{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T09:53:12Z","timestamp":1771667592731,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-11-ECOT-0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-ECOT-0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-15-CE04-0001-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-15-CE04-0001-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Britanny region","award":["PhD funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD funds"]}]},{"name":"BRGM-IFREMER interCarnot","award":["PhD funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD funds"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study is to demonstrate the successful functionalization of the surface of a chalcogenide infrared waveguide with the ultimate goal of developing an infrared micro-sensor device. First, a polyisobutylene coating was selected by testing its physico-chemical compatibility with a Ge-Sb-Se selenide surface. To simulate the chalcogenide platform infrared sensor, the detection of benzene, toluene, and ortho-, meta- and para-xylenes was efficaciously performed using a polyisobutylene layer spin-coated on 1 and 2.5 \u00b5m co-sputtered selenide films of Ge28Sb12Se60 composition deposited on a zinc selenide prism used for attenuated total reflection spectroscopy. The thickness of the polymer coating was optimized by attenuated total reflection spectroscopy to achieve the highest possible attenuation of water absorption while maintaining the diffusion rate of the pollutant through the polymer film compatible with the targeted in situ analysis. Then, natural water, i.e., groundwater, wastewater, and seawater, was sampled for detection measurement by means of attenuated total reflection spectroscopy. This study is a valuable contribution concerning the functionalization by a hydrophobic polymer compatible with a chalcogenide optical sensor designed to operate in the mid-infrared spectral range to detect in situ organic molecules in natural water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T04:13:51Z","timestamp":1617336831000},"page":"2449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Toward Chalcogenide Platform Infrared Sensor Dedicated to the In Situ Detection of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Natural Waters via an Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marion","family":"Baillieul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR-CNRS 6226, Equipe Verres et C\u00e9ramiques, Universit\u00e9 de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France"},{"name":"IFREMER, Centre Bretagne, Laboratoire D\u00e9tection, Capteurs et Mesures, CS10070, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}]},{"given":"Emeline","family":"Baudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR-CNRS 6226, Equipe Verres et C\u00e9ramiques, Universit\u00e9 de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRGM, Direction Eau, Environnement et Ecotechnologies, Unit\u00e9 Bio-G\u00e9ochimie Environnementale et Qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019Eau, 45060 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Moreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, Centre Bretagne, Laboratoire D\u00e9tection, Capteurs et Mesures, CS10070, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2426-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"N\u011bmec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Kada","family":"Boukerma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, Centre Bretagne, Laboratoire D\u00e9tection, Capteurs et Mesures, CS10070, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}]},{"given":"Florent","family":"Colas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, Centre Bretagne, Laboratoire D\u00e9tection, Capteurs et Mesures, CS10070, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00ebl","family":"Charrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FOTON-UMR-CNRS 6082, ENSSAT BP80518, 22305 Lannion, France"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Bureau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR-CNRS 6226, Equipe Verres et C\u00e9ramiques, Universit\u00e9 de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1524-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Rinnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, Centre Bretagne, Laboratoire D\u00e9tection, Capteurs et Mesures, CS10070, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0113-3935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Nazabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR-CNRS 6226, Equipe Verres et C\u00e9ramiques, Universit\u00e9 de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1021\/es404206y","article-title":"Submersible Optical Sensors Exposed to Chemically Dispersed Crude Oil: Wave Tank Simulations for Improved Oil Spill Monitoring","volume":"48","author":"Conmy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b04144","article-title":"Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Platform Based on GaAs\/AIGaAs Thin-Film Waveguides and Quantum Cascade Lasers","volume":"88","author":"Sieger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6333","DOI":"10.1021\/es0704535","article-title":"Environmental monitoring of hydrocarbons: A chemical sensor perspective","volume":"41","author":"Pejcic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-007-1673-5","article-title":"Miniaturized mid-infrared sensor technologies","volume":"390","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10891","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c01296","article-title":"Perspective on Thin Film Waveguides for on-Chip Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Liquid Biochemical Analytes","volume":"92","author":"Mittal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.08.012","article-title":"Determination of volatile organic compounds in water by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole analyzer","volume":"704","author":"Cervera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2018.03.018","article-title":"Method development and optimization for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in water at trace levels by static headspace extraction coupled to gas chromatography-barrier ionization discharge detection","volume":"1548","author":"Pascale","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/ab8523","article-title":"Sensing and structure analysis byin situIR spectroscopy: From mL flow cells to microfluidic applications","volume":"32","author":"Kratz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2012.11.011","article-title":"Direct quantification of aromatic hydrocarbons in geochemical fluids with a mid-infrared attenuated total reflection sensor","volume":"55","author":"Pejcic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/03067310500291585","article-title":"A comparison of polymeric materials as pre-concentrating media for use with ATR\/FTIR sensing","volume":"86","author":"Flavin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9512","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5015029","article-title":"Fingerprinting Oils in Water via Their Dissolved VOC Pattern Using Mid-Infrared Sensors","volume":"86","author":"Schadle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1039\/C1AN15521K","article-title":"Detecting trace amounts of water in hydrocarbon matrices with infrared fiberoptic evanescent field sensors","volume":"137","author":"Luzinova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02525","article-title":"Determination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Water Using Highly Sensitive Mid-Infrared Sensor Technology","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12306","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b03624","article-title":"Mid-Infrared Spectroscopic Method for the Identification and Quantification of Dissolved Oil Components in Marine Environments","volume":"87","author":"Stach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012002","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7647\/ab6742","article-title":"Opportunities for photonic integrated circuits in optical gas sensors","volume":"2","author":"Hansel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.09.174","article-title":"Theoretical study of an evanescent optical integrated sensor for multipurpose detection of gases and liquids in the Mid-Infrared","volume":"242","author":"Baudet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63106-4","article-title":"Volume Fabrication of Quantum Cascade Lasers on 200 mm-CMOS pilot line","volume":"10","author":"Coutard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5562","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b04143","article-title":"Toward On-Chip Mid-Infrared Sensors","volume":"88","author":"Sieger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5053599","article-title":"Monolithic on-chip mid-IR methane gas sensor with waveguide-integrated detector","volume":"114","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.003324","article-title":"Chalcogenide glass waveguides integrated with quantum cascade lasers for on-chip mid-IR photonic circuits","volume":"35","author":"Tsay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13426","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3005346","article-title":"Design of a multimode interferometer-based mid-infrared multispecies gas sensor","volume":"20","author":"Bodiou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.0c00906","article-title":"Nonlinear Self-Confined Plasmonic Beams: Experimenta","volume":"7","author":"Kuriakose","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22511","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.398434","article-title":"Co-sputtered Pr3+-doped Ga-Ge-Sb-Se active waveguides for mid-infrared operation","volume":"28","author":"Louvet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/ijag.12256","article-title":"A new twist on glass: A brittle material enabling flexible integrated photonics","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071111","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4961532","article-title":"On-chip chalcogenide glass waveguide-integrated mid-infrared PbTe detectors","volume":"109","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2017.10.001","article-title":"Mid-infrared guided photoluminescence from integrated Pr3+-doped selenide ridge waveguides","volume":"75","author":"Bodiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16813","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.016813","article-title":"Improving the extinction bandwidth of MMI chalcogenide photonic chip based MIR nulling interferometers","volume":"25","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19969","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.019969","article-title":"High Q factor chalcogenide ring resonators for cavity-enhanced MIR spectroscopic sensing","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201400034","article-title":"A broadband, quasi-continuous, mid-infrared supercontinuum generated in a chalcogenide glass waveguide","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/20550308.2017.1338211","article-title":"Development of an evanescent optical integrated sensor in the mid-infrared for detection of pollution in groundwater or seawater","volume":"3","author":"Baudet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Device Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.6.002616","article-title":"Selenide sputtered films development for MIR environmental sensor","volume":"6","author":"Baudet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03678-w","article-title":"Experimental design approach for deposition optimization of RF sputtered chalcogenide thin films devoted to environmental optical sensors","volume":"7","author":"Baudet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23109","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.023109","article-title":"Optical characterization at 7.7 mu m of an integrated platform based on chalcogenide waveguides for sensing applications in the mid-infrared","volume":"24","author":"Baudet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6232","DOI":"10.3390\/s90806232","article-title":"Mid-Infrared Sensing of Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Environments","volume":"9","author":"Pejcic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1021\/ac901192d","article-title":"Detection and Quantification of Trace Organic Contaminants in Water Using the FT-IR-Attenuated Total Reflectance Technique","volume":"82","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0347009","article-title":"Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes in Water Using Mid-Infrared Evanescent Field Spectroscopy","volume":"76","author":"Karlowatz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2021, March 29). Spin-Coating on Nanoscale Topography and Phase Separation of Diblock Copolymers. Available online: http:\/\/miis.maths.ox.ac.uk\/miis\/203\/."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2004.07.052","article-title":"Sensor applications of attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy","volume":"65","author":"Vigano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-2031(94)00045-I","article-title":"Infrared Attenuated Total-Reflection Spectroscopic Investigations of the Diffusion Behavior of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons into Polymer Membranes","volume":"8","author":"Gobel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vib. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Meyers, R.A. (2000). Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1021\/ac034173t","article-title":"A perfect smoother","volume":"75","author":"Eilers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(96)00061-5","article-title":"Spectral data files for self-modeling curve resolution with examples using the Simplisma approach","volume":"36","author":"Windig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AN00035A","article-title":"Fast identification and quantification of BTEX coupling by Raman spectrometry and chemometrics","volume":"140","author":"Moreau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.10.036","article-title":"Highly porous nanostructured copper oxide foam fiber as a sorbent for head space solid-phase microextraction of BTEX from aqueous solutions","volume":"145","author":"Ghani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-014-1221-x","article-title":"Determination of Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons (BTEX) in Surface Waters from a Brazilian Subtropical Hydrographic Basin","volume":"92","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dettenrieder, C., Raichlin, Y., Katzir, A., and Mizaikoff, B. (2019). Toward the Required Detection Limits for Volatile Organic Constituents in Marine Environments with Infrared Evanescent Field Chemical Sensors. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173644"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b03004","article-title":"Mid-Infrared Chalcogenide Waveguides for Real-Time and Nondestructive Volatile Organic Compound Detection","volume":"91","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/7\/2449\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:33:34Z","timestamp":1760362414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/7\/2449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s21072449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21072449","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]}}}