{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2025970790","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qre.960","title":"Variation mode and effect analysis: an application to fatigue life prediction","display_name":"Variation mode and effect analysis: an application to fatigue life prediction","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2025970790","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qre.960","mag":"2025970790"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002\/qre.960","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qre.960","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/S165633816","display_name":"Quality and Reliability Engineering International","issn_l":"0748-8017","issn":["0748-8017","1099-1638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quality and Reliability Engineering International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5079386396","display_name":"P\u00e4r Johannesson","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6730-0214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210139723","display_name":"Fraunhofer Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqh5n18","country_code":"SE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210139723","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4923324"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P\u00e4r Johannesson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, SE-412 88 Go\u0308teborg, Sweden","Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, SE-412 88 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, SE-412 88 Go\u0308teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210139723"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, SE-412 88 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210139723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5050285122","display_name":"Thomas Svensson","orcid":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9190-2979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I992397","display_name":"University of Bor\u00e5s","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01fdxwh83","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I992397"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Svensson","raw_affiliation_strings":["SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Bora\u030as, Sweden","SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Bor\u00e5s, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Bora\u030as, Sweden","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I992397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Bor\u00e5s, Sweden","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I992397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5005960521","display_name":"Leif Samuelsson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1340210623","display_name":"Volvo (Sweden)","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05b6ypc36","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1340210623"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leif Samuelsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollha\u0308ttan, Sweden","Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollh\u00e4ttan, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollha\u0308ttan, Sweden","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1340210623"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollh\u00e4ttan, Sweden","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1340210623"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5021512276","display_name":"Bo Bergman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Bergman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Quality Science, Chalmers, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden","Department of Quality Science, Chalmers, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Quality Science, Chalmers, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Quality Science, Chalmers, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5081861975","display_name":"Jacques de Mar\u00e9","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1279596006","display_name":"Statistics Sweden","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05x7wz523","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1279596006"]},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210139723","display_name":"Fraunhofer Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqh5n18","country_code":"SE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210139723","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4923324"]},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacques de Mar\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Statistics, Chalmers, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden","Department of Mathematical Statistics, Gothenburg University, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden","Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, SE-412 88 Go\u0308teborg, Sweden","Department of Mathematical Statistics, Chalmers, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","Department of Mathematical Statistics, Gothenburg University, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, SE-412 88 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Statistics, Chalmers, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1279596006","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Statistics, Gothenburg University, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, SE-412 88 Go\u0308teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210139723"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Statistics, Chalmers, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I1279596006","https:\/\/openalex.org\/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Statistics, Gothenburg University, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Chalmers Science Park, SE-412 88 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210139723"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/A5079386396"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4210139723"],"apc_list":{"value":4550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9697,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8004527,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":"167","last_page":"179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/T10928","display_name":"Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/subfields\/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/fields\/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/domains\/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/T10928","display_name":"Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/subfields\/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/fields\/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/domains\/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/T10396","display_name":"Fatigue and fracture mechanics","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/subfields\/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/fields\/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/domains\/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/T13213","display_name":"Mechanical Failure Analysis and Simulation","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/subfields\/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/fields\/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/domains\/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/logarithm","display_name":"Logarithm","score":0.6516135931015015},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.5937594771385193},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/moment","display_name":"Moment (physics)","score":0.5581416487693787},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.5543484091758728},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.5543340444564819},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5201176404953003},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.5163811445236206},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5057146549224854},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.49600085616111755},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.41278210282325745},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33120402693748474},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/keywords\/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.10713911056518555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C39927690","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q11197","display_name":"Logarithm","level":2,"score":0.6516135931015015},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C122123141","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.5937594771385193},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C179254644","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q13222844","display_name":"Moment (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5581416487693787},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C105795698","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5543484091758728},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C774472","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5543340444564819},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C43214815","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5201176404953003},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C196083921","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5163811445236206},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C49937458","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5057146549224854},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C33923547","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.49600085616111755},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C48677424","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.41278210282325745},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C41008148","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33120402693748474},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C134306372","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.10713911056518555},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C74650414","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C163258240","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C121955636","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C144133560","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C62520636","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C121332964","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C111919701","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0},{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/C119857082","wikidata":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002\/qre.960","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qre.960","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/S165633816","display_name":"Quality and Reliability Engineering International","issn_l":"0748-8017","issn":["0748-8017","1099-1638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quality and Reliability Engineering International","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-93072","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http:\/\/publica.fraunhofer.de\/documents\/N-93072.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer ITWM","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica\/218325","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https:\/\/publica.fraunhofer.de\/handle\/publica\/218325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.lib.chalmers.se:87362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http:\/\/publications.lib.chalmers.se\/publication\/87362-variation-mode-and-effect-analysis-an-application-to-fatigue-life-prediction","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/S4377196470","display_name":"Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text.Article.Journal.PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:87362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https:\/\/research.chalmers.se\/en\/publication\/87362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https:\/\/openalex.org\/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https:\/\/metadata.un.org\/sdg\/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/W232805744","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1490229695","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1495049647","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1602235726","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1881656724","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1967985449","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1995945562","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2019643266","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2097879961","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2155108178","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2789817187","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2798153726","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2799002609","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2800579988","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3106889297","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4246401320","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4298872162","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W4388322985"],"related_works":["https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3125011624","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W1508631387","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2370917603","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2952760143","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2017776670","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2347897961","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2979236518","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2358318464","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W2340870721","https:\/\/openalex.org\/W3091955004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,63],"present":[2],"an":[3],"application":[4],"of":[5,9,68,83,128,135,160,168,179,182],"the":[6,27,36,42,60,65,125,149,169,176,190,194,199],"probabilistic":[7],"branch":[8],"variation":[10,93,103,107],"mode":[11],"and":[12,53,73,110,137,184,187],"effect":[13],"analysis":[14],"(VMEA)":[15],"implemented":[16],"as":[17,91,99,121,146,211],"a":[18,69,76,157],"first\u2010order,":[19],"second\u2010moment":[20],"reliability":[21],"method.":[22],"First":[23],"order":[24],"means":[25,49,52],"that":[26,50,79],"failure":[28],"function":[29],"is":[30,89,154,172],"approximated":[31],"to":[32,41,95,217],"be":[33,209],"linear":[34],"around":[35],"nominal":[37],"values":[38],"with":[39],"respect":[40],"main":[43],"influencing":[44],"variables,":[45,148],"while":[46],"second":[47],"moment":[48],"only":[51],"variances":[54],"are":[55,116],"taken":[56],"into":[57,86,156],"account":[58],"in":[59,108,124,133,193],"statistical":[61,131],"procedure.":[62],"study":[64],"fatigue":[66,129],"life":[67,171,195,205],"jet":[70],"engine":[71],"component":[72],"aim":[74],"at":[75],"safety":[77,151,220],"margin":[78,152],"takes":[80],"all":[81,180],"sources":[82,181],"prediction":[84,166],"uncertainties":[85,115],"account.":[87],"Scatter":[88],"defined":[90],"random":[92,147,206],"due":[94],"natural":[96],"causes,":[97],"such":[98,120],"non\u2010homogeneous":[100],"material,":[101],"geometry":[102],"within":[104],"tolerances,":[105],"load":[106],"usage,":[109],"other":[111,185],"uncontrolled":[112],"variations.":[113],"Other":[114],"unknown":[117,138],"systematic":[118,144],"errors,":[119],"model":[122],"errors":[123,132,145],"numerical":[126],"calculation":[127],"life,":[130],"estimates":[134],"parameters,":[136],"usage":[139],"profile.":[140],"By":[141],"treating":[142],"also":[143],"whole":[150],"problem":[153],"put":[155],"common":[158],"framework":[159],"second\u2010order":[161],"statistics.":[162],"The":[163],"final":[164],"estimated":[165],"variance":[167,177],"logarithmic":[170,204],"obtained":[173],"by":[174,198],"summing":[175],"contributions":[178],"scatter":[183],"uncertainties,":[186],"it":[188],"represents":[189],"total":[191],"uncertainty":[192],"prediction.":[196],"Motivated":[197],"central":[200],"limit":[201],"theorem,":[202],"this":[203],"variable":[207],"may":[208],"regarded":[210],"normally":[212],"distributed,":[213],"which":[214],"gives":[215],"possibilities":[216],"calculate":[218],"relevant":[219],"margins.":[221],"Copyright":[222],"\u00a9":[223],"2008":[224],"John":[225],"Wiley":[226],"&":[227],"Sons,":[228],"Ltd.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-27T14:10:00.468798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}