{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3211215912","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/iv48863.2021.9575825","title":"Railway Obstacle Detection Using Unsupervised Learning: An Exploratory Study","display_name":"Railway Obstacle Detection Using Unsupervised Learning: An Exploratory Study","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3211215912","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/iv48863.2021.9575825","mag":"3211215912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109\/iv48863.2021.9575825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/iv48863.2021.9575825","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https:\/\/uphf.hal.science\/hal-03379755\/document","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5053779258","display_name":"Amine Boussik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210089617","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Automatique, de M\u00e9canique et d'Informatique Industrielles et Humaines","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006z7v557","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1294671590","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1294671590","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210089617","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210159245","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4387154098","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I70348806","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I70348806"]},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210118016","display_name":"Railenium","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jgbpg06","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210118016"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amine Boussik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Railenium Institute of Technological Research (IRT)","IRT Railenium - L'Institut de Recherche Technologique (IRT) de la fili\u00e8re Ferroviaire (180 Rue Joseph-Louis Lagrange, 59540 Valenciennes - France)","LAMIH - Laboratoire d'Automatique, de M\u00e9canique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines - UMR 8201 (LE MONT HOUY 59313 VALENCIENNES CEDEX 9  - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Railenium Institute of Technological Research (IRT)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRT Railenium - L'Institut de Recherche Technologique (IRT) de la fili\u00e8re Ferroviaire (180 Rue Joseph-Louis Lagrange, 59540 Valenciennes - France)","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210118016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LAMIH - Laboratoire d'Automatique, de M\u00e9canique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines - UMR 8201 (LE MONT HOUY 59313 VALENCIENNES CEDEX 9  - France)","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210089617"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5110922955","display_name":"Wa\u00ebl Ben-Messaoud","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210118016","display_name":"Railenium","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jgbpg06","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210118016"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wael Ben-Messaoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Railenium Institute of Technological Research (IRT)","IRT Railenium - L'Institut de Recherche Technologique (IRT) de la fili\u00e8re Ferroviaire (180 Rue Joseph-Louis Lagrange, 59540 Valenciennes - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Railenium Institute of Technological Research (IRT)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRT Railenium - L'Institut de Recherche Technologique (IRT) de la fili\u00e8re Ferroviaire (180 Rue Joseph-Louis Lagrange, 59540 Valenciennes - France)","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210118016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5049930528","display_name":"Sma\u00efl Niar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210089617","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Automatique, de M\u00e9canique et d'Informatique Industrielles et Humaines","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006z7v557","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1294671590","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1294671590","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210089617","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210159245","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4387154098","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I70348806","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I70348806"]},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210118016","display_name":"Railenium","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jgbpg06","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210118016"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Smail Niar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Poly technique Hauts-de-France and Railenium Institute of Technological Research (IRT), France","LAMIH - Laboratoire d'Automatique, de M\u00e9canique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines - UMR 8201 (LE MONT HOUY 59313 VALENCIENNES CEDEX 9  - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Poly technique Hauts-de-France and Railenium Institute of Technological Research (IRT), France","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210118016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LAMIH - Laboratoire d'Automatique, de M\u00e9canique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines - UMR 8201 (LE MONT HOUY 59313 VALENCIENNES CEDEX 9  - France)","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210089617"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5088214859","display_name":"Abdelmalik Taleb\u2010Ahmed","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7218-3799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210123471","display_name":"Institut d'\u00e9lectronique de micro\u00e9lectronique et de nanotechnologie","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02q4res37","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1294671590","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1294671590","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I137614889","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I2279609970","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I3132279224","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210095849","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210123471","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4387154098","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I70348806","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I70348806","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I7454413"]},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210118016","display_name":"Railenium","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jgbpg06","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210118016"]},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I7454413","display_name":"\u00c9cole Centrale de Lille","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01x441g73","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I7454413"]},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I70348806","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Polytechnique Hauts-de-France","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ezch769","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I70348806"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelmalik Taleb-Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Poly technique Hauts-de-France and Railenium Institute of Technological Research (IRT), France","COMNUM - IEMN - COMmunications NUM\u00e9riques - IEMN (Groupe COMNUM - IEMN \r\n- (Advanced Communication Systems Group)\r\n- B\u00e2timent Lottmann - UPHF Campus Mont Houy - 59313 Valenciennes Cedex 9  - France)","IEMN - Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 ([Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Institut, Junia, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France] \u2013\u2013\r\nLaboratoire Central \u2013 Cit\u00e9 Scientifique \u2013 Avenue Poincar\u00e9 \u2013 CS 60069 \u2013 59652 VILLENEUVE D\u2019ASCQ CEDEX - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Poly technique Hauts-de-France and Railenium Institute of Technological Research (IRT), France","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210118016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMNUM - IEMN - COMmunications NUM\u00e9riques - IEMN (Groupe COMNUM - IEMN \r\n- (Advanced Communication Systems Group)\r\n- B\u00e2timent Lottmann - UPHF Campus Mont Houy - 59313 Valenciennes Cedex 9  - France)","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210123471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IEMN - Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 ([Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Institut, Junia, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France] \u2013\u2013\r\nLaboratoire Central \u2013 Cit\u00e9 Scientifique \u2013 Avenue Poincar\u00e9 \u2013 CS 60069 \u2013 59652 VILLENEUVE D\u2019ASCQ CEDEX - France)","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1294671590","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I70348806","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I7454413","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210123471","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I2279609970"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5053779258"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210089617","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210118016"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2076,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.771059,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"660","last_page":"667"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/subfields\/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/fields\/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/domains\/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/subfields\/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/fields\/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/domains\/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/subfields\/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/fields\/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/domains\/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/subfields\/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/fields\/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/domains\/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.8738914728164673},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7849681377410889},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.7331649661064148},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6361144781112671},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.5801388025283813},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5587131381034851},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5155513286590576},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.47401079535484314},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.37960249185562134},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10159876942634583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C2776650193","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.8738914728164673},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C41008148","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7849681377410889},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C101738243","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.7331649661064148},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C154945302","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6361144781112671},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C190839683","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.5801388025283813},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C119857082","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5587131381034851},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C177264268","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5155513286590576},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C164226766","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.47401079535484314},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C108583219","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.37960249185562134},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C33923547","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10159876942634583},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C58640448","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C114614502","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C199539241","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C199360897","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C17744445","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C205649164","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109\/iv48863.2021.9575825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/iv48863.2021.9575825","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03379755v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https:\/\/uphf.hal.science\/hal-03379755","pdf_url":"https:\/\/uphf.hal.science\/hal-03379755\/document","source":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/S4406922461","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/licenses\/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"32nd IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV'21), Jul 2021, Nagoya, Japan. &#x27E8;10.1109\/IV48863.2021.9575825&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Conference papers"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03379755v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https:\/\/uphf.hal.science\/hal-03379755","pdf_url":"https:\/\/uphf.hal.science\/hal-03379755\/document","source":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/S4406922461","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/licenses\/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"32nd IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV'21), Jul 2021, Nagoya, Japan. &#x27E8;10.1109\/IV48863.2021.9575825&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Conference papers"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https:\/\/metadata.un.org\/sdg\/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https:\/\/content.openalex.org\/works\/W3211215912.pdf","grobid_xml":"https:\/\/content.openalex.org\/works\/W3211215912.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/W639708223","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1522301498","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1533861849","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1665214252","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1710476689","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1986813400","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2011514413","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2064076387","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2127979711","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2133665775","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2176412452","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2326558644","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2412320034","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2512305642","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2599354622","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2604130399","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2624413595","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2766072687","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2767286248","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2768567874","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2784228426","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2786627679","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2787947370","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2803446235","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2804810786","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2891772212","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2899675781","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2903168818","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2963045681","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2963150697","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2963285578","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2963454111","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2964121744","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2965166097","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2968917279","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2969937244","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2982014123","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2994689640","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3000400623","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3018757597","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3022506809","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3082277274","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3106250896","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3148789062","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4294568686","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4298289240","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4320930577","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W6631190155","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W6637568146","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W6739879593","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W6755068953","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W6797228220"],"related_works":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3013693939","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2159052453","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2566616303","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3131327266","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2734887215","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4297051394","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2669956259","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4249005693","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4392946183","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3088732000"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"Driving":[1],"(AD)":[2],"systems":[3],"are":[4,43],"heavily":[5],"reliant":[6],"on":[7,77,89,98,109,125,157],"supervised":[8],"models.":[9,136],"In":[10,65],"these":[11],"approaches,":[12],"a":[13,20,78,122],"model":[14,147],"is":[15,35,52,165],"trained":[16],"to":[17,86,112,130,144,166,178,191],"detect":[18,87],"only":[19],"predefined":[21],"number":[22],"of":[23,59,81,116,134,142,172],"obstacles.":[24,162],"However,":[25],"for":[26],"applications":[27],"like":[28],"railway":[29],"obstacle":[30,41,60],"detection,":[31],"the":[32,57,114,117,132,140,150,154,170,185],"training":[33],"dataset":[34],"limited":[36],"and":[37,54,104,160,174],"not":[38],"all":[39,135],"possible":[40],"classes":[42],"known":[44],"beforehand.":[45],"For":[46],"such":[47],"safety-critical":[48],"applications,":[49],"this":[50,66],"situation":[51],"problematic":[53],"could":[55],"limit":[56],"performance":[58,115,133],"detection":[61],"in":[62],"autonomous":[63],"trains.":[64],"paper,":[67],"we":[68,138],"propose":[69,120],"an":[70],"exploratory":[71],"study":[72,94],"using":[73],"unsupervised":[74],"models":[75,85,168,187],"based":[76,97,124],"large":[79],"set":[80],"generated":[82],"convolutional":[83],"autoencoder":[84],"obstacles":[88],"railway's":[90],"track":[91],"level.":[92],"The":[93,163],"was":[95],"conducted":[96],"three":[99],"components:":[100],"loss":[101],"functions,":[102],"activations":[103],"optimizers.":[105],"Existing":[106],"works":[107],"rely":[108],"fixing":[110],"thresholds":[111],"judge":[113],"model.":[118],"We":[119],"instead":[121],"methodology":[123],"Multi-Criteria":[126],"Decision":[127],"Making":[128],"(MCDM)":[129],"evaluate":[131,145],"Furthermore,":[137],"introduce":[139],"notion":[141],"gap-score":[143],"each":[146],"by":[148],"calculating":[149],"average":[151,171,194],"difference":[152],"between":[153],"reconstruction":[155],"score":[156],"images":[158],"with":[159],"without":[161],"aim":[164],"find":[167],"maximizing":[169],"gap-scores":[173],"rank":[175],"them":[176],"according":[177],"their":[179],"performances.":[180],"Experimental":[181],"results":[182],"show":[183],"that":[184],"evaluated":[186],"can":[188],"provide":[189],"up":[190],"68":[192],"%":[193],"gap-score.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}