Aamir Raina

Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Botany, Faculty Member

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Aamir Raina is working as Assistant Professor at the Department of Botany, Women's College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. Dr. Aamir has over 50 scientific papers and projects either presented or published. He is an internationally recognized expert in many areas of Botany including Plant Breeding and Crop Genetics, Molecular Genetics, MAS, QTL and Induced Mutagenesis in pulses.
Address: Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Ranjith Pathirana

Plant and Food Research

Dr.Mahmoud Lotfy

Minufiya University

Jean-Jacques Hublin

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

Michael J. Gonzalez

Universidad de Puerto Rico Rio

Bachubhai A Monpara

Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh

Shailesh K Tiwari

Indian Council of Agricultural Research

Alexander Bucksch

The University of Georgia

Ahmed M. El Naim

University Of Kordofan

Md Ashrafuzzaman

Shahjalal University of Science and Technology

Akin Tella

University of Ibadan Nigeria

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Papers by Aamir Raina

Chemical mutagenesis: role in breeding and biofortification of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) mutant lines

Molecular Biology Reports, Jul 28, 2022

Effects of gamma radiation on physio-morphological traits of finger millet ( Eleusine coracana ( L . ) Gaertn . )

The present study was carried out to analyse the effects of gamma radiations on physio-morphologi... more The present study was carried out to analyse the effects of gamma radiations on physio-morphological traits of seven days old M1 seedlings of Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. (finger millet). The finger millet seeds were irradiated with different doses of gamma rays viz., 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy, 500 Gy, 600 Gy, 700 Gy, 800 Gy, 900 Gy and 1000 Gy. Lower and higher doses of gamma rays induced a substantial increase and decrease in the mean values of physiological and morphological traits respectively. The results revealed a progressive decrease in chlorophyll fluorescence with an increasing dose of gamma rays. Among all the mutagen doses employed, 600 Gy gamma-irradiated seeds showed maximum mean values of physiological and morphological traits in finger millet. Hence, 600 Gy gamma rays may be employed in other related crop species to improve the agro-economic traits.

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Role of Methyl Jasmonates in Salt Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants

Plant Signaling Molecules, 2019

Abstract Abiotic stress is currently being realized as one of the most ubiquitous and potential t... more Abstract Abiotic stress is currently being realized as one of the most ubiquitous and potential threats to human existence resulting in the overwhelming consequences to our health as well as agricultural systems. Jasmonates (JAs), imperative signaling compounds and derivatives of fatty acid metabolism, play a substantial role in mediating a variety of defense responses in plants to overcome different types of stresses. Jasmonates, oxylipin compounds ubiquitous in the plant kingdom, besides regulating different aspects of plant growth and development, evoke and modulate several plant processes by involving diverse crosstalk signaling mechanisms with different hormones and nutrient elements under perturbed environmental conditions. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) acts as a signaling molecule that is perceived by protein receptors involved in the stress responses leading to the induction of signal transduction cascades and activating different antioxidant proteins. The present chapter is aimed at covering (1) the biosynthesis of jasmonates in plants; (2) different roles that MeJa plays under salt stress; (3) signal transduction cascades underlying the stress induced tolerance; (4) brief highlights of future prospects.

Assessment on cytotoxic and mutagenic potency of Gamma rays and EMS in Vigna mungo L. Hepper

Biotecnología Vegetal, 2019

To determine the mutagen agent potency and deduce an optimum dose, cytological analysis for induc... more To determine the mutagen agent potency and deduce an optimum dose, cytological analysis for induced chromosomal aberrations is considered as an accurate index in mutation breeding. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to estimate the relative frequency and spectrum of meiotic abnormalities at various stages of cell division using Gamma rays, EMS and their combination treatments in M1 generation of black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) varieties Pant U-30 and T-9. The analysis of M1 plants revealed a wide range of induced meiotic abnormalities like univalents, multivalents, laggards, chromatin bridges, micronuclei and chromosome stickiness by different mutagen doses. In addition to these, behavioral changes like precocious separation of chromosomes at metaphase, unequal separation of bivalents at anaphase, disturbed polarity and cytomixis at telophase were observed at low frequency. A linear relationship between the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and the strength o...

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Role of Biological Agents for the Management of Plant Parasitic Nematodes

Plant Pathogens, 2020

The crop loss incurred by the infestation of a wide range of nematodes is valued in billions of d... more The crop loss incurred by the infestation of a wide range of nematodes is valued in billions of dollars and has posed a serious threat to global food security. The nematode affects economically important crops all over the world and incurs a significant decline in the crop yield. Management of nematodes is given consideration and different methods have been developed. Intriguing evidence suggests that the biological method to control nematode infestation is the best and viable approach. Control of nematodes by the use of biocontrol agents offers a promising substitute to the use of chemical agents and chemical-associated harmful effects. The microbes such as fungi and bacteria have the ability to reduce the nematode population and have played a vital role in decreasing the crop yield loss caused by nematodes. The development and subsequent implementation of biocontrol agents are very unpredictable and quite hectic on a large scale. The implementation of an ideal biocontrol agent requires an elaborated understanding of the mechanisms of infectivity of the antagonist against nematode populations, and meticulous exploration of the interactions among biocontrol isolates, nematode, soil microbiota, plant microenvironment, and ecological implication must be developed.

Physiological response of two cultivars of faba bean using physical and chemical mutagenesis

The present investigation was carried out to find the physiological response of two cultivars of ... more The present investigation was carried out to find the physiological response of two cultivars of faba bean viz., Vikrant and PRT-12 in M1 generation using gamma rays and ethyl methanesulphonate as mutagens. Estimates of chlorophyll, carotenoid and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) were recorded in both the varieties using different doses/concentrations of both single and combination treatments of gamma rays and EMS. Both varieties showed decrease in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and also a decrease in NRA with increasing doses/concentrations of both single and combined treatments of gamma rays and EMS. However, variety PRT12 showed more decrease of pigment contents and NRA than the variety Vikrant. The maximum decrease in NRA, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents was 751.73 nmol. h -1 .g -1 FW, 1.96 mg.g -1 FW and 0.14 mg.g -1 FW, respectively in combination treatment of 400 Gy gamma rays+0.04% EMS in the variety PRT-12. The effect of physical and chemical mutagens on the physio...

Increasing Rice Grain Yield Under Biotic Stresses: Mutagenesis, Transgenics and Genomics Approaches

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important source of staple food to a major portion of human po... more Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important source of staple food to a major portion of human population. The production of rice is reduced by several kinds of biotic stresses. The main biotic stresses that severely hamper the rice production include viruses, bacteria fungi, nematodes and insects. Different conventional and modern biotechnological approaches have been implemented to combat the devastating effect of different biotic stresses on the rice production. Conventional approaches such as hybridisation have led to the development of stress-tolerant varieties. The modern biotechnological approaches such as genomics and transgenics have led to the identification of genes that confer tolerance to stresses followed by its insertion into the rice plants with the aim of decreasing the yield loss incurred by the different stresses. Mutagenesis, genomics and transgenic approaches have been very effective in developing varieties with improved tolerance to various stress factors. Here...

Secondary Metabolite Production in Medicinal Plants Using Tissue Cultures

Microorganisms for Sustainability, 2019

Plants are an incredible treasure of lifesaving drugs and other products of diverse applications.... more Plants are an incredible treasure of lifesaving drugs and other products of diverse applications. Plant tissue cultures can be established routinely under sterile conditions from explants like plant leaves, stems, roots, meristems, etc. for both ways for multiplication and extraction of secondary metabolites. Strain improvement, methods for the selection of high-producing cell lines, and medium optimizations can lead to an enhancement in secondary metabolite production. Production of natural as well as recombinant bioactive products of commercial importance through the exploitation of plant cells has attracted substantial attention over the past few decades. Swift acceleration in the production of explicit secondary metabolism compounds at a rate similar or superior to the intact plants has been discovered through innovative plant cell cultures in the last few years. In view of obtaining optimum yields suitable for commercial exploitation, isolation of the biosynthetic activities of...

Increasing Rice Grain Yield Under Abiotic Stresses: Mutagenesis, Genomics and Transgenic Approaches

Rice is a main source of food to millions of people across the world, and hence increase in its p... more Rice is a main source of food to millions of people across the world, and hence increase in its production/yield is vital to feed the rapidly growing population. However, the yield of rice is decreased to a large extent due to the adverse effects of several kinds of abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heat stresses, etc. Different traditional and modern breeding approaches have been used to mitigate the damaging effects of different abiotic stresses on the rice production. Traditional breeding strategies such as hybridisation and selection have resulted in the development of few stress-tolerant varieties, but such strategies are laborious and time-consuming. The modern biotechnological approaches such as mutagenesis, transgenics and genomics have been effective in the identification, cloning and characterisation of genes that govern tolerance to different abiotic stresses. Insertion of such genes into the rice plants have decreased the yield loss caused by various abiotic stresses. Modern biotechnological tools have brought landmark achievements by developing varieties with enhanced tolerance to various abiotic stresses. The role of mutagenesis, genomics and transgenic approaches in the creation of rice varieties with improved yield under different abiotic stress has been reviewed in this chapter.

Comparative analysis of cytological abnormalities induced in Vicia faba L. genotypes using physical and chemical mutagenesis

Chromosomal aberration assessment is an important index in mutation breeding for determining the ... more Chromosomal aberration assessment is an important index in mutation breeding for determining the mutagen potency, which helps to deduce an optimum level of mutagen dose tolerable by the species. The current experiment was carried out to study the comparative account of different concentrations of EMS (0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03% and 0.04%), gamma rays (100Gy, 200Gy, 300Gy and 400Gy) and their combinations (100 Gy + 0.01% EMS, 200 Gy + 0.02% EMS, 300 Gy + 0.03% EMS and 400 Gy + 0.04% EMS) on induced chromosomal aberrations in two varieties of Vicia faba L. viz; PRT-12 and vikrant. The control plants showed normal meiosis while the treated plants showed considerable meiotic anomaly. Percent frequency assessment showed dose dependent increase in aberrations. The different abnormalities observed were laggards, bridges, stickiness, micronuclei, disturbed polarity, cytomixis etc. Seeds treated with combination treatments showed more cytological aberrations then individual treatments of both gamma...

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Mechanisms of Genome Maintenance in Plants: Playing It Safe With Breaks and Bumps

Frontiers in Genetics, 2021

Maintenance of genomic integrity is critical for the perpetuation of all forms of life including ... more Maintenance of genomic integrity is critical for the perpetuation of all forms of life including humans. Living organisms are constantly exposed to stress from internal metabolic processes and external environmental sources causing damage to the DNA, thereby promoting genomic instability. To counter the deleterious effects of genomic instability, organisms have evolved general and specific DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways that act either independently or mutually to repair the DNA damage. The mechanisms by which various DNA repair pathways are activated have been fairly investigated in model organisms including bacteria, fungi, and mammals; however, very little is known regarding how plants sense and repair DNA damage. Plants being sessile are innately exposed to a wide range of DNA-damaging agents both from biotic and abiotic sources such as ultraviolet rays or metabolic by-products. To escape their harmful effects, plants also harbor highly conserved DDR pathways that share severa...

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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cytogenetics, Genetic Diversity and Breeding

Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Legumes, 2019

Climate change, depleting natural resources, declining arable land and sky-high population repres... more Climate change, depleting natural resources, declining arable land and sky-high population represent the main obstacles to the attainment of global food security. Therefore, to make a significant breakthrough in the food production and to combat global food insecurity, sustainable intensification of the agricultural production through low-input agriculture and development of cultivar with improved yield and adaptability is required. By traditional and modern plant breeding methods, breeding of pulses, cereals, and other important food crops, especially chickpea, can be accomplished by exploiting available genetic diversity. Chickpea and other pulse crops are important foods in many nations and play a vital role in the diet of malnourished populations world wide. Globally, chickpea is mainly grown in developing countries, accounting for ~97% of world area and 96% of world production. At present the average global yield of chickpea is 0.9 mt/ha, very low comparedto its estimated potential of 6 mt/ha under favorable growthconditions. The main constraints that limit desired goals of chick peaproductivity include low genetic variability, low and unstable yield and low resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Chickpea being a self-pollinated crop harbors low genetic variability. Mutation breeding is the logical tool to create variability in a crop species in a very short span of time, as compared to breeding methods. This chapter cover sorigin, classification, cytogenetics, germplasm and breeding methods for chickpea improvement.

Role and Regulation of Plants Phenolics in Abiotic Stress Tolerance

Plant Signaling Molecules, 2019

Abstract Plant phenolics or polyphenols, the aromatic compounds with one or more hydroxyl groups,... more Abstract Plant phenolics or polyphenols, the aromatic compounds with one or more hydroxyl groups, are produced by plants mainly for protection against stresses. Phenolics are secondary natural metabolites emerging from the shikimate/phenylpropanoid pathway or polyketide acetate/malonate pathway, producing monomeric and polymeric phenols and polyphenols, which participate in a wide range of physiological activities in plants. Plants are known to have synthesized thousands of different phenolic compounds throughout the course of evolution to cope with constantly changing environments. Plants accumulate phenolic compounds in their tissues as an adaptive response to adverse environmental conditions and have a key role in the regulation of various environmental stresses, such as high light, low temperatures, pathogen infection, herbivores, and nutrient deficiency. This chapter details the biosynthesis, role, and regulation of plant phenolics in response to various abiotic stresses.

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Diversity, Cytogenetics and Breeding

Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Legumes, 2019

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ssp. culinaris) is one of the oldest cultivated plants that origina... more Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ssp. culinaris) is one of the oldest cultivated plants that originated from L. culinaris Medik.ssp. orientalis in the Near East arc and Asia Minor. This cool season legume crop is an excellent food source to provide energy, proteins and iron in the human diet. Most lentil-growing countries have a shared objective of higher and more stable seed yield, which often entails breeding for adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses, which otherwise cause a substantial reduction in crop yield and production. Lentil domestication and selection over thousands of years led to the low amount of genetic variation in the current cultivated species and this scarcity in genetic variability represents a major constraint for lentil breeding. Thus far, lentil breeders have been successful in improving some easily manageable monogenic traits using conventional breeding techniques of selection and recombination. However, these conventional techniques are insufficient to address economic traits like seed yield due to polygenic inheritance and genotype-environment interaction. Other species of the genus Lens are important sources of genetic variation for breeding key traits into new lentil varieties. Induced mutagenesis is a powerful breeding tool and can greatly supplement the availability of lentil genomic resources. Impressive progress in applications of biotechnological innovations in the utilization of genetic resources for lentil genetic improvement will further accelerate the development of improved varieties. This chapter provides an overview on present status of lentil genetic improvement and summarizes the various important aspects of lentil diversity, cytogenetic and breeding.

Induction of morphological mutations and mutant phenotyping in black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] using gamma rays and EMS

Vegetos, 2019

Global demand for grain legumes including black gram had increased tremendously in the recent pas... more Global demand for grain legumes including black gram had increased tremendously in the recent past due to their high nutritional value especially in countries with soaring population growth. This necessitates the induction of genetic variation for continued supply of better yielding and improved varieties to the producers keeping in view the rapidly changing agroclimatic condition. In this study, the induced mutant populations of widely recommended T-9 and Pant U-30 varieties of urdbean were generated using single and combination treatments of gamma rays and ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). Investigation on induced phenotypic variations in individual plants of M2 population of different treatments resulted in identification and isolation of sixteen morphological mutant types affecting plant height, growth habit, leaf morphology, growth period, pod and seed. Frequency of morphological mutants was the highest in combined treatments of gamma rays and EMS followed by individual treatments of EMS and gamma rays. The spectrum of such mutant types was relatively wide in var. Pant U-30 as compared to the var. T-9. Mutants with altered plant height and pod numbers were of maximum occurrence in both the varieties. The mutants with increased pod number and size were found to be significantly correlated with the improved plant yield, thus selected directly for quantitative investigation in subsequent generations.

Performance evaluation of induced mutant lines of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 2020

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Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency of Individual and Combination Treatments of Gamma Rays and Ethyl Methanesulfonate in Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

Advances in Zoology and Botany, 2020

Induced mutagenesis creates new allelic combination of genes without disturbing the basic genomic... more Induced mutagenesis creates new allelic combination of genes without disturbing the basic genomic structure of the plant. Effectiveness relates mutagen dose to mutational events, while mutagenic efficiency shows the proportion of mutations in relation to biological damage in M 1 generation. Present investigation was undertaken to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of different individual and combination treatments of gamma rays and EMS in M 2 generation of black gram. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were calculated in relation to biological damage in M 1 and chlorophyll mutations in M 2 generation. The order of mutagenic effectiveness based upon the percent of mutated plant progenies was EMS > gamma rays+EMS > gamma rays. Combination treatments of gamma rays+EMS were found to be the most efficient followed by the individual treatments of EMS and gamma rays in both the varieties. Moderate doses of gamma rays and EMS alone as well as in combination proved more effective and efficient in inducing mutations. Among the varieties, variety Pant U-30 proved more responsive towards mutagenic treatments than the variety T-9. These results not only provide valuable information about mutagenic treatments and germplasm resources of black gram, but also provide guidance for generating black gram mutants through mutation breeding.

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Chemo-induced pod and seed mutants in mungbean (Vigna Radiata L. Wilczek)

SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 2018

Mungbean is one of the most important pulse crops due to its nutritive value and maintaining soil... more Mungbean is one of the most important pulse crops due to its nutritive value and maintaining soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation. Genetic variability is one of the pre-requisite for crop improvement. The present investigation was aimed at to enhance the genetic variability for three quantitative traits viz. pod length, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight in M2 and M3 generations of mungbean following mutagenesis with ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS), hydrazine hydrate (HZ) and sodium azide (SA). Mean pod length did not differ significantly in most of the mutagenic treatments in M2. However, significant improvement for the trait was exhibited with lower and moderate concentrations in M3 generation. The mean number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight increased with lower and moderate concentrations of the mutagens in M2, whereas M3 generation showed a complete positive trend of shift. Long pod and bold seeded mutants may be exploited to increase the number of see...

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Effect of gamma radiation and EMS on mutation rate: their effectiveness and efficiency in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Caryologia, 2018

ABSTRACT Faba bean is one of the most important grain legumes in the world because of its multipl... more ABSTRACT Faba bean is one of the most important grain legumes in the world because of its multiple uses and its ability to grow over a wide range of climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of single and combination doses of gamma rays and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) on two different varieties of faba bean. Studies on induced mutagenesis in faba bean involving EMS and gamma rays are sparse. Genetically pure, uniform, dry and dormant seeds of Vicia faba varieties Vikrant and PRT-12 were treated with four different doses of gamma rays (100, 200, 300 and 400 Gy) and of EMS (0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04%). However, the utility of a mutagenic agent is determined by its ability to induce a high frequency of desirable mutations as compared to undesirable ones; thus, it is necessary to assess the effectiveness and efficacy of mutagens. The results indicated that EMS is more effective in inducing mutations than gamma rays, with the following trend: EMS > gamma rays+EMS > gamma rays. However, with regard to mutagenic efficiency measured based on seedling injury, gamma rays were more efficient than EMS, with the following trend: gamma rays > gamma rays+EMS > EMS. Both mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were found to be higher at lower doses of both the mutagens. The possible reason for decrease in mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness with increase in dose may be the higher dose of mutagens and less damaging effect of lower doses of mutagens.

Quantitative analysis of genetic parameters in the mutagenized population of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Research on Crops, 2018

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a rich source of dietary proteins, minerals and nutrients particular... more Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a rich source of dietary proteins, minerals and nutrients particularly in India and a feed crop in the world. Successful crop breeding programmes require the recognition and understanding of different genetic parameters like genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance. In this backdrop, a field experiment was conducted to study the genetic parameters in M2 generation of faba bean using 60Co source gamma irradiation and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) as physical and chemical mutagens. The mutagens were used both individually and in combination. Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability (h2) and genetic advance (GA) were calculated for total seed yield per plant (g) and its associated components like seeds per pod and pods per plant. Gradual increase in mean values for all quantitative characters was observed at lower doses/concentrations of gamma rays and EMS employed alone or in combination. Genotypic coefficient of variation and heritability increased considerably in the mutagenized population for all the traits in both the varieties suggesting the possibility of more genetic progress of these traits in subsequent generations which could lead to the overall improvement of these varieties.

Chemical mutagenesis: role in breeding and biofortification of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) mutant lines

Molecular Biology Reports, Jul 28, 2022

Effects of gamma radiation on physio-morphological traits of finger millet ( Eleusine coracana ( L . ) Gaertn . )

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Role of Methyl Jasmonates in Salt Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants

Plant Signaling Molecules, 2019