{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T09:16:57Z","timestamp":1781947017675,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002724","name":"American University of Sharjah","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRG22-C-E33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRG22-C-E33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002724","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main contribution of this paper is the integration of a battery management system (BMS) to ensure safe battery operation and automated battery swapping for an electric scooter (e-scooter). The BMS constantly monitors the battery state of charge (SOC) and temperature, and initiates battery swapping under predefined conditions. This is crucial because the conventional BMS sometimes fails to detect early signs of potential issues, leading to safety hazards if not addressed promptly. Battery swapping stations are an effective solution, offering an alternative to traditional charging stations by addressing the issue of lengthy charging time. Also, this paper addresses the problem of frequent battery recharging, which limits e-scooters\u2019 operational range. The proposed solution employs a robotic arm to execute battery swaps without human intervention. A computer vision system is utilized to detect an e-scooter\u2019s battery, compensating for any tilt in a parked e-scooter to ensure accurate alignment, thereby enabling the robotic arm to efficiently plan and execute the battery swap. The proposed system requires minimal modifications to the existing e-scooter design by incorporating a specifically designed battery compartment thus offering significant improvements over manual swapping methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics14020021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T09:05:42Z","timestamp":1739437542000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["SOC and Temperature Aware Battery Swapping for an E-Scooter Using a Robotic Arm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Abeer","family":"Daoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechatronics Engineering Program, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habibur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8509-2386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotfi","family":"Romdhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7941-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayok","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical & Computer Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Rd., West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170961","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2953712","article-title":"Enabling the Electric Future of Mobility: Robotic Automation for Electric Vehicle Battery Assembly","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2018). 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