Research

This article refers to the vision, methods, objectives and strategic environmental policies of ECOWAS, the Economic Community of West African States. ECOWAS directs its policy for urgent restoration of the environment and fights against landscape degradation. Methods are directly connected with the global strategic plan to improve the environmental situation of ECOWAS. All these approaches are aimed at strengthen ECOWAS in order to ensure its regional integration.

The article deals with the analyses of the formation and development of international environmental law on the African continent in the 20th- early 21st centuries. In comparative terms a study of international legal instruments in this area during the period of colonial dependance and post-colonial period is undertaken.

Paris organise la conférence mondiale sur le climat du 30 novembre au 11 décembre 2015. Cette grande messe universelle sur le réchauffement climatique a failli être annulée à cause des attentats terroristes de Paris qui ont fait au moins 129 morts. L’urgence que revêt le thème du climat a poussé le gouvernement francais à maintenir sa position et cela ne mérite que des félicitations, même si la conférence risque de se limiter aux négociations entre parties et sans manifestations annexes. L’expertise de la diplomatie française a produit ses fruits car le changement climatique n’attend pas et n’a pas de calendrier.

The development of Africa is threatened  not only by armed crises, terrorism, recurring health problems issues the latest of  which  is the humanitarian disaster caused by the Ebola virus, but also by the  increase of problems related to ecology and maritime piracy. Most, these problems are due to the lack of implementation of international treaties in African legal acts, the inability to provide food security in subregions and the absence of effective integrated environmental strategies and policies.

La Tunisie a été le premier pays à tirer la sonnette d’alarme face  à une dictature qui rongeait son système depuis des années. La révolution du jasmin n’était rien d’autre que le  ras-le-bol d’une génération  fatiguée de la restriction de ses droits et épuisées par  des conditions de vie pénibles. Les pays du Maghreb, jadis félicités pour leurs aisances économiques, leurs structures touristiques de luxe et leur stabilité politique, sont devenus en un clin d'œil, le théâtre  de  bataille entre  la démocratie et la tyrannie, la justice et le  dictat.

A  l’heure du changement climatique où toutes les nations cherchent refuge dans la préservation de leur habitat à savoir sol, air et eau, nous au contraire, peuple africain, sommes amenés à nous battre pour diviser ces mêmes biens, à nous pourtant illégalement répartis par le colonisateur lors  de la conférence de Berlin du 15 novembre 1884 au 26 février 1885, conférence  qui fixa la modalité du partage de l’Afrique.

This PowerPoint presentation deals with the European Environmental Policy. It was presented the first time for the United Nations summer school in the green capital of Europe 2016: Ljubljana. Nearly 50 students from Europe, Africa and America have enjoyed this presentation.

Abstract
Europe has experienced an unprecedented migratory crisis in recent years. Its extents have largely made headlines, causing trouble, incomprehension, fear, and hysteria. Since the Second
World War, mankind has not experienced a similar migration. The amendments, regulating our modern societies have been established after the Second World War and constitutes today one of the causes of instability because there are certain points of shadow in the postwar
institutions and treaties signed just before or after the independence of the colonies. In many African countries, colonies have inherited agreements and institutions that they have not had the chance to negotiate equitably, as those agreements outlined the world’s financial
and political system. A re-negotiation of those politico-financial agreements, a much more sincere cooperation and a real desire to limit poverty and conflicts in Africa, constitute one of the most important stakes in this migratory crisis. This paper explores different causes
of the migratory crisis, mainly due to unsuccessful cooperation between countries of the North and those of the South, and proposes some solutions.

В статье анализируются положения Лагосского договора 1975 г. и Котон-ского договора 1993 г., являющихся учредительными документами Экономи-ческого сообщества стран Западной Африки (ЭКОВАС), с целью выяснения экологической компетенции как самой этой Организации, так и ее руково-дящих органов. Если в начале своего существования с точки зрения общей теории права международных организаций ЭКОВАС обладала экологической компетенцией, которую можно квалифицировать как подразумеваемую и спе-циальную, то начиная с 1993 г. эта компетенция стала прямой и основной. Отдельное внимание в статье уделено раскрытию юридического содержания понятия «устойчивое использование», которое все чаще и чаще употребля-ется в действующих международных договорах и в разного рода проектах для характеристики обращения с природными ресурсами. Такая необходимость возникла в связи с тем, что даже в VI Разделе Котонского договора, специально посвященном охране окружающей среды и природным ресурсам, это понятие ни разу не используется.

В статье говорится об имплементаций экологических норм в сфере
охраны окружающей среды в Эковас, экономическое сообщество стран Западной Африки. ЭКОВАС – один из крупнейших и комплексных из региональных организаций в Западной Африке. В условиях изменения климата,
западная Африка, как и остальные, части континента, регулярно сотрясали периодические природные кризисы. Многие ученые начали говорить
об масштабным экологическим кризис в Африке, если вовремя не будут
приняты меры. Для Африки в целом и ЭКОВАС в частности, необходимо
принимать конкретные меры для зашиты окружающей среды. Поэтому,
страны ЭКОВАС ратифицировали много экологических конвенций для
того, чтобы бороться против экологических проблем.
Данная статья именно обсуждает имплементация экологических норм в
сфере охраны окружающей среды в странах Эковас.

This article deals with the lack of clear definitions and policy of some modern threats such as piracy and migration in the international legal arsenal. It explores some causes of the migratory crisis, mainly due to
unsuccessful North-South cooperation and tries to propose solutions based on a multidisciplinary approach that takes into account different aspects such as socioeconomic, historical, political or cultural. In
this article, the international regulation of the protection of human life at sea is explored as well as the progress made by the African
Union and West African countries in fighting maritime piracy in the Gulf of Guinea.

This article discusses the topic of population growth in Africa, a recurring theme in the era of climate change and the fight against CO2 emissions. The African continent is full of essential raw materials and encompasses the youngest population in the world. There is no doubt concerning the significant role it will play in global affairs, at a time when the world population is ageing, according to the UN statistics. In recent years, many policymakers have highlighted the necessity to deal with overpopulation, provoking moral controversial and basic human rights abuses. This article, however, proposes an opposite argumentation based on fresh data and emphasises the opportunities and challenges to take on, as the author considers "overpopulation" as more of a challenge than a sentence to underdevelopment. Though the paper mentions different issues linked to overpopulation, such as migration crisis, ecological sustainability and the UN Sustainable Development Goals, it concludes with a reminder of the importance of international cooperation as a solution to global issues.

This chapter highlights the mechanisms and means used by
international law to protect children in armed conflict situations.
Children frequently find themselves as participants in both
national and international conflicts and face the dual challenges of
victimisation or coercion into taking up arms for the sake of war
efforts. International law responds to these challenges by offering
legal instruments, notably conventions and protocols, explicitly
designed to address the unique vulnerabilities of children living in
conflict zones. The author analyses the comprehensive
international legal framework engaged in the battle against the
infringement of children's rights during times of war and the
profound consequences arising from such violations. By
highlighting the important role of child protection within the
international legal arsenal, this chapter substantially contributes to
the ongoing discourse surrounding the fortification of
mechanisms designed to safeguard children’s rights in the
complexities of armed conflict.

This article discusses the impact of United Nations (UN) conferences on environmental protection, specifically the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement (PCA) and its effects on sustainable technologies. Various regulations to fight against global warming have pushed for reform in several sectors, including economy, energy, agriculture, and education. This article analyses the changes in those sectors and introduces the European Green Deal as a climate action plan and the latest IPCC report on the state of the environment. The paper deduces that the new technologies implemented to reduce global pollution have positive results on the environment and the economy of the pioneer states, which are already positioned for the leadership of new market shares.

This article discusses the impact of the coronavirus epidemic which has caused economic stagnation and restrictions on access to justice. The digitisation of justice has been boosted by this fact, giving rise to legal and practical questions.The importance and relevance of electronic evidence through the legal texts codifying them in various member countries of the European Union are analyzed and commented on. This article also answers the question of how to maintain legal predictability and certainty in new circumstances and guarantee the same level of citizens' rights in court proceedings, by providing a certain legal framework which will allow courts to function and communicate with citizens. The complexity of special tools to process and manage electronic evidence appropriately and securely as well as their authenticity have been analyzed.

This paper examines some international legal principles
and Africa’s unique perspectives on criminal justice institutions, focusing
on the 2012 Model Law on Universal Jurisdiction, the principle of complementarity and the proposal to establish the African Court of Justice and Human Rights under the 2014 Malabo Protocol. Adopting the Model Law within the African Union offers African national courts a distinctive avenue to hold perpetrators of international crimes accountable. Prompted by concerns over potential abuse and politicisation of universal jurisdiction by certain European states, the African Union’s stance reflects a proactive approach to safeguarding against perceived injustices. Furthermore, the proposal for the African Court of Justice and Human Rights aligns with the principle of complementarity vis-à-vis the International Criminal Court, showcasing Africa’s evolving role in shaping international legal mechanisms to combat impunity and crimes. This paper explores these initiatives’ motivations, challenges, and implications for Africa’s engagement with international legal frameworks.

Keywords: International Legal Principles, African Union,
Model Law on Universal Jurisdiction, African Court of Justice and
Human Rights, International Criminal Justice Institutions.

This article looks at EU policies in the framework of the promotion of sustainable tourism through the management of natural and cultural heritage. Protecting European traditions and values means ensuring their passing on to future generations so that they can also benefit from them. Ensuring the sustainability of tourism and its constituents is provided for in the framework of the EU policies and sustainable development goals of the United Nations. The enormous economic benefits generated by the tourism industry and its positive contribution to the creation of employment in several related sectors make for the protection and the promotion of touristic sites to be on the European and International agenda in the era of massive and profitable tourism. The role that UNESCO must play in this context is preponderant insofar as the heritage and traditions of values must not belong to a single generation, nation or Union but to mankind as a whole. This article not only retraces the known economic advantages of the tourism sector but also raises awareness of the sustainable and ecological aspect to be absolutely respected in order to guarantee the conservation of natural and cultural heritage. The article mentions the international and European regulations which aim to strengthen and promote tolerance and dialogue between people and nations through tourism and European values. KEYWORDS: sustainable tourism, management of the natural and cultural values, UNESCO, travel & tourism economic impact, European Year of Cultural Heritage, European Heritage Strategy for the 21 st century, the Danube region.