{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T02:11:36Z","timestamp":1773195096219,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["NRF-2021R1A5A1032937"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A5A1032937"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["HR20C0026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR20C0026"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["NRF-2021R1A5A1032937"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A5A1032937"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["HR20C0026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR20C0026"]}]},{"name":"Korean government (the Ministry of Science and ICT; the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare)","award":["NRF-2021R1A5A1032937"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A5A1032937"]}]},{"name":"Korean government (the Ministry of Science and ICT; the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare)","award":["HR20C0026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR20C0026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photoacoustic imaging has emerged as a promising biomedical imaging technique that enables visualization of the optical absorption characteristics of biological tissues in vivo. Among the different photoacoustic imaging system configurations, optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy stands out by providing high spatial resolution using a tightly focused laser beam, which is typically transmitted through optical fibers. Achieving high-quality images depends significantly on optical fluence, which is directly proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio. Hence, optimizing the laser-fiber coupling is critical. Conventional coupling systems require manual adjustment of the optical path to direct the laser beam into the fiber, which is a repetitive and time-consuming process. In this study, we propose an automated laser-fiber coupling module that optimizes laser delivery and minimizes the need for manual intervention. By incorporating a motor-mounted mirror holder and proportional derivative control, we successfully achieved efficient and robust laser delivery. The performance of the proposed system was evaluated using a leaf-skeleton phantom in vitro and a human finger in vivo, resulting in high-quality photoacoustic images. This innovation has the potential to significantly enhance the quality and efficiency of optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T01:32:10Z","timestamp":1690248730000},"page":"6643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Automated Laser-Fiber Coupling Module for Optical-Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Seongyi","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Hyunjun","family":"Kye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2811-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9629-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae-Kyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1025-3784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinwoo","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automobile and IT Convergence, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2542-0234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeesu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering and Optics & Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900266s","article-title":"In Vivo Photoacoustic Tomography of Chemicals: High-Resolution Functional and Molecular Optical Imaging at New Depths","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. 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