in the Annex a number of original documents from the Foreign Ministry of
Italy on his arrest and release (1951-1952).
persecution of the Roman Catholic Church in Romania. The communist authorities in Bucharest tried to
nationalize the Romanian Catholic Church through schism. At the base of this schismatic church – an
association led by excommunicated priests - were to be the Catholic buildings confiscated by the communists
in 1948. A meeting was convened in Cluj, in August 1950, by which the Ministry of Cults founded a legal fiction
called ”Catholic Status”, which referred to an educational institution created in the sixteenth century in Cluj.
During the meeting, the buildings confiscated in 1948 were given to this association, which wanted to replace
the Roman Catholic Church in Romania, and thanks were given to the communist authorities for their care for
the ”Catholics” in Romania. The founding operation of the schismatic Romanian Catholic Church failed in a few
years, but the legal consequences are visible to this day in Transylvania.
Keywords: Church union, Romania, Italy, Holy See, Freemasonry
(Summary)
Keywords: Romania, Italia, Church, communism, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Amintore Fanfani.
The study covers a new subject in Romanian historiography: the issue of reopening the Italian Church in Bucharest in the context of the permissive attitude towards the West of the Ceauşescu regime during its first five years. Romanian-Italian relations were heavily tested in the years 1950−1955 with various spy scandals and political processes that damaged the Catholic Church in Romania and the Italian community gathered around the Italian Church in Bucharest. The latest priest of the church, Clemente Gatti, was arrested and sentenced to prison and was released before his death. After 1956 Romania make several attempts to get closer to the West and, in this context, after Ceauşescu came to power, tries to rebuilt the relations with Italy, both politically, from an economic point of view and culturally. In the cultural field Italians accept negotiations that were intended to reopening Accademia di Romania in Rome and that the Italian Church reopened for worship in Bucharest. The negotiations were led by Corneliu Mănescu, Foreign Minister of Romania and Amintore Fanfani, Foreign Minister of Italy and were directly supervised by Nicolae Ceauşescu. The negotiations were positive and the Italian Church in Bucharest could work from 1968 to the fall of communism during the main religious feasts of the year.
Holy See destined for the pastoral care of the Italian community in Bucharest, from the
early twentieth century until 1990, in the frame of the interest of the Apostolic See and
the Italian state for religious assistance given to emigration from Peninsula. In this context
are presented the figures of the first priests of the Italian community in Bucharest, focusing
on the figures of father Antonio Mantica and Clemente Gatti, for the latter’s destiny being
also published in the Annex a number of original documents from the Foreign Ministry of
Italy on his arrest and release (1951-1952).
A Church Discovered in Alba Iulia and its Interpretations
Volume Editors: Daniela Marcu Istrate, Dan Ioan Muresan, and
Gabriel Tiberiu Rustoiu
Little is known about the Christianization of east-central and eastern
Europe, due to the fragmentary nature of the historical record. Yet
occasionally, unexpected archaeological discoveries can ofer fresh angles
and new insights. This volume presents such an example: the discovery of
a Byzantine-like church in Alba Iulia, Transylvania, dating from the 10th
century - a unique nd in terms of both age and function. Next to its ruins,
another church was built at the end of the 11th century, following a Roman
Catholic architectural model, soon to become the seat of the Latin
bishopric of Transylvania.
Who built the older, Byzantine-style church, and what was the political,
religious and cultural context of the church? How does this new discovery
afect our perception of the ecclesiastical history of Transylvania? A new
reading of the archaeological and historical record prompted by these
questions is presented here, thereby opening up new challenges for further research.
https://brill.com/view/title/62325
Little is known about the Christianization of east-central and eastern Europe, due to the fragmentary nature of the historical record. Yet occasionally, unexpected archaeological discoveries can offer fresh angles and new insights. This volume presents such an example: the discovery of a Byzantine-like church in Alba Iulia, Transylvania, dating from the 10th century - a unique find in terms of both age and function. Next to its ruins, another church was built at the end of the 11th century, following a Roman Catholic architectural model, soon to become the seat of the Latin bishopric of Transylvania.
Who built the older, Byzantine-style church, and what was the political, religious and cultural context of the church? How does this new discovery affect our perception of the ecclesiastical history of Transylvania? A new reading of the archaeological and historical record prompted by these questions is presented here, thereby opening up new challenges for further research.
Contributors are: Daniela Marcu Istrate, Florin Curta, Horia I. Ciugudean, Aurel Dragotă, Monica-Elena Popescu, Călin Cosma, Tudor Sălăgean, Jan Nicolae, Dan Ioan Mureșan, Alexandru Madgearu, Gábor Thoroczkay, Éva Tóth-Révész, Boris Stojkovski, Șerban Turcuș, Adinel C. Dincă, Mihai Kovács, Nicolae Călin Chifăr, Marius Mihail Păsculescu, and Ana Dumitran