{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T17:15:58Z","timestamp":1774718158551,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["IR0000013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR0000013"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["3264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3264"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["CUP B53C22010110001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22010110001"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["2022T2XNJE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022T2XNJE"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["CUP B53D23013190006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53D23013190006"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","award":["IR0000013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR0000013"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","award":["3264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3264"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","award":["CUP B53C22010110001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22010110001"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","award":["2022T2XNJE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022T2XNJE"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","award":["CUP B53D23013190006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53D23013190006"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU\u2014the Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["IR0000013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR0000013"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU\u2014the Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["3264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3264"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU\u2014the Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["CUP B53C22010110001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22010110001"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU\u2014the Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["2022T2XNJE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022T2XNJE"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU\u2014the Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["CUP B53D23013190006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53D23013190006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In today\u2019s world, a significant amount of global energy is used in buildings. Unfortunately, a lot of this energy is wasted, because electrical appliances are not used properly or efficiently. One way to reduce this waste is by detecting, learning, and predicting when people are present in buildings. To do this, buildings need to become \u201csmart\u201d and \u201ccognitive\u201d and use modern technologies to sense when and how people are occupying the buildings. By leveraging this information, buildings can make smart decisions based on recently developed methods. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies that have been designed and used for the monitoring of indoor environmental conditions within buildings. Using these technologies is crucial to gathering data about the indoor environment and determining the number and presence of occupants. Furthermore, this paper critically examines both the strengths and limitations of each technology in predicting occupant behavior. In addition, it explores different methods for processing these data and making future occupancy predictions. Moreover, we highlight some challenges, such as determining the optimal number and location of sensors and radars, and provide a detailed explanation and insights into these challenges. Furthermore, the paper explores possible future directions, including the security of occupants\u2019 data and the promotion of energy-efficient practices such as localizing occupants and monitoring their activities within a building. With respect to other survey works on similar topics, our work aims to both cover recent sensory approaches and review methods used in the literature for estimating occupancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T08:54:28Z","timestamp":1716281668000},"page":"3276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Occupancy Prediction in IoT-Enabled Smart Buildings: Technologies, Methods, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3466-863X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfanullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-CNR, Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Bucci 8\/9C, 87036 Rende, Italy"},{"name":"DIMES Department, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7991-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ouarda","family":"Zedadra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LabSTIC Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, 8 Mai 1945 University, P.O. Box 401, Guelma 24000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1469-9484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Guerrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-CNR, Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Bucci 8\/9C, 87036 Rende, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2518-5510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giandomenico","family":"Spezzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-CNR, Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Bucci 8\/9C, 87036 Rende, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2007.03.007","article-title":"A review on buildings energy consumption information","volume":"40","author":"Ortiz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-2619(03)00059-X","article-title":"Towards sustainable-energy buildings","volume":"76","author":"Chwieduk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Khan, I., Greco, E., Guerrieri, A., and Spezzano, G. (2023). Device-Edge-Cloud Continuum: Paradigms, Architectures and Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicirelli, F., Guerrieri, A., Mastroianni, C., Spezzano, G., and Vinci, A. (2019). 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