Public Health

Background:  The burden of physical inactivity was hidden in many low- and middle-income  countries. This study determined the prevalence of physical inactivity and associated factors  among university students in Borama town, west Somaliland. Material/Methods:  A Institutionbased cross-sectional study was conducted among 217 university students in June 2022. Global  Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) ver. 2 was used to collect the data through face-to-face  interview. Data were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)  version 23.  Chi square and a binary logistic regression model were performed to identify factors  associated with physical inactivity. Results:  The prevalence of physical inactivity was 43.3%  (95% CI: 41.1%, 49.6%). Being female (AOR= 1.548; 95% CI: 1.292, 1.029), Being Married  were 3 times more likely to be physically inactive than single (AOR= 3.688; 95% CI: 1.078,  12.623). Being parent who were employed were more than 2 times more likely to be physically  inactive than those who were unemployed (AOR= 2.601; 95% CI: 1.297, 5.217). Likewise,  freshman students were less likely physically inactive than sophomore, being senior students  were one times more likely physically inactive than junior students (AOR= .414, 0.851, 1.674;  95% CI: .067, 2.536, 0.138, 5.244, 0.263, 10.658) were significantly associated with physical  inactivity respectively. Conclusions:  this study revealed high prevalence of physical inactivity  among university students in Borama Town. Almost half of the study participants were  physically inactive. The majority of the students were at a greater risk of developing noncommunicable diseases because of inactivity. Recommended: To address the high prevalence of  insufficient PI among university students in Borama, a national policy for active lifestyles that  identify physical activity is needed and highly recommended. Being at university requires  students to attend lectures for a considerable amount of time, which typically involves prolonged  sitting.

Background: The burden of physical inactivity was hidden in many low-and middle-income countries. This study determined the prevalence of physical inactivity and associated factors among university students in Borama town, west Somaliland. Material/Methods: A Institutionbased cross-sectional study was conducted among 217 university students in June 2022. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) ver. 2 was used to collect the data through face-to-face

BACKGROUND: Divorce is the primary factor affecting the harmony and stability of the family and society (aliyun Su.,2018)divorce is the other most traumatic issue in a child's life. And yet, for numerous factors, divorce prevails in the USA. 
METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted through community based cross-sectional research design. In this design, all data on a sample member was measured from the target population at one point in time by reviewing Somaliland demographic health survey. This is to save time and cost. The use of cross-sectional research design was used.
RESULT; the majority of mothers, 89 (33.0 percent), were between the ages of 33 and 37, while the minority, 11 (4.1 percent), were over the age of 44. In terms of the age at which they married, the majority, 134 (49.6%), were between 21 and 26, while the minority, 7, was between 33 and 37. More than half of the 152 families (56.3%) had less than five individuals, whereas 7 minority households (2.6%) had eleven or more. 
CONCLUSION; The study concludes that pre-adolescences are affected by divorce and this is expressed by them showing distress and behavioral problems both in school and at home. 
RECOMMENDATION; The study found out that divorce as a great influence on the social development of adolescences at all ages and it does even to young adults and the choices that they make. Therefore the study recommends guidance and counseling to help children understand and adjust to avoid adverse effects of their parents’ divorce. For adolescences exhibiting adverse negative social behavior then therapy either individual or with the parents to help the children cope with the changes. The study further recommends that children priorities need to be placed at the frontline during the divorce process as they are adversely affected by divorce. Parents after divorce need to carry out co-parenting so as to ensure that adolescences social development is not adversely affected after the painful process of divorce.
Keywords: divorce, effect, social development, adolescence, Borama, Awdal Somaliland.

Optimum design of a tax system depends on numerous factors and differs from country to country. A variety of studies claim that raising consumption taxes while at the same time lowering taxes on labour and capital can stimulate the economy's growth forces. At the same time, other studies note that tax burden and tax structure would have different impacts on economic activity for different countries and periods and under varying circumstances. In this respect the main purpose of this paper is to provide one more estimate and a few more suggestions for growth-conductive taxation. The study is focused on the impact of tax structure on the economic growth in the EU-28 member states for the period 1996-2013. The descriptive analysis is focused on the crosscountry differences in terms of total tax burden and design of tax structure, while the empirical analysis studies the impact of taxation on the economic growth through regressions on pooled panel data. The conclusion is that tax structure based on selective consumption taxes, taxes on personal income and property is more supporting to the economic growth.

Research shows that food insecurity is one of the challenges that post-apartheid faces in the Country. Food security indicators note that as a country has an apparent state of sufficiency, while household indicators show great disparities between urban and rural households. The purpose of this study was to analyze the food security status of households in the Borama Somalia. Data were collected through a household survey to determine the association between household food security and the demographic variables of a household. Of the sampled households, 51.1% were found to be food secure according to the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). Logistic regression analysis revealed that there is a clear correlation between household size, household income, and gender and marital status of the household head and household food security. While household size, and the gender and marital status of the household head were associated with food insecurity, an increase in household income and the age of the household head were associated with food security. The study offers trends in food security and can be used as a reference source when addressing socioeconomic challenges that low-income households.