{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T04:41:51Z","timestamp":1769834511651,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFD0600205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0600205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Land ecological system carbon monitoring satellite ground comprehensive experiment","award":["2017-21-4**"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-21-4**"]}]},{"name":"key project of natural science research of Anhui education department","award":["KJ2017A413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2017A413"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of satellite-borne large-footprint LiDAR (light detection and ranging) systems allows for the acquisition of forest monitoring data. This paper mainly describes the design, use, operating principles, installation and data properties of the new Laser Vegetation Detecting Sensor (LVDS), a LiDAR system designed and developed at the Academy of Forest Inventory and Planning (AFIP) and the Beijing Institute of Telemetry (BIT). Data from LVDS were used to calculate the mean height of forest trees on sample plots using data collected in the Hunan province of China. The results show that the full waveform data obtained by LVDS has the ability to accurately characterize forest height. The mean absolute percentage error of mean forest height per plot in flat areas was 6.8%, with a mean absolute deviation of 0.78 m. The airborne LVDS system provides prototype data sets and a platform for instrument proof-of-concept studies for China\u2019s Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Monitoring (TECM) mission, which is an Earth remote sensing satellite due for launch in 2020. The information produced by LVDS allows for forest structure studies with high accuracy and coverage of large areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T03:47:36Z","timestamp":1554868056000},"page":"1699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Laser Vegetation Detecting Sensor: A Full Waveform, Large-Footprint, Airborne Laser Altimeter for Monitoring Forest Resources"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Fayun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Forest Inventory and Planning, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100714, China"}]},{"given":"Zhongqiu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Forest Inventory and Planning, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100714, China"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA"}]},{"given":"Xianlian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Forest Inventory and Planning, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100714, China"}]},{"given":"Weitao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography Information and Tourism College, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China"}]},{"given":"Daoli","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8436","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70708436","article-title":"Height over Continental China Using Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data","volume":"7","author":"Ni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(97)83000-6","article-title":"Determination of mean tree height of forest stands using airborne laser scanner data","volume":"52","year":"1997","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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