{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T13:36:36Z","timestamp":1772890596168,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51861145307, 32071370, and 31700859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51861145307, 32071370, and 31700859"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China","award":["2018M633524 and 2017M613127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018M633524 and 2017M613127"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["xjj2017136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xjj2017136"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Saxitoxin (STX) belongs to the family of marine biological toxins, which are major contaminants in seafood. The reference methods for STX detection are mouse bioassay and chromatographic analysis, which are time-consuming, high costs, and requirement of sophisticated operation. Therefore, the development of alternative methods for STX analysis is urgent. Electrochemical analysis is a fast, low-cost, and sensitive method for biomolecules analysis. Thus, in this study, an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensor based on aptamer-modified two-dimensional layered Ti3C2Tx nanosheets was developed for STX detection. The high surface area and rich functional groups of MXene benefited the modification of aptamer, which had specific interactions with STX. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) and constant-capacitance (ConCap) measurement results indicated that the aptasensor was able to detect STX with high sensitivity and good specificity. The detection range was 1.0 nM to 200 nM and detection limit was as low as 0.03 nM. Moreover, the aptasensor was found to have a good selectivity and two-week stability. The mussel tissue extraction test suggested the potential application of this biosensor in detecting STX in real samples. This method provides a convenient approach for low-cost, rapid, and label-free detection of marine biological toxins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T11:26:10Z","timestamp":1626780370000},"page":"4938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["An Electrochemical Ti3C2Tx Aptasensor for Sensitive and Label-Free Detection of Marine Biological Toxins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0173-7982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najeeb","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}]},{"given":"Beenish","family":"Noureen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}]},{"given":"Yulan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2126-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunsheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Medical Research Center, Xi\u2019an No.3 Hospital, Xi\u2019an 710018, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5230","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01576a044","article-title":"Paralytic shellfish poison. 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