{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T02:13:11Z","timestamp":1769739191352,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61822701, 61772060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61822701, 61772060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Henan Provincial Prevention and Control Emergency Project of COVID-19","award":["201100312000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201100312000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Quick response (QR) codes are usually scanned in different environments, so they must be robust to variations in illumination, scale, coverage, and camera angles. Aesthetic QR codes improve the visual quality, but subtle changes in their appearance may cause scanning failure. In this article, a new method to generate scanning-robust aesthetic QR codes is proposed, which is based on a module-based scanning probability estimation model that can effectively balance the tradeoff between visual quality and scanning robustness. Our method locally adjusts the luminance of each module by estimating the probability of successful sampling. The approach adopts the hierarchical, coarse-to-fine strategy to enhance the visual quality of aesthetic QR codes, which sequentially generate the following three codes: a binary aesthetic QR code, a grayscale aesthetic QR code, and the final color aesthetic QR code. Our approach also can be used to create QR codes with different visual styles by adjusting some initialization parameters. User surveys and decoding experiments were adopted for evaluating our method compared with state-of-the-art algorithms, which indicates that the proposed approach has excellent performance in terms of both visual quality and scanning robustness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3418214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T12:42:08Z","timestamp":1618576928000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["ART-UP: A Novel Method for Generating Scanning-Robust Aesthetic QR Codes"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou University"}]},{"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou University"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang University"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang University"}]},{"given":"Xiting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang University"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou University"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou University"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0512-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology Sydney"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Alva Nevo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nevo Alva , Itamar Friedman , and Uriel Peled . 2012 . Visualead . Retrieved October 16, 2016 from http:\/\/www.visualead.com. Nevo Alva, Itamar Friedman, and Uriel Peled. 2012. Visualead. Retrieved October 16, 2016 from http:\/\/www.visualead.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2013.6607571"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2345401"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508363.2508408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Cox Russ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Russ Cox . 2012 . QArt Codes . Retrieved October 16, 2016 from http:\/\/research.swtch.com\/qart. Russ Cox. 2012. QArt Codes. Retrieved October 16, 2016 from http:\/\/research.swtch.com\/qart."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"MultiMedia Modeling","author":"Fang Chengfang","unstructured":"Chengfang Fang , Chunwang Zhang , and Ee-Chien Chang . 2014. An optimization model for aesthetic two-dimensional barcodes . In MultiMedia Modeling . Springer , 278\u2013290. Chengfang Fang, Chunwang Zhang, and Ee-Chien Chang. 2014. An optimization model for aesthetic two-dimensional barcodes. In MultiMedia Modeling. Springer, 278\u2013290."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2733373.2806398"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2014.2321501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"ISO. 2000. ISO\/IEC 18004:2000(E): Information Technology \u2013 Automatic Identificationand Capture Techniques \u2013 Bar Code Symbology \u2013 QR Code. ISO.  ISO. 2000. ISO\/IEC 18004:2000(E): Information Technology \u2013 Automatic Identificationand Capture Techniques \u2013 Bar Code Symbology \u2013 QR Code. ISO."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"SIGGRAPH Asia 2014 Posters","author":"Jiang Bo","unstructured":"Bo Jiang and Xinguo Liu . 2014. QR code embellishment with background facial image embedding . In SIGGRAPH Asia 2014 Posters . ACM , New York, NY , 31. Bo Jiang and Xinguo Liu. 2014. QR code embellishment with background facial image embedding. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2014 Posters. ACM, New York, NY, 31."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Laporte Alexis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alexis Laporte , Benoit Reulier , Simon Ternoir , Gautier Chapuis , and Romain Kassel . 2011 . Unitag . Retrieved October 16, 2016 from https:\/\/www.unitag.io. Alexis Laporte, Benoit Reulier, Simon Ternoir, Gautier Chapuis, and Romain Kassel. 2011. Unitag. Retrieved October 16, 2016 from https:\/\/www.unitag.io."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2015.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2015.2437711"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2013.2271745"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12221"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDA.2006.253712"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 Chinese Control and Decision Conference. IEEE","author":"Liu Yue","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yue Liu , Ju Yang , and Mingjun Liu . 2008 . Recognition of QR code with mobile phones . In Proceedings of the 2008 Chinese Control and Decision Conference. IEEE , Los Alamitos, CA, 203\u2013206. Yue Liu, Ju Yang, and Mingjun Liu. 2008. Recognition of QR code with mobile phones. In Proceedings of the 2008 Chinese Control and Decision Conference. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 203\u2013206."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"The Theory of Error Correcting Codes","author":"MacWilliams Florence Jessie","unstructured":"Florence Jessie MacWilliams and Neil James Alexander Sloane . 1977. The Theory of Error Correcting Codes . Elsevier . Florence Jessie MacWilliams and Neil James Alexander Sloane. 1977. The Theory of Error Correcting Codes. Elsevier."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CW.2004.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Sean Owen. 2013. ZXing. Zebra Crossing.  Sean Owen. 2013. ZXing. Zebra Crossing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"4V","article-title":"An optimized image and data embedding in color QR code","volume":"17","author":"Ramya S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"S. Ramya and C. Sheeba Joice . 2015 . An optimized image and data embedding in color QR code . Structure 17 (2015), 4V . S. Ramya and C. Sheeba Joice. 2015. An optimized image and data embedding in color QR code. Structure 17 (2015), 4V.","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INCoS.2011.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2006.881959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2008.930649"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2019.2891420"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971733"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"MultiMedia Modeling","author":"Zhang Yongtai","unstructured":"Yongtai Zhang , Shihong Deng , Zhihong Liu , and Yongtao Wang . 2015. Aesthetic QR codes based on two-stage image blending . In MultiMedia Modeling . Springer , 183\u2013194. Yongtai Zhang, Shihong Deng, Zhihong Liu, and Yongtao Wang. 2015. Aesthetic QR codes based on two-stage image blending. In MultiMedia Modeling. Springer, 183\u2013194."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3418214","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3418214","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:31:36Z","timestamp":1750195896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3418214"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3418214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3418214","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-6857","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6865","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}