Papers by Karina Apolinarska
Oxygen (d 18 O) and carbon (d 13 C) stable isotope analyses are among the standard methods applie... more Oxygen (d 18 O) and carbon (d 13 C) stable isotope analyses are among the standard methods applied in the studies of past environment, including climate. In lacustrine sediments, d 18 O and d 13 C values can be measured in various carbonates including charophyte encrustations. Application of the stable isotope record of lacustrine carbonates requires knowledge about the possibilities and limitations of the method. Thus, this study presents the oxygen stable isotope composition of carbonate encrustations precipitated by modern charophytes (d 18 O CARB) and
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the a... more This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights
The study reports and discusses the differences in ı 13 C and ı 18 O values of shells between sev... more The study reports and discusses the differences in ı 13 C and ı 18 O values of shells between several species of freshwater snails. Shells were derived from sediment samples collected from depths of 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 m along transects in two shallow eutrophic lakes located in mid-western Poland. Mean ı 13 C values of the shells ranged between −7.5 and −3.8‰ in Lake Jarosławieckie and between −8.1 and −5.2‰ in Lake Rosnowskie Du ˙ ze, whereas mean ı 18 O values ranged between −2.2 and −0.2‰ and between −2.2 and 0.4‰ respectively in the studied lakes. A similar order of species in terms of shell isotope values, from least to most 13 C and 18 O-depleted was observed in both lakes and seems to indicate constancy of the factors controlling the stable isotope compositions of snail shells. We postulate that the nearly 4‰ difference in the mean carbon stable isotope values between the species was primarily controlled by the amount of metabolic carbon incorporated into the shells and the ı 13 C values of the snail food. Different growth cessation temperatures and microhabitats of the species studied result in temporally and spatially varied DIC ı 13 C values, water ı 18 O values and water temperature of shell precipitation, and may thus differentiate the ı 13 C and ı 18 O values of shells. The range of ı 13 C and ı 18 O values of individual shells from a sediment sample (mean 2.35 and 2.15‰, respectively) is interpreted as reflecting an intraspecific variability of isotope compositions in shells from a population and changes of the ambient conditions during the accumulation of the sediment layer. The species-specificity and intraspecific variability in C and O isotopic compositions of shells allow concluding that in palaeolimnological studies, stable isotope analyses should be performed on a set of mono-specific shells representing mean isotope compositions of the species for the interval studied rather than single shells or multispecific bulk shell material.
The aim of this study was to better understand the relations between carbon and oxygen stable iso... more The aim of this study was to better understand the relations between carbon and oxygen stable isotope values of ambient water, mollusc shells, macrophytes and their carbonate encrustations, commonly used in palaeolimnological studies. Water, molluscs and macrophytes were sampled from the littoral zone in Lake Lednica, NW Poland. The influence of carbon species assimilated during photo-synthesis and the net intensity of photosynthesis resulting from the size of charophyte species and the density of their stands were postulated to be the most important factors causing the species-specific d 13 C values of charophyte thalli and encrustations. It was suggested that photosynthetic activity of charophytes affected not only the d 13 C values of charophyte encrustations but also mollusc shells by changing d 13 C values of DIC within charophyte stands. In addition, incorporation of metabolic carbon into the shell was proposed as the main cause of both the 13 C depletion of mollusc shells relative to d 13 C values of DIC and the species-specific d 13 C values of shells. Mollusc shells were precipitated at the isotope equilibrium or close to the equilibrium with d 18 O values of lake water. Charophyte encrustations were found to be 18 O depleted due to the kinetic isotope effects during intense photosynthesis and thus fast precipitation of the calcite. Keywords Stable C and O isotopes Á Lake water Á Mollusc shells Á Macrophytes Á Encrustations Á Characeae
![Research paper thumbnail of Wyroby kamienne z osady kultury łużyckiej w Grzybianach, [w:] T. Stolarczyk, J. Baron [red.] Osada kultury pól popielnicowych w Grzybianach koło Legnicy](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37020027/thumbnails/1.jpg)
During the research conducted in the second half of the 20th
century and in 2010 over 55 f int ar... more During the research conducted in the second half of the 20th
century and in 2010 over 55 f int artefacts were unearthed at the
Lusatian culture settlement in Grzybiany. T e artefacts included
handstones, a quern-stone, smoothers, whetstones, pads, a pendant,
spindle whorles, axes, an adze and other. T ese tools were subject to
a morphometric and functional analysis, as well as to a petrographic
analysis. In other examined inventories (135 various types of rock)
there were no artefacts found with any traces of processing or use.
On the basis of the conducted analyses it may be concluded
that the population of the Lusatian culture living in the Grzybiany
settlement used mainly the raw materials found in its closest
environment for their minor household use. It is surprising that
nearly no raw materials of the Sudety origin are present in the
examined material, except for one axe made of gabro from Ślęża Mt.
T e close proximity of the abundance of rock raw materials at the
Sudeckie Foothills and the Kaczawskie Foothills did not prompt the
settlement inhabitants to expeditions for raw materials with better
technical parameters than erratic rocks. A comparison of the raw
material structure of the f int artefacts from Grzybiany with other
petrographically examined artefacts of the Lusatian culture in the
Silesia demonstrates certain repetitiveness in the selection of rocks
mainly of erratic provenance. It conf rms that in Grzybiany, as well as
in other Lusatian culture settlements no special selection of material
collected near the settlement was conducted. Perhaps a factor
conditioning the selection of rocks was the shape of the collected
nodules, which is reinforced by the f ndings of the handstones similar
in shape and with similar traces of use.
On the basis of few petroarcheological analyses of the f int artefacts
from the archeological sites from the Bronze Age and the Early Iron
Age in the territory of south-west Poland, it may be concluded that
af er an intensive use of the Sudetic outcrops in the Neolithic Period,
there was maybe a collapse of the Sudetian origin stone economy
at the beginning of the Bronze Age. T e stone resources economy
based on the erratic material accumulated in the nearest area seems
to dominate also in the Lusatian culture where it was used to make
simple items for households in forms which were almost unaltered
from their natural shape. T e situation changed in the early period
of the Roman inf uence when the exploitation of the Sudetian raw
resources by the population of the Przeworsk culture was on a much
larger scale than in the preceding periods and cultures.
The Grzybiany settlement is located in the Silesian Lowland, about 55 kilometres west of Wrocław ... more The Grzybiany settlement is located in the Silesian Lowland, about 55 kilometres west of Wrocław and about 5 kilometres east of Legnica (Fig. 1). The research site where the drillings were executed to collect core sediments for paleoenvironmental research was about 800 metres south of Grzybiany (Fig. 2), in a 2-kilometre wide valley of a small nameless watercourse. Two drillings were performed with an Instorf type drill near the Grzybiany village (Fig. 2, 4, 5). Drillings were carried out about 200 metres from the Koskowickie Lake near the western border of the hollow basin. The results of the natural analyses obtained for the Grzybiany research site allow for determining environmental changes primarily in the Late Pleistocene and some sections of the Holocene (Fig. 11). Pollen spectra from the samples of drilling 1 indicate that at the depth of 3.65 m – 3.30 m there are forms of the Allerod interglacistadial; at the depth of 3.30 m – 1.22 m there are forms from the earlier period of the Younger Dryas, and at the depth of 1.22 m – 1.0 m there are forms which were formed during the Preboreal period, whereas at the depth of 1.0 m - 0.55 m forms from the Boreal period were found. The malacological analysis revealed that at the depth from 1.75 m – 1.65 m and from 1.0 m – 0.7 m no malacofauna was found. It may suggest that the environmental conditions were adverse to the occurrence of mollusks or that the mollusk shells were not preserved in the sediment (underwent dissolution due to too low pH of waters). In the earliest sediments a share of the typically terrestrial species occurs. It indicates that the water basin underwent shallowing and was gradually transformed into terrestrial environment, whereas the malacofauna with the thermophilic species indicate a warm climate. The profile shows indicative taxa for loessial environments. Probably mollusks of these animals were washed into the discussed hollow from the surrounding high plains where the loess covers occurred.
The character of the natural environment in the Holocene, in particular transformations of vegetation, was partially subject to formation through the economic and settlement activities of the human communities which were developing at that time. No Grzybiany profiles confirmed any traces of human activity influence on the surrounding natural environment. Such result is reflected in the analyses of the settlement development. Stages of environmental changes related to the Holocene which were recognized in result of sediment analyses from the Grzybiany area concern the Preboreal
and Boreal Periods. The findings of the palynological age confirmed the radiocarbon dating for these periods. In the discussed area no remains of activity of the Early Mesolithic communities were found. Most probably the Grzybiany area was not signifi cantly used by people at that time which might have then influenced the [changes of] vegetation. Biogenic sediments which may correlate with the Lusatian culture settlements surrounding the Koskowickie Lake were not present in the analysed profiles.
Charophytes (Characeae), macroscopic green algae, are one of the macrophytes occurring mainly in ... more Charophytes (Characeae), macroscopic green algae, are one of the macrophytes occurring mainly in the littoral zone of lakes. Their occurrence in a lake is considered as indicative of low trophy and high ecological status. Photosynthetic activity of charophytes leads to precipitation of autochthonous carbonates, that substantially contribute to lacustrine sedimentation. Calcified parts of their thalli can be preserved in sediments as thalli encrustations and calcified female fructifications called gyrogonites. The oldest charophyte fossils are Upper Silurian in age thus these macroalgae are a potential archive of palaeonvironmental information back to the middle Palaeozoic. Ability to recognize genera or even species of the fossil gyrogonites allows to use them as lacustrine biomarkers when contemporary ecological requirements of the taxa are known. Both gyrogonites and encrustations are frequently used in isotope investigations of lake sediments. However, in order to carry out correct, reliable palaeolimnological reconstructions using stable isotope record of the charophyte carbonates it is essential to know the relation between δ 13 C and δ 18 O of recent encrustations and gyrogonites and δ 13 C of DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon) and δ 18 O of ambient water, respectively. The main aim of the paper is to present the importance of charophytes in carbonate lacustrine sedimentation and to describe the possibilities to use their remains as biomarkers of current ecological state of lakes, potentially useful in palaeolimnological studies.
Stable isotope composition (d 13 C and d 18 O) was analysed in mineral incrustation of Chara rudi... more Stable isotope composition (d 13 C and d 18 O) was analysed in mineral incrustation of Chara rudis and surrounding waters. This macroalga forms dense and extensive charophyte meadows and may significantly contribute to the calcium carbonate precipitation and deposition of marl lake sediments. The study aimed to find out if charophyte calcium carbonate was precipitated in an isotopic equilibrium with lake water and if the precipitation was related to the environmental conditions. Two apical internodes of 10 individuals of C. rudis were collected monthly between June and late October 2008 at three permanent study sites (1.0 m, 1.5 m and 2.0 m deep) in a small (15.1 ha) and shallow (mean depth: 4.3 m) mid-forest lake with extensively developed charophyte meadows (Lake Jasne, mid-Western Poland). Basic physical-chemical analyses were performed at each study site, and water samples for further laboratory determinations, including stable isotope analyses, were collected from the above searched C. rudis stands and, simultaneously, at three comparative sites in the macrophyte-free pelagial. The difference in d 13 C between incrustation and water from above C. rudis exceeded 2% V-PDB at each site. In the case of d 18 O, it exceeded 2% between July and September. Accordingly, it is postulated that calcium carbonate was not precipitated in an isotopic equilibrium with lake water. Incrustation was enriched in heavier carbon isotope, 13 C, and water was enriched in 18 O. d 13 C of incrustation and DIC were positively correlated, whereas negative relation was found between d 18 O of incrustation and water. Several dependencies were found with water chemistry above the plants. The content of mineral incrustation in Chara dry weight had negative influence on the d 18 O but not on the d 13 C. Community depth, structure and PVI had no effect. No significant differences appeared between isotope composition in the pelagic zone and Chara stands.
Acta Geologica Polonica, Jan 1, 2009
. Reconstructions of the early and middle Holocene climate and environment based on δ 13 C and δ ... more . Reconstructions of the early and middle Holocene climate and environment based on δ 13 C and δ 18 O records in biogenic carbonates; Lake Niepruszewskie, western Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica, 59 (3), 359-370. Warszawa.
Acta Geologica Polonica, Jan 1, 2009
Acta Geologica Polonica, Jan 1, 2006
APOLINARSKA, K. & CISZEWSKA, M. 2006. Late Glacial and Holocene lacustrine molluscs from Wielkopo... more APOLINARSKA, K. & CISZEWSKA, M. 2006. Late Glacial and Holocene lacustrine molluscs from Wielkopolska (central Poland) and their environmental significance. Acta Geologica Polonica, 56 (1), 51-66. Warszawa. Late Glacial and Holocene lacustrine molluscs occurring in three sites from the Gniezno and Poznaƒ Lake Districts in central Poland are described. The mollusc fauna present in the sites is composed mainly of aquatic species with an accessory content of terrestrial snails inhabiting damp or very damp, periodically flooded sites. Ecological preferences of species, changes in their composition and frequency together with shell dimensions are used as indicators of palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate. Infrequent shells present in the Imio∏ki and Rybitwy sites are small and thin-walled in consequence of the cold climate prevailing in the Late Glacial when the sediments in question were deposited. In the Imio∏ki site Pisidium lilljeborgii CLESSIN, a species indicative of low temperatures, occurs. Deposits in the Niepruszewo-CieÊle site were accumulated through most of the Holocene, thus warmer conditions resulted in considerably more abundant and larger shells with thicker walls.
Journal of Quaternary Science, Jan 1, 2009
component stable isotope records from Late Weichselian and early Holocene lake sediments at Imiol... more component stable isotope records from Late Weichselian and early Holocene lake sediments at Imiol --ki, Poland: palaeoclimatic and methodological implications.
Books by Karina Apolinarska
by Dział Archeologii Muzeum Miedzi w Legnicy, Krzysztof Demidziuk, Joanna Zych, Bernadeta Kufel-Diakowska, Paweł Rajski, Karina Apolinarska, Marcin Diakowski, Justyna Baron, Katarzyna Sielicka, Aldona Garbacz-Klempka, Agata Haluszko, ADAM SZYNKIEWICZ, and Mirosław Furmanek The site is unique due to two reasons. One is wet environment which resulted in preservation of o... more The site is unique due to two reasons. One is wet environment which resulted in preservation of organic materials including massive constructions like road pavements and breakwater. The second is long-lasting settlement resulting in thick occupational layers, in some parts of the area reaching 2 meters. This enabled observation on changing trends in agriculture and production.
The book contains results of excavations (mostly from 1980s') and further interdisciplinary studies (run over last 2 years), presented in 22 papers in Polish with English summaries.
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Papers by Karina Apolinarska
century and in 2010 over 55 f int artefacts were unearthed at the
Lusatian culture settlement in Grzybiany. T e artefacts included
handstones, a quern-stone, smoothers, whetstones, pads, a pendant,
spindle whorles, axes, an adze and other. T ese tools were subject to
a morphometric and functional analysis, as well as to a petrographic
analysis. In other examined inventories (135 various types of rock)
there were no artefacts found with any traces of processing or use.
On the basis of the conducted analyses it may be concluded
that the population of the Lusatian culture living in the Grzybiany
settlement used mainly the raw materials found in its closest
environment for their minor household use. It is surprising that
nearly no raw materials of the Sudety origin are present in the
examined material, except for one axe made of gabro from Ślęża Mt.
T e close proximity of the abundance of rock raw materials at the
Sudeckie Foothills and the Kaczawskie Foothills did not prompt the
settlement inhabitants to expeditions for raw materials with better
technical parameters than erratic rocks. A comparison of the raw
material structure of the f int artefacts from Grzybiany with other
petrographically examined artefacts of the Lusatian culture in the
Silesia demonstrates certain repetitiveness in the selection of rocks
mainly of erratic provenance. It conf rms that in Grzybiany, as well as
in other Lusatian culture settlements no special selection of material
collected near the settlement was conducted. Perhaps a factor
conditioning the selection of rocks was the shape of the collected
nodules, which is reinforced by the f ndings of the handstones similar
in shape and with similar traces of use.
On the basis of few petroarcheological analyses of the f int artefacts
from the archeological sites from the Bronze Age and the Early Iron
Age in the territory of south-west Poland, it may be concluded that
af er an intensive use of the Sudetic outcrops in the Neolithic Period,
there was maybe a collapse of the Sudetian origin stone economy
at the beginning of the Bronze Age. T e stone resources economy
based on the erratic material accumulated in the nearest area seems
to dominate also in the Lusatian culture where it was used to make
simple items for households in forms which were almost unaltered
from their natural shape. T e situation changed in the early period
of the Roman inf uence when the exploitation of the Sudetian raw
resources by the population of the Przeworsk culture was on a much
larger scale than in the preceding periods and cultures.
The character of the natural environment in the Holocene, in particular transformations of vegetation, was partially subject to formation through the economic and settlement activities of the human communities which were developing at that time. No Grzybiany profiles confirmed any traces of human activity influence on the surrounding natural environment. Such result is reflected in the analyses of the settlement development. Stages of environmental changes related to the Holocene which were recognized in result of sediment analyses from the Grzybiany area concern the Preboreal
and Boreal Periods. The findings of the palynological age confirmed the radiocarbon dating for these periods. In the discussed area no remains of activity of the Early Mesolithic communities were found. Most probably the Grzybiany area was not signifi cantly used by people at that time which might have then influenced the [changes of] vegetation. Biogenic sediments which may correlate with the Lusatian culture settlements surrounding the Koskowickie Lake were not present in the analysed profiles.
Books by Karina Apolinarska
The book contains results of excavations (mostly from 1980s') and further interdisciplinary studies (run over last 2 years), presented in 22 papers in Polish with English summaries.
century and in 2010 over 55 f int artefacts were unearthed at the
Lusatian culture settlement in Grzybiany. T e artefacts included
handstones, a quern-stone, smoothers, whetstones, pads, a pendant,
spindle whorles, axes, an adze and other. T ese tools were subject to
a morphometric and functional analysis, as well as to a petrographic
analysis. In other examined inventories (135 various types of rock)
there were no artefacts found with any traces of processing or use.
On the basis of the conducted analyses it may be concluded
that the population of the Lusatian culture living in the Grzybiany
settlement used mainly the raw materials found in its closest
environment for their minor household use. It is surprising that
nearly no raw materials of the Sudety origin are present in the
examined material, except for one axe made of gabro from Ślęża Mt.
T e close proximity of the abundance of rock raw materials at the
Sudeckie Foothills and the Kaczawskie Foothills did not prompt the
settlement inhabitants to expeditions for raw materials with better
technical parameters than erratic rocks. A comparison of the raw
material structure of the f int artefacts from Grzybiany with other
petrographically examined artefacts of the Lusatian culture in the
Silesia demonstrates certain repetitiveness in the selection of rocks
mainly of erratic provenance. It conf rms that in Grzybiany, as well as
in other Lusatian culture settlements no special selection of material
collected near the settlement was conducted. Perhaps a factor
conditioning the selection of rocks was the shape of the collected
nodules, which is reinforced by the f ndings of the handstones similar
in shape and with similar traces of use.
On the basis of few petroarcheological analyses of the f int artefacts
from the archeological sites from the Bronze Age and the Early Iron
Age in the territory of south-west Poland, it may be concluded that
af er an intensive use of the Sudetic outcrops in the Neolithic Period,
there was maybe a collapse of the Sudetian origin stone economy
at the beginning of the Bronze Age. T e stone resources economy
based on the erratic material accumulated in the nearest area seems
to dominate also in the Lusatian culture where it was used to make
simple items for households in forms which were almost unaltered
from their natural shape. T e situation changed in the early period
of the Roman inf uence when the exploitation of the Sudetian raw
resources by the population of the Przeworsk culture was on a much
larger scale than in the preceding periods and cultures.
The character of the natural environment in the Holocene, in particular transformations of vegetation, was partially subject to formation through the economic and settlement activities of the human communities which were developing at that time. No Grzybiany profiles confirmed any traces of human activity influence on the surrounding natural environment. Such result is reflected in the analyses of the settlement development. Stages of environmental changes related to the Holocene which were recognized in result of sediment analyses from the Grzybiany area concern the Preboreal
and Boreal Periods. The findings of the palynological age confirmed the radiocarbon dating for these periods. In the discussed area no remains of activity of the Early Mesolithic communities were found. Most probably the Grzybiany area was not signifi cantly used by people at that time which might have then influenced the [changes of] vegetation. Biogenic sediments which may correlate with the Lusatian culture settlements surrounding the Koskowickie Lake were not present in the analysed profiles.
The book contains results of excavations (mostly from 1980s') and further interdisciplinary studies (run over last 2 years), presented in 22 papers in Polish with English summaries.