{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4410902421","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi14060214","title":"GeoFAN: Point Pattern Recognition in Spatial Vector Data","display_name":"GeoFAN: Point Pattern Recognition in Spatial Vector Data","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4410902421","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi14060214"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390\/ijgi14060214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi14060214","pdf_url":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/6\/214\/pdf?version=1748532683","source":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/licenses\/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/6\/214\/pdf?version=1748532683","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5023011245","display_name":"Zhuoyi Yang","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7909-4930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuoyi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-Time Information Sensing Technology, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-Time Information Sensing Technology, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5107791450","display_name":"Zeyi Li","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2823-7320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210124847","display_name":"National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k4dcs46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210124847"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeyi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Security, Chengdu 610000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Security, Chengdu 610000, China","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210124847"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5100454574","display_name":"Haitao Zhang","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5664-2676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-Time Information Sensing Technology, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-Time Information Sensing Technology, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5100614547","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5371-116X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5019759489","display_name":"Y. Wang","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5232-2090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-Time Information Sensing Technology, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-Time Information Sensing Technology, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5103134921","display_name":"Yihang Huang","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2699-5834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-Time Information Sensing Technology, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-Time Information Sensing Technology, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5100454574"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1473085,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"6","first_page":"214","last_page":"214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.7189000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/subfields\/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/fields\/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/domains\/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.7189000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/subfields\/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/fields\/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/domains\/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.7131999731063843,"subfield":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/subfields\/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/fields\/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/domains\/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.694100022315979,"subfield":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/subfields\/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/fields\/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/domains\/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.622955858707428},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5122150778770447},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4850567877292633},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.46392449736595154},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18652302026748657},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.05720064043998718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C153180895","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.622955858707428},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C154945302","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5122150778770447},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C41008148","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4850567877292633},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C28719098","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.46392449736595154},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C33923547","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18652302026748657},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C2524010","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.05720064043998718}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390\/ijgi14060214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi14060214","pdf_url":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/6\/214\/pdf?version=1748532683","source":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/licenses\/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org\/article:37cc15fc11864ecf94611dc1c2c55594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https:\/\/doaj.org\/article\/37cc15fc11864ecf94611dc1c2c55594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/licenses\/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 14, Iss 6, p 214 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390\/ijgi14060214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi14060214","pdf_url":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/14\/6\/214\/pdf?version=1748532683","source":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/licenses\/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https:\/\/content.openalex.org\/works\/W4410902421.pdf","grobid_xml":"https:\/\/content.openalex.org\/works\/W4410902421.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/W180022717","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1673310716","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1794151482","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1979058164","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2006957609","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2008578086","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2049419770","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2761566059","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2781423162","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2920964209","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2921092565","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3034407514","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3091866490","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3115648857","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3149150147","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3153962944","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3163837885","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3188755399","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3206925044","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4292887374","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4300498939","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4312036065","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4320037920","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4379046772","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4381746165","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4388077702","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4390102399","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4410827740","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W6678914141","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W6807473743"],"related_works":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4391375266","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2899084033","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2748952813","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2390279801","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4391913857","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2358668433","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4396701345","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2376932109","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2033914206","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,183,222],"recognition":[1,174],"of":[2,21,50,76,88,119,151,169,176,190],"point":[3,42,52,60,133,170,193,200,219,232],"patterns":[4,43,61,134,220],"in":[5,12,39,80,136,231],"spatial":[6,25,81,137],"vector":[7,26,82,138],"data":[8,27,33,38,65,83,143,214],"has":[9],"important":[10],"applications":[11],"geographic":[13],"mapping":[14],"and":[15,131,153,187,199,205,208,228],"formation":[16],"recognition.":[17,234],"However,":[18],"the":[19,41,74,86,96,111,120,124,141,166,173],"application":[20,87],"traditional":[22,67],"methods":[23],"to":[24,58,109,129,164,215],"faces":[28],"two":[29],"difficulties.":[30,98],"Firstly,":[31,140],"these":[32,63],"are":[34,44,144,179,202],"low":[35],"signal-to-noise":[36],"ratio":[37],"which":[40],"mixed":[45],"with":[46,196,212],"a":[47,104,147,157],"large":[48],"number":[49],"normal":[51],"clusters;":[53],"thus,":[54],"it":[55],"is":[56,162,210],"difficult":[57],"recognize":[59,216],"from":[62],"unstructured":[64],"using":[66],"clustering":[68],"or":[69],"machine":[70],"learning":[71],"methods.":[72],"Secondly,":[73,156],"lack":[75],"edge":[77],"connectivity":[78],"relationships":[79],"directly":[84],"hinders":[85],"graph":[89,125,148],"models.":[90],"Few":[91],"studies":[92],"have":[93],"systematically":[94],"solved":[95],"above":[97,112],"In":[99],"this":[100],"article,":[101],"we":[102],"propose":[103],"geometric":[105,158],"feature":[106,159,167],"attention":[107,160],"scheme":[108,121],"overcome":[110],"challenges.":[113],"We":[114],"also":[115],"present":[116],"an":[117],"implementation":[118],"based":[122],"on":[123],"method,":[126],"termed":[127],"GeoFAN,":[128],"extract":[130],"classify":[132],"simultaneously":[135],"data.":[139],"raw":[142],"transformed":[145],"into":[146],"structure":[149],"consisting":[150],"adjacency":[152],"attribute":[154],"matrices.":[155],"module":[161],"proposed":[163,223],"enhance":[165],"representation":[168],"patterns.":[171],"Finally,":[172],"results":[175],"all":[177],"points":[178],"output":[180],"via":[181],"GeoFAN.":[182],"macro":[184],"precision,":[185],"recall,":[186],"F1":[188],"score":[189],"five":[191],"simulated":[192,213],"pattern":[194,233],"types":[195],"different":[197],"attributes":[198],"numbers":[201],"92.8%,":[203],"90.3%,":[204],"91.5%,":[206],"respectively,":[207],"GeoFAN":[209,224],"trained":[211],"real":[217],"location-based":[218],"successfully.":[221],"showed":[225],"superior":[226],"performance":[227],"generalization":[229],"ability":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}