International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2015
One of the most significant changes in neuropsychological rehabilitation over the last two decade... more One of the most significant changes in neuropsychological rehabilitation over the last two decades has been its evolution from a field focused almost exclusively on cognitive and memory dysfunction to one that is holistic and that is concerned with entire human beings as multifaceted individuals, members of relationships, and responsive organisms trying to survive and flourish within complex environments. This article reviews briefly some of the major ideas and theories that gave rise to contemporary neuropsychological rehabilitation as well as recent advances and innovations, and challenges for the future of the field.
Regarding the notion of putative “best” practices in social neuroscience and science ... more Regarding the notion of putative “best” practices in social neuroscience and science in general, we contend that following established procedures has advantages, but prescriptive uniformity in methodology can obscure flaws, bias thinking, stifle creativity, and restrict exploration. Generating hypotheses is at least as important as testing hypotheses. To illustrate this process, we describe the following exploratory study. Psychiatric patients have difficulties with social functioning that affect their quality of life adversely. To investigate these impediments, we compared the performances of patients with schizophrenia and those with bipolar disorder to healthy controls on a task that involved matching photographs of facial expressions to a faceless protagonist in each of a series of drawn cartoon emotion-related situations. These scenarios involved either a single character (Nonsocial) or multiple characters (Social). The Social scenarios were also Congruent, with eve...
Objective: Findings on spatial memory in depression have been inconsistent. A navigation task bas... more Objective: Findings on spatial memory in depression have been inconsistent. A navigation task based on virtual reality may provide a more sensitive and consistent measure of the hippocampal-related spatial memory deficits associated with depression. Of great value for endophenotype studies in psychiatric disorders will be an understanding of the neuroanatomical and functional relationships between neuropsychological deficits and brain structure abnormalities (1). Neuropsychological testing has long established the presence of memory deficits in patients with unipolar depression and, more recently, in those suffering from bipolar depression (see reference 2 for a review). Owing to the role of the hippocampus (3), spatial memory may be of particular interest because of reports of hippocampal volume
Children with hydrocephalus have deficits in several neuropsychological domains. The most notable... more Children with hydrocephalus have deficits in several neuropsychological domains. The most notable are motor, visuoperceptual, and visuomotor function. These deficits are multiply determined and depend on the etiology and severity of the hydrocephalus to a large extent. Corpus callosum abnormalities resulting from stretching of callosal fibers and other cortical white matter tracts are implicated as contributory to these deficits. Enlarged ventricles and associated compression of posterior cortical areas also correlate with cognitive impairment. Distinguishing which cognitive domain negatively impacts on the child's functioning and which domains influence behavior in isolation or in combination has been the subject of numerous studies. Developmentally, we know little about the emergence of neuropsychological functioning in children with hydrocephalus. Study of the effects of hydrocephalus at different stages of development is useful to clinicians and researchers interested in the impact of diffuse neurophysiological damage on cognition in the developing brain. The medical and neuropsychological literature have begun to inform about these effects. The core deficits in hydrocephalus have yet to be explicated and a focus on investigations that answer these questions is required. This review summarizes the current knowledge about neurocognitive sequelae of hydrocephalus.
Children with hydrocephalus have deficits in several neuropsychological domains. The most notable... more Children with hydrocephalus have deficits in several neuropsychological domains. The most notable are motor, visuoperceptual, and visuomotor function. These deficits are multiply determined and depend on the etiology and severity of the hydrocephalus to a large extent. Corpus callosum abnormalities resulting from stretching of callosal fibers and other cortical white matter tracts are implicated as contributory to these deficits. Enlarged ventricles and associated compression of posterior cortical areas also correlate with cognitive impairment. Distinguishing which cognitive domain negatively impacts on the child's functioning and which domains influence behavior in isolation or in combination has been the subject of numerous studies. Developmentally, we know little about the emergence of neuropsychological functioning in children with hydrocephalus. Study of the effects of hydrocephalus at different stages of development is useful to clinicians and researchers interested in the impact of diffuse neurophysiological damage on cognition in the developing brain. The medical and neuropsychological literature have begun to inform about these effects. The core deficits in hydrocephalus have yet to be explicated and a focus on investigations that answer these questions is required. This review summarizes the current knowledge about neurocognitive sequelae of hydrocephalus.
We studied the effect of different postoperative times on the behavioral recovery following brain... more We studied the effect of different postoperative times on the behavioral recovery following brain implants. Adult male rats received cortical tissue grafts 2 weeks after aspiration of the medial frontal cortex. Either 2 (Immediate Group) or 28 (Delay Group) days after grafting, the performance of these rats on a behavioral battery, comprising the Morris water maze task, forepaw use, and grooming, was compared to that of rats with similar lesions and postoperative recovery times but no grafts. Rats tested immediately after receiving implants performed better on the spatial navigation task than rats with similar lesions but no grafts. This improvement, however, was less than that shown by rats with lesions but no grafts permitted to recover for 28 days before testing. In contrast, in the Delay Group, rats with grafts were more greatly impaired than were their operated controls. Neither lesions nor grafts affected grooming although the Immediate Group with grafts were significantly more impaired in using their forepaws during feeding than were any of the other groups. These results lead us to conclude that differing postoperative recovery times and task requirements may account for some of the inconsistent results of the influence of brain grafts on behavioral recovery reported in the literature. We also conclude that cortical tissue implants can have two effects with different time courses and opposite net behavioral effects.
Previous research suggests that survivors of closed-head injury (CHI), tested while inpatients, t... more Previous research suggests that survivors of closed-head injury (CHI), tested while inpatients, took more trials to learn to avoid a noxious noise in a conditioning task than did controls. In contrast, patients with CHI learned to escape at latencies equal to those of controls. The authors attributed these results to defective anticipation of the consequences of either the warning stimulus and/or the subject's own behaviour. They called this pattern of intact escape with putatively impaired avoidance an Anticipatory Behaviour Deficit (ABD). We tried to detect an ABD in nonhospitalized CHI survivors who had sustained an injury significant enough to produce a detectable deficit on a standard neuropsychological battery. The CHI group (n=24) and controls (n=13) had comparable avoidance latencies, escape latencies, and trials to criterion. Both groups escaped more quickly than they avoided. We conclude that ABD may not be ubiquitous in CHI survivors or that it may be a temporary condition, limited to a few months posttrauma. Since uninjured controls also escaped faster than they avoided, we suggest a reevaluation of the operational definition of an ABD.
... More specifically, several studies have indicated difficulties in the perception of emotion i... more ... More specifically, several studies have indicated difficulties in the perception of emotion in others (Addington and Addington, 1998, Edwards et al., 2001, Habel et al., 2000, Hooker and Park, 2002, Kohler et al., 2000, Mandal et al., 1998 and Shaw et al., 1999), an ability which ...
Patients with schizophrenia did not take significantly more trials than normal controls to learn ... more Patients with schizophrenia did not take significantly more trials than normal controls to learn to use a visual warning signal to avoid a non-aversive stimulus on a simple computer-administered avoidance learning task. When the stimulus to be avoided was aversive (i.e. a loud buzzer), however, the schizophrenic group could be divided into two subgroups based upon their performance; almost one half of the schizophrenic group failed to learn how to avoid this task successfully. The other half, like the normal controls and the closed head injury group in our previous studies, benefited from the aversiveness of the stimulus to be avoided, and learned to avoid more quickly than in the non-aversive condition. A post-hoc analysis of the differences between these two subgroups of the patients suggested that the discrepancy in learning was related to the age of onset of illness. aversive version of the task. With the aid of a 0920-9964/99/$ -see front matter
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2015
One of the most significant changes in neuropsychological rehabilitation over the last two decade... more One of the most significant changes in neuropsychological rehabilitation over the last two decades has been its evolution from a field focused almost exclusively on cognitive and memory dysfunction to one that is holistic and that is concerned with entire human beings as multifaceted individuals, members of relationships, and responsive organisms trying to survive and flourish within complex environments. This article reviews briefly some of the major ideas and theories that gave rise to contemporary neuropsychological rehabilitation as well as recent advances and innovations, and challenges for the future of the field.
Regarding the notion of putative “best” practices in social neuroscience and science ... more Regarding the notion of putative “best” practices in social neuroscience and science in general, we contend that following established procedures has advantages, but prescriptive uniformity in methodology can obscure flaws, bias thinking, stifle creativity, and restrict exploration. Generating hypotheses is at least as important as testing hypotheses. To illustrate this process, we describe the following exploratory study. Psychiatric patients have difficulties with social functioning that affect their quality of life adversely. To investigate these impediments, we compared the performances of patients with schizophrenia and those with bipolar disorder to healthy controls on a task that involved matching photographs of facial expressions to a faceless protagonist in each of a series of drawn cartoon emotion-related situations. These scenarios involved either a single character (Nonsocial) or multiple characters (Social). The Social scenarios were also Congruent, with eve...
Objective: Findings on spatial memory in depression have been inconsistent. A navigation task bas... more Objective: Findings on spatial memory in depression have been inconsistent. A navigation task based on virtual reality may provide a more sensitive and consistent measure of the hippocampal-related spatial memory deficits associated with depression. Of great value for endophenotype studies in psychiatric disorders will be an understanding of the neuroanatomical and functional relationships between neuropsychological deficits and brain structure abnormalities (1). Neuropsychological testing has long established the presence of memory deficits in patients with unipolar depression and, more recently, in those suffering from bipolar depression (see reference 2 for a review). Owing to the role of the hippocampus (3), spatial memory may be of particular interest because of reports of hippocampal volume
Children with hydrocephalus have deficits in several neuropsychological domains. The most notable... more Children with hydrocephalus have deficits in several neuropsychological domains. The most notable are motor, visuoperceptual, and visuomotor function. These deficits are multiply determined and depend on the etiology and severity of the hydrocephalus to a large extent. Corpus callosum abnormalities resulting from stretching of callosal fibers and other cortical white matter tracts are implicated as contributory to these deficits. Enlarged ventricles and associated compression of posterior cortical areas also correlate with cognitive impairment. Distinguishing which cognitive domain negatively impacts on the child's functioning and which domains influence behavior in isolation or in combination has been the subject of numerous studies. Developmentally, we know little about the emergence of neuropsychological functioning in children with hydrocephalus. Study of the effects of hydrocephalus at different stages of development is useful to clinicians and researchers interested in the impact of diffuse neurophysiological damage on cognition in the developing brain. The medical and neuropsychological literature have begun to inform about these effects. The core deficits in hydrocephalus have yet to be explicated and a focus on investigations that answer these questions is required. This review summarizes the current knowledge about neurocognitive sequelae of hydrocephalus.
Children with hydrocephalus have deficits in several neuropsychological domains. The most notable... more Children with hydrocephalus have deficits in several neuropsychological domains. The most notable are motor, visuoperceptual, and visuomotor function. These deficits are multiply determined and depend on the etiology and severity of the hydrocephalus to a large extent. Corpus callosum abnormalities resulting from stretching of callosal fibers and other cortical white matter tracts are implicated as contributory to these deficits. Enlarged ventricles and associated compression of posterior cortical areas also correlate with cognitive impairment. Distinguishing which cognitive domain negatively impacts on the child's functioning and which domains influence behavior in isolation or in combination has been the subject of numerous studies. Developmentally, we know little about the emergence of neuropsychological functioning in children with hydrocephalus. Study of the effects of hydrocephalus at different stages of development is useful to clinicians and researchers interested in the impact of diffuse neurophysiological damage on cognition in the developing brain. The medical and neuropsychological literature have begun to inform about these effects. The core deficits in hydrocephalus have yet to be explicated and a focus on investigations that answer these questions is required. This review summarizes the current knowledge about neurocognitive sequelae of hydrocephalus.
We studied the effect of different postoperative times on the behavioral recovery following brain... more We studied the effect of different postoperative times on the behavioral recovery following brain implants. Adult male rats received cortical tissue grafts 2 weeks after aspiration of the medial frontal cortex. Either 2 (Immediate Group) or 28 (Delay Group) days after grafting, the performance of these rats on a behavioral battery, comprising the Morris water maze task, forepaw use, and grooming, was compared to that of rats with similar lesions and postoperative recovery times but no grafts. Rats tested immediately after receiving implants performed better on the spatial navigation task than rats with similar lesions but no grafts. This improvement, however, was less than that shown by rats with lesions but no grafts permitted to recover for 28 days before testing. In contrast, in the Delay Group, rats with grafts were more greatly impaired than were their operated controls. Neither lesions nor grafts affected grooming although the Immediate Group with grafts were significantly more impaired in using their forepaws during feeding than were any of the other groups. These results lead us to conclude that differing postoperative recovery times and task requirements may account for some of the inconsistent results of the influence of brain grafts on behavioral recovery reported in the literature. We also conclude that cortical tissue implants can have two effects with different time courses and opposite net behavioral effects.
Previous research suggests that survivors of closed-head injury (CHI), tested while inpatients, t... more Previous research suggests that survivors of closed-head injury (CHI), tested while inpatients, took more trials to learn to avoid a noxious noise in a conditioning task than did controls. In contrast, patients with CHI learned to escape at latencies equal to those of controls. The authors attributed these results to defective anticipation of the consequences of either the warning stimulus and/or the subject's own behaviour. They called this pattern of intact escape with putatively impaired avoidance an Anticipatory Behaviour Deficit (ABD). We tried to detect an ABD in nonhospitalized CHI survivors who had sustained an injury significant enough to produce a detectable deficit on a standard neuropsychological battery. The CHI group (n=24) and controls (n=13) had comparable avoidance latencies, escape latencies, and trials to criterion. Both groups escaped more quickly than they avoided. We conclude that ABD may not be ubiquitous in CHI survivors or that it may be a temporary condition, limited to a few months posttrauma. Since uninjured controls also escaped faster than they avoided, we suggest a reevaluation of the operational definition of an ABD.
... More specifically, several studies have indicated difficulties in the perception of emotion i... more ... More specifically, several studies have indicated difficulties in the perception of emotion in others (Addington and Addington, 1998, Edwards et al., 2001, Habel et al., 2000, Hooker and Park, 2002, Kohler et al., 2000, Mandal et al., 1998 and Shaw et al., 1999), an ability which ...
Patients with schizophrenia did not take significantly more trials than normal controls to learn ... more Patients with schizophrenia did not take significantly more trials than normal controls to learn to use a visual warning signal to avoid a non-aversive stimulus on a simple computer-administered avoidance learning task. When the stimulus to be avoided was aversive (i.e. a loud buzzer), however, the schizophrenic group could be divided into two subgroups based upon their performance; almost one half of the schizophrenic group failed to learn how to avoid this task successfully. The other half, like the normal controls and the closed head injury group in our previous studies, benefited from the aversiveness of the stimulus to be avoided, and learned to avoid more quickly than in the non-aversive condition. A post-hoc analysis of the differences between these two subgroups of the patients suggested that the discrepancy in learning was related to the age of onset of illness. aversive version of the task. With the aid of a 0920-9964/99/$ -see front matter
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