{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:01:38Z","timestamp":1777870898770,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000943","name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000943","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:16:12Z","timestamp":1771632972000},"page":"113341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["MFGS: Mask-free Gaussian separation for 3D object reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2354-6398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinguang","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9295-7333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuesong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3023-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sundaram","family":"Muthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5493-8577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahira Afzal","family":"Maken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0103-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Petersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3167-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4125-1554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongdong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0001","series-title":"Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision","volume":"665","author":"Hartley","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1145\/3503250","article-title":"NeRF: representing scenes as neural radiance fields for view synthesis","volume":"65","author":"Mildenhall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-0246","article-title":"Geo-Neus: geometry-consistent neural implicit surfaces learning for multi-view reconstruction","volume":"35","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0004","first-page":"27171","article-title":"NeuS: learning neural implicit surfaces by volume rendering for multi-view reconstruction","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0005","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"3295","article-title":"Neus2: fast learning of neural implicit surfaces for multi-view reconstruction","author":"Wang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0006","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"12555","article-title":"Seeing through the glass: neural 3D reconstruction of object inside a transparent container","author":"Tong","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3592433","article-title":"3D Gaussian splatting for real-time radiance field rendering","volume":"42","author":"Kerbl","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0008","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"5354","article-title":"SuGaR: surface-aligned Gaussian splatting for efficient 3D mesh reconstruction and high-quality mesh rendering","author":"Gu\u00e9don","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0009","series-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2024 Conference Papers","first-page":"1","article-title":"High-quality surface reconstruction using Gaussian surfels","author":"Dai","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0010","series-title":"Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference","first-page":"21547","article-title":"GS-2DGS: geometrically supervised 2DGS for reflective object reconstruction","author":"Tong","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.111271","article-title":"Generalizable 3D Gaussian splatting for novel view synthesis","volume":"161","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0012","unstructured":"C. Media, 3D-twin scanner, 2024, https:\/\/www.covisionmedia.ai\/en."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0013","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"753","article-title":"Digital twin catalog: a large-scale photorealistic 3d object digital twin dataset","author":"Dong","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2020.2980161","article-title":"Automatic pose generation for robotic 3-D scanning of mechanical parts","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rob."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0015","series-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2024 Conference Papers","first-page":"1","article-title":"2D Gaussian splatting for geometrically accurate radiance fields","author":"Huang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0016","first-page":"29914","article-title":"Segment anything in high quality","volume":"36","author":"Ke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0017","first-page":"2492","article-title":"Multiview neural surface reconstruction by disentangling geometry and appearance","volume":"33","author":"Yariv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0018","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"3504","article-title":"Differentiable volumetric rendering: learning implicit 3D representations without 3D supervision","author":"Niemeyer","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0019","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"5589","article-title":"UNISURF: unifying neural implicit surfaces and radiance fields for multi-view reconstruction","author":"Oechsle","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0020","first-page":"4805","article-title":"Volume rendering of neural implicit surfaces","volume":"34","author":"Yariv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0021","first-page":"25018","article-title":"MonoSDF: exploring monocular geometric cues for neural implicit surface reconstruction","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0022","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"8456","article-title":"Neuralangelo: high-fidelity neural surface reconstruction","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3528223.3530127","article-title":"Instant neural graphics primitives with a multiresolution hash encoding","volume":"41","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (TOG)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0024","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"21382","article-title":"AutoRecon: automated 3D object discovery and reconstruction","author":"Wang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0025","unstructured":"H. Bai, Y. Chen, L. Wang, High-fidelity mask-free neural surface reconstruction for virtual reality, arXiv: 2409.13158(2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0026","series-title":"Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference","first-page":"26745","article-title":"Generative sparse-view Gaussian splatting","author":"Kong","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0027","series-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","first-page":"1812","article-title":"DGNS: deformable Gaussian splatting and dynamic neural surface for monocular dynamic 3D reconstruction","author":"Li","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2025.111426","article-title":"3D points splatting for real-time dynamic hand reconstruction","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0029","article-title":"HumanRecon: neural reconstruction of dynamic human using geometric cues and physical priors","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0030","unstructured":"H. Chen, C. Li, G.H. Lee, NeuSG: Neural implicit surface reconstruction with 3D Gaussian splatting guidance, arXiv: 2312.00846(2023)."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0031","first-page":"1","article-title":"3DGSR: implicit surface reconstruction with 3D Gaussian splatting","volume":"43","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (TOG)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0032","series-title":"2024 International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV)","first-page":"800","article-title":"Dynamic 3D Gaussians: tracking by persistent dynamic view synthesis","author":"Luiten","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0033","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"20331","article-title":"Deformable 3D Gaussians for high-fidelity monocular dynamic scene reconstruction","author":"Yang","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2024.3502257","article-title":"Motion-aware 3D Gaussian splatting for efficient dynamic scene reconstruction","volume":"35","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0035","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"7862","article-title":"Gflow: recovering 4D world from monocular video","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0036","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"20310","article-title":"4D Gaussian splatting for real-time dynamic scene rendering","author":"Wu","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0037","series-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)","article-title":"Real-time photorealistic dynamic scene representation and rendering with 4D Gaussian splatting","author":"Yang","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2025.3533457","article-title":"3DGS-CD: 3D Gaussian splatting-based change detection for physical object rearrangement","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Rob. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0039","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"16111","article-title":"EfficientSAM: leveraged masked image pretraining for efficient segment anything","author":"Xiong","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0040","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"4015","article-title":"Segment anything","author":"Kirillov","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0041","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"162","article-title":"Gaussian grouping: segment and edit anything in 3D scenes","author":"Ye","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0042","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"1971","article-title":"Segment any 3D Gaussians","volume":"39","author":"Cen","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0043","series-title":"An Introduction to Lie Groups and Lie Algebras","volume":"113","author":"Kirillov","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0044","series-title":"Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","article-title":"Structure-from-motion revisited","author":"Sch\u00f6nberger","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0045","first-page":"19769","article-title":"Segment everything everywhere all at once","volume":"36","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0046","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"333","article-title":"TensoRF: tensorial radiance fields","author":"Chen","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-012-0601-0","article-title":"Rotation averaging","volume":"103","author":"Hartley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0048","series-title":"Group theory: and its application to the quantum mechanics of atomic spectra","author":"Wigner","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0049","series-title":"2011 10th IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality","first-page":"127","article-title":"Kinectfusion: real-time dense surface mapping and tracking","author":"Newcombe","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0050","unstructured":"Q.-Y. Zhou, J. Park, V. Koltun, Open3D: a modern library for 3D data processing, arXiv: 1801.09847(2018)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0051","unstructured":"B.O. Community, Blender - a 3D modelling and rendering package, Blender Foundation, Stichting Blender Foundation, Amsterdam, 2018. http:\/\/www.blender.org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0052","series-title":"3D imaging, analysis and applications","first-page":"631","article-title":"3D digitization of cultural heritage","author":"Guidi","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3494837","article-title":"Digitizing intangible cultural heritage embodied: state of the art","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Cult. Heritage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341_bib0054","unstructured":"J. Yang, M. Gao, Z. Li, S. Gao, F. Wang, F. Zheng, Track anything: segment anything meets videos, arXiv: 2304.11968(2023)."}],"container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320326003067?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320326003067?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T16:50:35Z","timestamp":1777567835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031320326003067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0031320326003067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"MFGS: Mask-free Gaussian separation for 3D object reconstruction","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pattern Recognition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113341","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113341"}}