Terrestrial water storage (TWS) consists of groundwater, soil moisture, surface water, and wet bi... more Terrestrial water storage (TWS) consists of groundwater, soil moisture, surface water, and wet biomass. Drought may be defined as a period of abnormally dry weather long enough to cause significant deficits in one or more of the TWS components. Thus, along with observations of the agricultural socioeconomic impacts, measurements of TWS and its components enable quantification of drought severity. Current remote sensing instruments are able to detect variations in one or more Terrestrial water storage (TWS) variables, including the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) on NASA's Aqua satellite and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra and Aqua. Their dynamic character challenges our ability in planning, monitoring, and providing relief to the affected areas. Meanwhile, the spatial and temporal variability and multiple impacts of droughts, the tools and data available for mapping and monitoring this phenomenon on all scales should be...
Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society, 2021
Availability of irrigation water is considered one of the major challenges faced by Egypt current... more Availability of irrigation water is considered one of the major challenges faced by Egypt currently and will become increasingly difficult in the future due to the limited water resources and linear increase of population. The current study investigates irrigation demand for sugarcane cultivation areas in the Middle and Upper Egypt Governorates (Menia, Asyut, Sohag, Qena, Luxor and Aswan) during present times and under representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios. The data was collected within the period between 1971 and 2000, and the RCP data were collected for different scenarios (RCP 3, RCP 4.5, RCP 6 and RCP 8.5) during three-time series (2011-2040, 2041-2070 and 2071-2100). The highest evapotranspiration (ETo) values during current and future conditions were found in Luxor and Aswan governorates; while the lowest ETo values were recorded in Menia and Asyut. All RCPs scenarios were significantly higher than the current conditions. Moreover, the highest irrigation requirements under RCP scenarios were recorded in Aswan and Lux-or under RCP 8.5 during 2071-2100 time series. While Menia, under RCP3 at 2011-2040 recorded the lowest irrigation water needs under climate change. Interpolated maps were done for the clear appearance of the difference between water requirements under different climatic condition. The advantage of the current work was to give a clear vision related to the economic status of irrigation water management under current and future conditions for one of the major crops in Egypt.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that the impacts of climate change h... more The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that the impacts of climate change has occurred and is going to continue, driven by both past and future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The aim of this study was the comparison between SRES and RCP scenarios for temperature and ETo under different Agro-climate regions in Egypt. The major agro-climatic regions in Egypt are Delta, the Middle Egypt and the Upper Egypt region. The SERS scenario was used (A1F, B2 and B1) while the RCP scenario was (RCP8.5, RCP6 and RCP 4.5). In this study the comparison between the different types of scenario was done at 2025s, 2050s and 2100s. The paired t– test was used to recognize the significant differences among the monthly ETo between SRES and RCP scenarios. The obtained results show that the annual mean temperature in the Delta region was increased in RCP than SERS scenarios at 2025s, 2050s and 2100s; the average increased was ranged from 0.27 to 1.21 o C. The annual mean temperature in the Middle Egypt region was increased in RCP8.5 and RCP6 than SERS-A1F1 and SERS-B2 scenarios while, temperature was lower under RCP4.5 than SERS-B1 scenario. The mean temperature in the Upper Egypt region was lower in RCP than SERS scenarios under two 2025 and 2100 and was higher at 2050s. The comparison of ETo value between RCP and SRES scenarios was not significance for Delta region; while the differences between RCP and SRES was significant under Upper Egypt The comparison of ETo value in middle Egypt between (RCP8.5 and A1F1) and (RCP6 and SRES B2) was significance at 2025s, 2050s and 2100s.
The current study was carried out during two seasons in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 at the experiment... more The current study was carried out during two seasons in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 at the experimental site of Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt. The experiment aims to evaluate the ability of using rice straw as growing media, different levels of nitrogen and vermicompost on vegetative growth and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata L.) cv. OS Cross. The experimental design was a split-split plot design with three replications. The first factor was four growing media comber to control soil (old rice straw, 50% old + 50% new rice straw, new rice straw and bale rice straw), the second factor was three different nitrogen levels (10, 12 and 14 g N/plant) and the third factor was three vermicopmost addition time (30 and 60 days after transplanting and without addition). The obtained results showed that the highest significant values of vegetative growth and head cabbage quality dry weight obtained in plants grown in soil followed by old straw without significant differences between them while, the lowest value was recorded in bale straw. Increasing nitrogen levels and vermicompost addition times led to increase all vegetative growth, head quality, dry weight and NPK content in head cabbage. The highest plant parameters recorded in plants grown in soil received 14 g N/plant and vermicompost at two times (400 cm 3). Whereas, the lowest values obtained in plants grown in bale straw received 10 g N/plant without vermicopmpot addition in both growing seasons. It can concluded that using the old straw to cultivate cabbage due to the same vegetative growth and head cabbage quality that obtained in plants grown in soil without significant differences and the Increasing of nitrogen levels and vermicompost addition times led to increase all vegetative growth, head quality, dry weight and NPK content in head cabbage.
Nile basin one of the hotspots in an area where violent conflict could break out over the shared ... more Nile basin one of the hotspots in an area where violent conflict could break out over the shared water resource because of the various hydro political intricacies it involves. Mounting demands for more water, an alarming population growth rate, the absence of comprehensive legal and institutional frameworks, and relations among the riparian states that are marred with suspicion and misunderstanding, are among the major factors creating the potential for an extreme conflict in the basin. To date, the Basin states have not been able to cooperate in order to devise a solution to the issue of the Nile – the utilization and management of Nile water for the benefit of all riparian states. One of the impediments to such a solution is the absence of a basin-wide agreement. Although there have been various agreements over the Nile River, none of these has involved more than three states. The accords constitute one of the hurdles in the path towards cooperation. This research reviews the main agreements which have decided control over the Nile, their traits, and the implications for cooperative schemes in the basin. It also examines the current promising initiative, the Nile Basin Initiative, as a possible way forward to reach comprehensive cooperation. The research does not examine all the problems enveloping the Nile basin. It limits itself to the legal aspects of the questions of the Nile and proposes appropriate approaches to accords on the water of the Nile. Further, it concentrates on three countries, Egypt, the Sudan and Ethiopia, which are considered to be central actors in the Nile issues and deals with the accords involving them, or concluded on their behalf, during the colonial period.
field experiment was conducted during two successive early summer seasons of 2013and 2014 at El-D... more field experiment was conducted during two successive early summer seasons of 2013and 2014 at El-Dokki Experimental Farm, Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate, El-Giza governorate to study the effect of different irrigation requirements on plant growth and yield of tomato(LycopersiconesculentumMill.GS F1hybrid) under the white net house. The treatments were four applied irrigation levels 0.60, 0.80, 1.00 and 1.20 of ETo for tomato cultivated in rice straw as well as 1.00 of ETo for tomato cultivated in the clay soil (control); all irrigation treatments were applied by using drip irrigation system. Data revealed that increasing water level up to 1.00 ETo enhanced plant growth and yield followed by 1.20 ETo for tomato which cultivated in rice straw bales; control treatment came in the third option. Using 0.60 ETo increased water use efficiency compared to other irrigation treatments in this study. This paper revealed that, using rice straw as cultivation media for producing tomato can be useful for reuse the agriculture wastes and improve water use efficiency.
A experiment was carried out during two growing seasons of 2008 and 2009 at El-Bosaily farm, Agri... more A experiment was carried out during two growing seasons of 2008 and 2009 at El-Bosaily farm, Agricultural Research Center, El-Behira Governorate.It was conducted in an unheated plastichouse to determine the effect of mulch application and cover low tunnel under unheated greenhouses the on growth and early yield of cucumber plant. Cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L cv .Delta Star(were grown in sandy soil under plastichouse .The plastic house constructor was covered with 200 μm local-UV-treated polyethylene sheet of 5.25 m in width. The experiment adopted a randomized split plot design with three replicates .Four tunnels were applied (1, 2 and 3 weeks) and control (without tunnel) under plastichouse with two mulch treatments were used clear and without mulch. Soil temperature at 15 cm depth, air temperature and relative humidity of each treatment were measured. The vegetative characters e.g. plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of plant, early and total yield were recorded. The results showed that air temperature under coved tunnel was height than other treatments. Soil temperature under clear mulch increased about 1.5-3 o C more than the control. The three weeks tunnel covered and clear mulch gave the highest soil and air temperature followed by two weeks tunnel covered and clear much in comparison with the other treatments .Data revealed that best vegetative growth and yield were obtained by the three weeks tunnel covered and clear mulch treatment.
The potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) vs.
valor were exposed to different levels of nitrogen
f... more The potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) vs. valor were exposed to different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (60, 100, 140, 180 kg N/feddan (4200 m2 )) and in-row plant spacing (12.5, 25 and 50 cm) for maximizing the yield production to match food security needs under climate change impacts on Delta region, Egypt. The experiment was carried out during two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012) in split plot design at EI-Bossily Farm, Agricultural Research Center, EI-Behira Governorate, Egypt. The vegetative growth characteristics and yield parameters were measured. The result of this study verified that increasing nitrogen level up to 180 kg N/feddan significantly increased the vegetative growth, total and marketable yields than the other N treatments. The in-row plant spacing 50 cm was significantly increased vegetative growth and yield (kg/plant), but the total yield (kg/m2 ) had different trend. The highest total yield /m2 was obtained by 12.5 cm treatment. The interaction effect of 180 kg/feddan of Nand 12.5cm inrow plant spacing were increased the total tuber yield (kg/m2 ) si~nificantly. In contrary, the best marketable yield (tubers > 35 mm) 1m2 was obtained by 25 and 50 cm in-row plants. This study was concluded that the best agronomic practices for potato production obtained by application 180 kg N/feddan of with in-row plant spacing 25 cm treatment. The economical consideration of the different treatments showed that the best total net income was obtained by 180 kglfeddan N with 50 cm in-row plant spacing.
potential evapotranspiration estimated according to class A pan equation were applied by using d... more potential evapotranspiration estimated according to class A pan equation were applied by using drip irrigation system. Data revealed that using plastic mulch decreased irrigation requirements of cucumber plants compared to without plastic mulch. Regarding the polyethylene mulch color, data revealed that transparent PE recorded the highest values of yield and number of fruits per plant during the two successive seasons. Increasing wafer level up to 0.80 (ET) enhanced yield with different plastic mulch treatments. while plant growth and yield decreased with increasing water level to 1.20 ET). However. Using 0.80 (ET) with different plastic much increased water use efficiency compared to using 1.00 (ET) or 1.20 (ET) without plastic mulch.
T
HIS STUDY was carried out during two successive seasons (2012 and 2013) on 4 - years old pomegr... more T HIS STUDY was carried out during two successive seasons (2012 and 2013) on 4 - years old pomegranate trees, (Punica granatum L.) wonderful cv., grown on a sandy soil under drip irrigation to assess four different mulching treatments, rice straw, palm fronds, transparent polyethylene sheets and gravel on tree growth and their productivity. The design of the experiment is randomized complete block five treatments with three replicates each.
Gravel mulch gave the highest number of leaves, shoot length, number of internodes, as well as length, diameter, volume, aril weight per fruit, fruit weight and yield. Rice straw gave the highest total soluble solids, Vitamin (C), total rind and juice anthocyanin. Gravel and rice straw mulch were more effective in reducing cracked fruits and decrease sunburn disorder. Mulching treatments reduced grass growth and increased moisture and soil temperature conservation, in particular of gravel mulch which was superior in this concern. It can be recommended that gravel mulching was the most effective treatment to improve soil moisture, growth, quality and productivity of pomegranate fruits.
An experiment was conducted in research farm of Kaha, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Kalubia... more An experiment was conducted in research farm of Kaha, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Kalubia
governorate, Egypt in winter season of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 to study the effects of different planting
dates, cultivars and growing degree days (GDD) on vegetative growth, yield and its components of garlic. The
experiment was a split plot design with three replications. The planting date at four different times (Sep.25, Oct.
10, Oct. 25 and Nov. 10) made the main plot and three cultivars (Balady, Sids-40 and White super) constituted
the sub-plot. The Maximum and minimum Temperature was recorded during growing season to calculate
accumulative growing degree days (GDD). The obtained results showed that planting date on 25th Sep. combined
with all cvs. recorded the highest germination percentage in both seasons whereas, the late planting date
(November 10) gave the lowest germination percentage. The Balady cultivar was minimum GDD accumulation
when it was emerged after 18.67 day from planting. The 25th Sep. planting date significantly produced higher
means on plant height, number of leaves per plant and leaves weight per plant in the first and second seasons.
The super white cultivar combine with planting date Sep. 25 has the height GDD about 1929 and 1345 unit for
the two seasons. The yield and its components was increased under early planting date furthermore, under late
planting date conditions the yield and its components were significantly decreased. The plating date on Sep. 25
was the highest yield and GDD accumulated compared to other planting date on the 2010-11 and 2011-12
seasons. The lowest yield and GDD was observed by planting on 10th Nov. in first and second seasons. The
White super cultivar produced the highest yield due to increase GDD accumulated followed by Sids-40.
Whereas, cv. Balady produce the lower most bulb yield and less GDD in the first and second seasons. The N, P
and K contents in the garlic bulbs were increased when garlic seed cloves planted on 25th Sep. However, the
NPK contents in garlic bulbs were decreased with planting date was late.
Two field experiments were conducted at El-Bossaily, northwest coast of the Nile Delta. This stud... more Two field experiments were conducted at El-Bossaily, northwest coast of the Nile Delta. This study aims at investigating the effect of black and white insect-proof nets as a greenhouse cover, replacing the polyethylene sheets in order to reduce the cost of covering material and to allow start the pepper growing season earlier under greenhouses. Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L) cv. Reda F1 seedlings were transplanted during August of both 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons in the greenhouse. Three single greenhouses were used in this experiment, one was covered by black insect-proof nets; another was covered by white insect-proof nets and the third was covered by 200 microns low density polyethylene sheets (control). During the winter season, the two netted greenhouses were covered by 50 micron polyethylene sheets, which were removed on March 1 st. The experiment adopted a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The obtained results indicate that black net greenhouse gav...
Recently, there is a rapidly increasing interest in attributing the impact of climate change in t... more Recently, there is a rapidly increasing interest in attributing the impact of climate change in the agriculture sectors and identify possible mitigation options. Emissions resulting from rice straw field burning in Egypt, which have caused serious environmental problems in Egypt, are estimated in this paper as well as the emission from rice cultivation, agricultural machines and nitrogen fertilizers. In Egypt rice cultivation in the Nile Delta produce the largest amounts of rice straw as residue. Burning rice residue is the common practice in Egypt that releases pollutants and green house gases emission. Assuming that about 40% were used for different purposes and 60% were left on the fields for burning within a period of 30 days after harvesting. The resulting amount of emissions give a significant contribution to the air pollution called the " Black Cloud ". This study concerned about estimate green house gases (GHG) emissions from rice cultivation such as fuel consumpti...
Field experiments were carried out during the two seasons of 2006\2007and 2007\2008 at El-Bosaily... more Field experiments were carried out during the two seasons of 2006\2007and 2007\2008 at El-Bosaily farm in the North Coastal of Egypt. to study the effect of four irrigation regimes (0.60, 0.80, 1.00 and 1.20 of the potential evapotranspiration estimated according to class A pan equation) were applied by using drip irrigation system, with three nitrogen sources (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and calcium nitrate), and four wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) cultivars namely, Giza 168, Sakha 93, Gemiza 9 and Gemiza 7. the objective of this study was to determine water requirements and suitable nitrogen forms for different wheat cultivars under sprinkler irrigation system. The results revealed that increasing irrigation level from 0.60 up to 1.00 increased vegetative growth, fresh and dry weight, biomass and grain yield for different wheat cultivars. Ammonium nitrate as a source of nitrogen gave the best vegetative growth and yield compared with the two other sources of nitrogen. Giza 16...
In the present study a suitable methodology is developed for estimating crop area by integrating ... more In the present study a suitable methodology is developed for estimating crop area by integrating remote sensing and GIS based on land survey approach. Area frame surveys are common approaches to gather land cover data. In contrast to mapping approaches, area frame sampling is a statistical method. Based on the visual observation of sample geo-referenced points, area estimates are computed and used as a valid generalization without studying the entire area under investigation. The approach has also the important advantage of not involving/disturbing the land owners and the farmers. The survey concerning the estimation of yield for the major crop will be carried out by cutting small samples in the field. The sample covers the whole Nile valley and the delta, the observed area is about 35000 km² and the distance from South to North is about 1000 km. Digital to-pographic maps 1:5000 and SPOT5 satellite Images was used, 2,5m resolution, Ortho-rectified (DTM). The survey used the WGS84, U...
Trails were carried out during two growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 at El-Bosaily farm, Agricultu... more Trails were carried out during two growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 at El-Bosaily farm, Agricultural Research Center, El-Behira Governorate, Egypt. This research was conducted in an unheated greenhouse to determine the effect of different mulch colors and phosphorus fertigation on growth and yield of cucumber plant, Cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L cv. Brenjee 82) were grown in sandy soil. The plastic house constructor was covered with 200 μm local-UV-treated polyethylene sheet (PE) of 5.25 m in width. Five mulch colors were used, i. e., red, green, blue, black and transparent. Control treatment was without mulched. Three phosphorus fertigation levels 20, 40 and 60 ppm were added to soil under different colors much and control. Soil temperature at 15 cm depth and soil surface temperature of each mulch colors were measured. The vegetative growth, i. e., plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of plant, early and total yield were recorded. The results showed that tra...
800 | P a g e 3 0 M a y 2 0 1 5 w w w. g j a r. o r g ABSTRACT The need to recycle organic agricu... more 800 | P a g e 3 0 M a y 2 0 1 5 w w w. g j a r. o r g ABSTRACT The need to recycle organic agricultural and urban wastes is not just for environmental issues but also for economical and sustainable advantages. The current studies were conducted during winter and summer seasons on lettuce and egg plant respectively of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 at Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Dokki, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza governorate, Egypt. The main objectives were investigating the ability of use rice straw and vermicompost as a substrate instead of peat moss or perlite in substrate culture and to determine the effect of treatments on vegetative growth, nutrients content (nitrogen, phosphors, potassium), as well as total yield of lettuce and egg plant. Different sizes of chopped rice straw (8-10, 6-8, 4-6 and less than 2 mm) combined with three vermicompost levels (5%,10% and 15% v/v) were applied in horizontal bags of substrate culture. Lettuce plant (Lactuca ...
Current climatic data were collected to estimate ETo from 1998 to 2007 in the major Egyptian agro... more Current climatic data were collected to estimate ETo from 1998 to 2007 in the major Egyptian agro-climatic regions, i.e. Delta region, Middle Egypt and Upper Egypt, to generate future mean air temperature under climate change conditions using Magicc\Scengen model. FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation was used to estimate ETo by using the collected and generated climatic data. The climate change data were generated under four scenarios (A1, A2, B1 and B2, according to IPCC results revealed that ETo significantly increased in 2050s and 2100s compared to the current ETo values. Results indicated that the values of ETo in 2100s were higher than those for 2050s for all studied regions. The average percentages increase in the four tested scenarios of the 2100s for Delta, Middle Egypt and Upper Egypt were 14, 17 and 18%, respectively. The most affected region by climate change was Upper Egypt because it already has the highest ETo under the current conditions; this increase in ETo could affect ...
Agricultural greenhouse gases (GHG) fluxes are complex and heterogeneous, the management of recyc... more Agricultural greenhouse gases (GHG) fluxes are complex and heterogeneous, the management of recycle agricultural residues offers promising possibilities for mitigation. Firing the rice straw presented a main source of CO2 emission of agricultural activities in Egypt. The study aimed to investigate the effect of applying rice straw into soil with or without rice straw decomposing fungi (RSDF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) under 50 and 100% of recommended NPK on sequestrating CO2 into soil and eggplant production. Field experiment was conducted at experimental Site of Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt during 2013 and 2014 seasons. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications. RSDF were used as one fungal strain of Trichoderma viride. PGPR were used as mixture of Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillium brasilense, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus circulans. The obtained results showed that growth characteristics, mineral composition and yield component of eggplant cultivar Black Balady were significantly improved by applying 100% mineral fertilizers with rice straw plus PGPR with or without RSDF. Using 50% mineral fertilizers with rice straw plus RSDF and PGPR gave good yield with no significant differences comparing with 100% mineral fertilizers without rice straw treatment (control). This work shows that incorporation of rice straw into soil with decomposing fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria led to improve the production of eggplant, as well as reduced the amount of mineral fertilizers and avoided one of the most serious environmental air pollution (Black Cloud), caused by burning rice straw annually.
This work was carried out at a private farm in Tokh, Kalubia, Gov., Egypt during the two successi... more This work was carried out at a private farm in Tokh, Kalubia, Gov., Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2013/14 and 2014/15, using randomized complete block design with three replications to study the effect of pre-soaking seed cloves and foliar spray of silicon (Si), selenium (Se) concentrations and their combinations on germination, early seedlings growth, marketable and total green yield as well as chemical constituents of garlic planted under high temperature conditions of late summer (End of August). The results of this study showed that planting garlic under high temperature stress lead to drop in both rate and speed of germination, which reflected on growth and yield. However, soaking seed cloves in 4 mg/L silicon and/or 2 mg/L selenium solutions significantly increased in each of percentage, speed and coefficient velocity of germination as well as seed vigor index compared with untreated control. The soaking seed cloves in silicon at 4 mg/L. was found to produce more increase in germination index and early seedlings growth compared to selenium at 2 mg/L. The highest values of bulb characters, marketable and total green yield, as well as chemical constituents were achieved with application both Si and Se together as combination in a mixture.
Terrestrial water storage (TWS) consists of groundwater, soil moisture, surface water, and wet bi... more Terrestrial water storage (TWS) consists of groundwater, soil moisture, surface water, and wet biomass. Drought may be defined as a period of abnormally dry weather long enough to cause significant deficits in one or more of the TWS components. Thus, along with observations of the agricultural socioeconomic impacts, measurements of TWS and its components enable quantification of drought severity. Current remote sensing instruments are able to detect variations in one or more Terrestrial water storage (TWS) variables, including the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) on NASA's Aqua satellite and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra and Aqua. Their dynamic character challenges our ability in planning, monitoring, and providing relief to the affected areas. Meanwhile, the spatial and temporal variability and multiple impacts of droughts, the tools and data available for mapping and monitoring this phenomenon on all scales should be...
Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society, 2021
Availability of irrigation water is considered one of the major challenges faced by Egypt current... more Availability of irrigation water is considered one of the major challenges faced by Egypt currently and will become increasingly difficult in the future due to the limited water resources and linear increase of population. The current study investigates irrigation demand for sugarcane cultivation areas in the Middle and Upper Egypt Governorates (Menia, Asyut, Sohag, Qena, Luxor and Aswan) during present times and under representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios. The data was collected within the period between 1971 and 2000, and the RCP data were collected for different scenarios (RCP 3, RCP 4.5, RCP 6 and RCP 8.5) during three-time series (2011-2040, 2041-2070 and 2071-2100). The highest evapotranspiration (ETo) values during current and future conditions were found in Luxor and Aswan governorates; while the lowest ETo values were recorded in Menia and Asyut. All RCPs scenarios were significantly higher than the current conditions. Moreover, the highest irrigation requirements under RCP scenarios were recorded in Aswan and Lux-or under RCP 8.5 during 2071-2100 time series. While Menia, under RCP3 at 2011-2040 recorded the lowest irrigation water needs under climate change. Interpolated maps were done for the clear appearance of the difference between water requirements under different climatic condition. The advantage of the current work was to give a clear vision related to the economic status of irrigation water management under current and future conditions for one of the major crops in Egypt.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that the impacts of climate change h... more The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that the impacts of climate change has occurred and is going to continue, driven by both past and future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The aim of this study was the comparison between SRES and RCP scenarios for temperature and ETo under different Agro-climate regions in Egypt. The major agro-climatic regions in Egypt are Delta, the Middle Egypt and the Upper Egypt region. The SERS scenario was used (A1F, B2 and B1) while the RCP scenario was (RCP8.5, RCP6 and RCP 4.5). In this study the comparison between the different types of scenario was done at 2025s, 2050s and 2100s. The paired t– test was used to recognize the significant differences among the monthly ETo between SRES and RCP scenarios. The obtained results show that the annual mean temperature in the Delta region was increased in RCP than SERS scenarios at 2025s, 2050s and 2100s; the average increased was ranged from 0.27 to 1.21 o C. The annual mean temperature in the Middle Egypt region was increased in RCP8.5 and RCP6 than SERS-A1F1 and SERS-B2 scenarios while, temperature was lower under RCP4.5 than SERS-B1 scenario. The mean temperature in the Upper Egypt region was lower in RCP than SERS scenarios under two 2025 and 2100 and was higher at 2050s. The comparison of ETo value between RCP and SRES scenarios was not significance for Delta region; while the differences between RCP and SRES was significant under Upper Egypt The comparison of ETo value in middle Egypt between (RCP8.5 and A1F1) and (RCP6 and SRES B2) was significance at 2025s, 2050s and 2100s.
The current study was carried out during two seasons in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 at the experiment... more The current study was carried out during two seasons in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 at the experimental site of Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt. The experiment aims to evaluate the ability of using rice straw as growing media, different levels of nitrogen and vermicompost on vegetative growth and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata L.) cv. OS Cross. The experimental design was a split-split plot design with three replications. The first factor was four growing media comber to control soil (old rice straw, 50% old + 50% new rice straw, new rice straw and bale rice straw), the second factor was three different nitrogen levels (10, 12 and 14 g N/plant) and the third factor was three vermicopmost addition time (30 and 60 days after transplanting and without addition). The obtained results showed that the highest significant values of vegetative growth and head cabbage quality dry weight obtained in plants grown in soil followed by old straw without significant differences between them while, the lowest value was recorded in bale straw. Increasing nitrogen levels and vermicompost addition times led to increase all vegetative growth, head quality, dry weight and NPK content in head cabbage. The highest plant parameters recorded in plants grown in soil received 14 g N/plant and vermicompost at two times (400 cm 3). Whereas, the lowest values obtained in plants grown in bale straw received 10 g N/plant without vermicopmpot addition in both growing seasons. It can concluded that using the old straw to cultivate cabbage due to the same vegetative growth and head cabbage quality that obtained in plants grown in soil without significant differences and the Increasing of nitrogen levels and vermicompost addition times led to increase all vegetative growth, head quality, dry weight and NPK content in head cabbage.
Nile basin one of the hotspots in an area where violent conflict could break out over the shared ... more Nile basin one of the hotspots in an area where violent conflict could break out over the shared water resource because of the various hydro political intricacies it involves. Mounting demands for more water, an alarming population growth rate, the absence of comprehensive legal and institutional frameworks, and relations among the riparian states that are marred with suspicion and misunderstanding, are among the major factors creating the potential for an extreme conflict in the basin. To date, the Basin states have not been able to cooperate in order to devise a solution to the issue of the Nile – the utilization and management of Nile water for the benefit of all riparian states. One of the impediments to such a solution is the absence of a basin-wide agreement. Although there have been various agreements over the Nile River, none of these has involved more than three states. The accords constitute one of the hurdles in the path towards cooperation. This research reviews the main agreements which have decided control over the Nile, their traits, and the implications for cooperative schemes in the basin. It also examines the current promising initiative, the Nile Basin Initiative, as a possible way forward to reach comprehensive cooperation. The research does not examine all the problems enveloping the Nile basin. It limits itself to the legal aspects of the questions of the Nile and proposes appropriate approaches to accords on the water of the Nile. Further, it concentrates on three countries, Egypt, the Sudan and Ethiopia, which are considered to be central actors in the Nile issues and deals with the accords involving them, or concluded on their behalf, during the colonial period.
field experiment was conducted during two successive early summer seasons of 2013and 2014 at El-D... more field experiment was conducted during two successive early summer seasons of 2013and 2014 at El-Dokki Experimental Farm, Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate, El-Giza governorate to study the effect of different irrigation requirements on plant growth and yield of tomato(LycopersiconesculentumMill.GS F1hybrid) under the white net house. The treatments were four applied irrigation levels 0.60, 0.80, 1.00 and 1.20 of ETo for tomato cultivated in rice straw as well as 1.00 of ETo for tomato cultivated in the clay soil (control); all irrigation treatments were applied by using drip irrigation system. Data revealed that increasing water level up to 1.00 ETo enhanced plant growth and yield followed by 1.20 ETo for tomato which cultivated in rice straw bales; control treatment came in the third option. Using 0.60 ETo increased water use efficiency compared to other irrigation treatments in this study. This paper revealed that, using rice straw as cultivation media for producing tomato can be useful for reuse the agriculture wastes and improve water use efficiency.
A experiment was carried out during two growing seasons of 2008 and 2009 at El-Bosaily farm, Agri... more A experiment was carried out during two growing seasons of 2008 and 2009 at El-Bosaily farm, Agricultural Research Center, El-Behira Governorate.It was conducted in an unheated plastichouse to determine the effect of mulch application and cover low tunnel under unheated greenhouses the on growth and early yield of cucumber plant. Cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L cv .Delta Star(were grown in sandy soil under plastichouse .The plastic house constructor was covered with 200 μm local-UV-treated polyethylene sheet of 5.25 m in width. The experiment adopted a randomized split plot design with three replicates .Four tunnels were applied (1, 2 and 3 weeks) and control (without tunnel) under plastichouse with two mulch treatments were used clear and without mulch. Soil temperature at 15 cm depth, air temperature and relative humidity of each treatment were measured. The vegetative characters e.g. plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of plant, early and total yield were recorded. The results showed that air temperature under coved tunnel was height than other treatments. Soil temperature under clear mulch increased about 1.5-3 o C more than the control. The three weeks tunnel covered and clear mulch gave the highest soil and air temperature followed by two weeks tunnel covered and clear much in comparison with the other treatments .Data revealed that best vegetative growth and yield were obtained by the three weeks tunnel covered and clear mulch treatment.
The potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) vs.
valor were exposed to different levels of nitrogen
f... more The potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) vs. valor were exposed to different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (60, 100, 140, 180 kg N/feddan (4200 m2 )) and in-row plant spacing (12.5, 25 and 50 cm) for maximizing the yield production to match food security needs under climate change impacts on Delta region, Egypt. The experiment was carried out during two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012) in split plot design at EI-Bossily Farm, Agricultural Research Center, EI-Behira Governorate, Egypt. The vegetative growth characteristics and yield parameters were measured. The result of this study verified that increasing nitrogen level up to 180 kg N/feddan significantly increased the vegetative growth, total and marketable yields than the other N treatments. The in-row plant spacing 50 cm was significantly increased vegetative growth and yield (kg/plant), but the total yield (kg/m2 ) had different trend. The highest total yield /m2 was obtained by 12.5 cm treatment. The interaction effect of 180 kg/feddan of Nand 12.5cm inrow plant spacing were increased the total tuber yield (kg/m2 ) si~nificantly. In contrary, the best marketable yield (tubers > 35 mm) 1m2 was obtained by 25 and 50 cm in-row plants. This study was concluded that the best agronomic practices for potato production obtained by application 180 kg N/feddan of with in-row plant spacing 25 cm treatment. The economical consideration of the different treatments showed that the best total net income was obtained by 180 kglfeddan N with 50 cm in-row plant spacing.
potential evapotranspiration estimated according to class A pan equation were applied by using d... more potential evapotranspiration estimated according to class A pan equation were applied by using drip irrigation system. Data revealed that using plastic mulch decreased irrigation requirements of cucumber plants compared to without plastic mulch. Regarding the polyethylene mulch color, data revealed that transparent PE recorded the highest values of yield and number of fruits per plant during the two successive seasons. Increasing wafer level up to 0.80 (ET) enhanced yield with different plastic mulch treatments. while plant growth and yield decreased with increasing water level to 1.20 ET). However. Using 0.80 (ET) with different plastic much increased water use efficiency compared to using 1.00 (ET) or 1.20 (ET) without plastic mulch.
T
HIS STUDY was carried out during two successive seasons (2012 and 2013) on 4 - years old pomegr... more T HIS STUDY was carried out during two successive seasons (2012 and 2013) on 4 - years old pomegranate trees, (Punica granatum L.) wonderful cv., grown on a sandy soil under drip irrigation to assess four different mulching treatments, rice straw, palm fronds, transparent polyethylene sheets and gravel on tree growth and their productivity. The design of the experiment is randomized complete block five treatments with three replicates each.
Gravel mulch gave the highest number of leaves, shoot length, number of internodes, as well as length, diameter, volume, aril weight per fruit, fruit weight and yield. Rice straw gave the highest total soluble solids, Vitamin (C), total rind and juice anthocyanin. Gravel and rice straw mulch were more effective in reducing cracked fruits and decrease sunburn disorder. Mulching treatments reduced grass growth and increased moisture and soil temperature conservation, in particular of gravel mulch which was superior in this concern. It can be recommended that gravel mulching was the most effective treatment to improve soil moisture, growth, quality and productivity of pomegranate fruits.
An experiment was conducted in research farm of Kaha, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Kalubia... more An experiment was conducted in research farm of Kaha, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Kalubia
governorate, Egypt in winter season of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 to study the effects of different planting
dates, cultivars and growing degree days (GDD) on vegetative growth, yield and its components of garlic. The
experiment was a split plot design with three replications. The planting date at four different times (Sep.25, Oct.
10, Oct. 25 and Nov. 10) made the main plot and three cultivars (Balady, Sids-40 and White super) constituted
the sub-plot. The Maximum and minimum Temperature was recorded during growing season to calculate
accumulative growing degree days (GDD). The obtained results showed that planting date on 25th Sep. combined
with all cvs. recorded the highest germination percentage in both seasons whereas, the late planting date
(November 10) gave the lowest germination percentage. The Balady cultivar was minimum GDD accumulation
when it was emerged after 18.67 day from planting. The 25th Sep. planting date significantly produced higher
means on plant height, number of leaves per plant and leaves weight per plant in the first and second seasons.
The super white cultivar combine with planting date Sep. 25 has the height GDD about 1929 and 1345 unit for
the two seasons. The yield and its components was increased under early planting date furthermore, under late
planting date conditions the yield and its components were significantly decreased. The plating date on Sep. 25
was the highest yield and GDD accumulated compared to other planting date on the 2010-11 and 2011-12
seasons. The lowest yield and GDD was observed by planting on 10th Nov. in first and second seasons. The
White super cultivar produced the highest yield due to increase GDD accumulated followed by Sids-40.
Whereas, cv. Balady produce the lower most bulb yield and less GDD in the first and second seasons. The N, P
and K contents in the garlic bulbs were increased when garlic seed cloves planted on 25th Sep. However, the
NPK contents in garlic bulbs were decreased with planting date was late.
Two field experiments were conducted at El-Bossaily, northwest coast of the Nile Delta. This stud... more Two field experiments were conducted at El-Bossaily, northwest coast of the Nile Delta. This study aims at investigating the effect of black and white insect-proof nets as a greenhouse cover, replacing the polyethylene sheets in order to reduce the cost of covering material and to allow start the pepper growing season earlier under greenhouses. Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L) cv. Reda F1 seedlings were transplanted during August of both 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons in the greenhouse. Three single greenhouses were used in this experiment, one was covered by black insect-proof nets; another was covered by white insect-proof nets and the third was covered by 200 microns low density polyethylene sheets (control). During the winter season, the two netted greenhouses were covered by 50 micron polyethylene sheets, which were removed on March 1 st. The experiment adopted a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The obtained results indicate that black net greenhouse gav...
Recently, there is a rapidly increasing interest in attributing the impact of climate change in t... more Recently, there is a rapidly increasing interest in attributing the impact of climate change in the agriculture sectors and identify possible mitigation options. Emissions resulting from rice straw field burning in Egypt, which have caused serious environmental problems in Egypt, are estimated in this paper as well as the emission from rice cultivation, agricultural machines and nitrogen fertilizers. In Egypt rice cultivation in the Nile Delta produce the largest amounts of rice straw as residue. Burning rice residue is the common practice in Egypt that releases pollutants and green house gases emission. Assuming that about 40% were used for different purposes and 60% were left on the fields for burning within a period of 30 days after harvesting. The resulting amount of emissions give a significant contribution to the air pollution called the " Black Cloud ". This study concerned about estimate green house gases (GHG) emissions from rice cultivation such as fuel consumpti...
Field experiments were carried out during the two seasons of 2006\2007and 2007\2008 at El-Bosaily... more Field experiments were carried out during the two seasons of 2006\2007and 2007\2008 at El-Bosaily farm in the North Coastal of Egypt. to study the effect of four irrigation regimes (0.60, 0.80, 1.00 and 1.20 of the potential evapotranspiration estimated according to class A pan equation) were applied by using drip irrigation system, with three nitrogen sources (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and calcium nitrate), and four wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) cultivars namely, Giza 168, Sakha 93, Gemiza 9 and Gemiza 7. the objective of this study was to determine water requirements and suitable nitrogen forms for different wheat cultivars under sprinkler irrigation system. The results revealed that increasing irrigation level from 0.60 up to 1.00 increased vegetative growth, fresh and dry weight, biomass and grain yield for different wheat cultivars. Ammonium nitrate as a source of nitrogen gave the best vegetative growth and yield compared with the two other sources of nitrogen. Giza 16...
In the present study a suitable methodology is developed for estimating crop area by integrating ... more In the present study a suitable methodology is developed for estimating crop area by integrating remote sensing and GIS based on land survey approach. Area frame surveys are common approaches to gather land cover data. In contrast to mapping approaches, area frame sampling is a statistical method. Based on the visual observation of sample geo-referenced points, area estimates are computed and used as a valid generalization without studying the entire area under investigation. The approach has also the important advantage of not involving/disturbing the land owners and the farmers. The survey concerning the estimation of yield for the major crop will be carried out by cutting small samples in the field. The sample covers the whole Nile valley and the delta, the observed area is about 35000 km² and the distance from South to North is about 1000 km. Digital to-pographic maps 1:5000 and SPOT5 satellite Images was used, 2,5m resolution, Ortho-rectified (DTM). The survey used the WGS84, U...
Trails were carried out during two growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 at El-Bosaily farm, Agricultu... more Trails were carried out during two growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 at El-Bosaily farm, Agricultural Research Center, El-Behira Governorate, Egypt. This research was conducted in an unheated greenhouse to determine the effect of different mulch colors and phosphorus fertigation on growth and yield of cucumber plant, Cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L cv. Brenjee 82) were grown in sandy soil. The plastic house constructor was covered with 200 μm local-UV-treated polyethylene sheet (PE) of 5.25 m in width. Five mulch colors were used, i. e., red, green, blue, black and transparent. Control treatment was without mulched. Three phosphorus fertigation levels 20, 40 and 60 ppm were added to soil under different colors much and control. Soil temperature at 15 cm depth and soil surface temperature of each mulch colors were measured. The vegetative growth, i. e., plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of plant, early and total yield were recorded. The results showed that tra...
800 | P a g e 3 0 M a y 2 0 1 5 w w w. g j a r. o r g ABSTRACT The need to recycle organic agricu... more 800 | P a g e 3 0 M a y 2 0 1 5 w w w. g j a r. o r g ABSTRACT The need to recycle organic agricultural and urban wastes is not just for environmental issues but also for economical and sustainable advantages. The current studies were conducted during winter and summer seasons on lettuce and egg plant respectively of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 at Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Dokki, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza governorate, Egypt. The main objectives were investigating the ability of use rice straw and vermicompost as a substrate instead of peat moss or perlite in substrate culture and to determine the effect of treatments on vegetative growth, nutrients content (nitrogen, phosphors, potassium), as well as total yield of lettuce and egg plant. Different sizes of chopped rice straw (8-10, 6-8, 4-6 and less than 2 mm) combined with three vermicompost levels (5%,10% and 15% v/v) were applied in horizontal bags of substrate culture. Lettuce plant (Lactuca ...
Current climatic data were collected to estimate ETo from 1998 to 2007 in the major Egyptian agro... more Current climatic data were collected to estimate ETo from 1998 to 2007 in the major Egyptian agro-climatic regions, i.e. Delta region, Middle Egypt and Upper Egypt, to generate future mean air temperature under climate change conditions using Magicc\Scengen model. FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation was used to estimate ETo by using the collected and generated climatic data. The climate change data were generated under four scenarios (A1, A2, B1 and B2, according to IPCC results revealed that ETo significantly increased in 2050s and 2100s compared to the current ETo values. Results indicated that the values of ETo in 2100s were higher than those for 2050s for all studied regions. The average percentages increase in the four tested scenarios of the 2100s for Delta, Middle Egypt and Upper Egypt were 14, 17 and 18%, respectively. The most affected region by climate change was Upper Egypt because it already has the highest ETo under the current conditions; this increase in ETo could affect ...
Agricultural greenhouse gases (GHG) fluxes are complex and heterogeneous, the management of recyc... more Agricultural greenhouse gases (GHG) fluxes are complex and heterogeneous, the management of recycle agricultural residues offers promising possibilities for mitigation. Firing the rice straw presented a main source of CO2 emission of agricultural activities in Egypt. The study aimed to investigate the effect of applying rice straw into soil with or without rice straw decomposing fungi (RSDF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) under 50 and 100% of recommended NPK on sequestrating CO2 into soil and eggplant production. Field experiment was conducted at experimental Site of Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt during 2013 and 2014 seasons. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications. RSDF were used as one fungal strain of Trichoderma viride. PGPR were used as mixture of Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillium brasilense, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus circulans. The obtained results showed that growth characteristics, mineral composition and yield component of eggplant cultivar Black Balady were significantly improved by applying 100% mineral fertilizers with rice straw plus PGPR with or without RSDF. Using 50% mineral fertilizers with rice straw plus RSDF and PGPR gave good yield with no significant differences comparing with 100% mineral fertilizers without rice straw treatment (control). This work shows that incorporation of rice straw into soil with decomposing fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria led to improve the production of eggplant, as well as reduced the amount of mineral fertilizers and avoided one of the most serious environmental air pollution (Black Cloud), caused by burning rice straw annually.
This work was carried out at a private farm in Tokh, Kalubia, Gov., Egypt during the two successi... more This work was carried out at a private farm in Tokh, Kalubia, Gov., Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2013/14 and 2014/15, using randomized complete block design with three replications to study the effect of pre-soaking seed cloves and foliar spray of silicon (Si), selenium (Se) concentrations and their combinations on germination, early seedlings growth, marketable and total green yield as well as chemical constituents of garlic planted under high temperature conditions of late summer (End of August). The results of this study showed that planting garlic under high temperature stress lead to drop in both rate and speed of germination, which reflected on growth and yield. However, soaking seed cloves in 4 mg/L silicon and/or 2 mg/L selenium solutions significantly increased in each of percentage, speed and coefficient velocity of germination as well as seed vigor index compared with untreated control. The soaking seed cloves in silicon at 4 mg/L. was found to produce more increase in germination index and early seedlings growth compared to selenium at 2 mg/L. The highest values of bulb characters, marketable and total green yield, as well as chemical constituents were achieved with application both Si and Se together as combination in a mixture.
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Papers by Ahmed Farag
valor were exposed to different levels of nitrogen
fertilizer (60, 100, 140, 180 kg N/feddan (4200 m2
)) and in-row plant spacing (12.5, 25 and 50 cm) for
maximizing the yield production to match food security
needs under climate change impacts on Delta
region, Egypt. The experiment was carried out
during two growing seasons (2010/2011 and
2011/2012) in split plot design at EI-Bossily Farm,
Agricultural Research Center, EI-Behira Governorate,
Egypt. The vegetative growth characteristics
and yield parameters were measured. The result of
this study verified that increasing nitrogen level up
to 180 kg N/feddan significantly increased the vegetative
growth, total and marketable yields than
the other N treatments. The in-row plant spacing
50 cm was significantly increased vegetative
growth and yield (kg/plant), but the total yield
(kg/m2 ) had different trend. The highest total yield
/m2 was obtained by 12.5 cm treatment. The interaction
effect of 180 kg/feddan of Nand 12.5cm inrow
plant spacing were increased the total tuber
yield (kg/m2 ) si~nificantly. In contrary, the best
marketable yield (tubers > 35 mm) 1m2 was obtained
by 25 and 50 cm in-row plants. This study
was concluded that the best agronomic practices
for potato production obtained by application 180
kg N/feddan of with in-row plant spacing 25 cm
treatment. The economical consideration of the
different treatments showed that the best total net
income was obtained by 180 kglfeddan N with 50
cm in-row plant spacing.
number of fruits per plant during the two successive seasons.
Increasing wafer level up to 0.80 (ET) enhanced yield with different plastic mulch treatments. while plant growth and yield decreased with increasing water level to 1.20 ET). However. Using 0.80 (ET) with different plastic much increased water use efficiency compared to using 1.00 (ET) or 1.20 (ET) without plastic mulch.
HIS STUDY was carried out during two successive seasons (2012 and 2013) on 4 - years old pomegranate trees, (Punica granatum L.) wonderful cv., grown on a sandy soil under drip irrigation to assess four different mulching treatments, rice straw, palm fronds, transparent polyethylene sheets and gravel on tree growth and their productivity. The design of the experiment is randomized complete block five treatments with three replicates each.
Gravel mulch gave the highest number of leaves, shoot length, number of internodes, as well as length, diameter, volume, aril weight per fruit, fruit weight and yield. Rice straw gave the highest total soluble solids, Vitamin (C), total rind and juice anthocyanin. Gravel and rice straw mulch were more effective in reducing cracked fruits and decrease sunburn disorder. Mulching treatments reduced grass growth and increased moisture and soil temperature conservation, in particular of gravel mulch which was superior in this concern. It can be recommended that gravel mulching was the most effective treatment to improve soil moisture, growth, quality and productivity of pomegranate fruits.
Keyword: Pomegranate (Wonderful cv.), Rice straw mulch, Palm fronds mulch, Transparent polyethylene mulch, Gravel mulch. Soil temperature, Soil moisture
governorate, Egypt in winter season of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 to study the effects of different planting
dates, cultivars and growing degree days (GDD) on vegetative growth, yield and its components of garlic. The
experiment was a split plot design with three replications. The planting date at four different times (Sep.25, Oct.
10, Oct. 25 and Nov. 10) made the main plot and three cultivars (Balady, Sids-40 and White super) constituted
the sub-plot. The Maximum and minimum Temperature was recorded during growing season to calculate
accumulative growing degree days (GDD). The obtained results showed that planting date on 25th Sep. combined
with all cvs. recorded the highest germination percentage in both seasons whereas, the late planting date
(November 10) gave the lowest germination percentage. The Balady cultivar was minimum GDD accumulation
when it was emerged after 18.67 day from planting. The 25th Sep. planting date significantly produced higher
means on plant height, number of leaves per plant and leaves weight per plant in the first and second seasons.
The super white cultivar combine with planting date Sep. 25 has the height GDD about 1929 and 1345 unit for
the two seasons. The yield and its components was increased under early planting date furthermore, under late
planting date conditions the yield and its components were significantly decreased. The plating date on Sep. 25
was the highest yield and GDD accumulated compared to other planting date on the 2010-11 and 2011-12
seasons. The lowest yield and GDD was observed by planting on 10th Nov. in first and second seasons. The
White super cultivar produced the highest yield due to increase GDD accumulated followed by Sids-40.
Whereas, cv. Balady produce the lower most bulb yield and less GDD in the first and second seasons. The N, P
and K contents in the garlic bulbs were increased when garlic seed cloves planted on 25th Sep. However, the
NPK contents in garlic bulbs were decreased with planting date was late.
valor were exposed to different levels of nitrogen
fertilizer (60, 100, 140, 180 kg N/feddan (4200 m2
)) and in-row plant spacing (12.5, 25 and 50 cm) for
maximizing the yield production to match food security
needs under climate change impacts on Delta
region, Egypt. The experiment was carried out
during two growing seasons (2010/2011 and
2011/2012) in split plot design at EI-Bossily Farm,
Agricultural Research Center, EI-Behira Governorate,
Egypt. The vegetative growth characteristics
and yield parameters were measured. The result of
this study verified that increasing nitrogen level up
to 180 kg N/feddan significantly increased the vegetative
growth, total and marketable yields than
the other N treatments. The in-row plant spacing
50 cm was significantly increased vegetative
growth and yield (kg/plant), but the total yield
(kg/m2 ) had different trend. The highest total yield
/m2 was obtained by 12.5 cm treatment. The interaction
effect of 180 kg/feddan of Nand 12.5cm inrow
plant spacing were increased the total tuber
yield (kg/m2 ) si~nificantly. In contrary, the best
marketable yield (tubers > 35 mm) 1m2 was obtained
by 25 and 50 cm in-row plants. This study
was concluded that the best agronomic practices
for potato production obtained by application 180
kg N/feddan of with in-row plant spacing 25 cm
treatment. The economical consideration of the
different treatments showed that the best total net
income was obtained by 180 kglfeddan N with 50
cm in-row plant spacing.
number of fruits per plant during the two successive seasons.
Increasing wafer level up to 0.80 (ET) enhanced yield with different plastic mulch treatments. while plant growth and yield decreased with increasing water level to 1.20 ET). However. Using 0.80 (ET) with different plastic much increased water use efficiency compared to using 1.00 (ET) or 1.20 (ET) without plastic mulch.
HIS STUDY was carried out during two successive seasons (2012 and 2013) on 4 - years old pomegranate trees, (Punica granatum L.) wonderful cv., grown on a sandy soil under drip irrigation to assess four different mulching treatments, rice straw, palm fronds, transparent polyethylene sheets and gravel on tree growth and their productivity. The design of the experiment is randomized complete block five treatments with three replicates each.
Gravel mulch gave the highest number of leaves, shoot length, number of internodes, as well as length, diameter, volume, aril weight per fruit, fruit weight and yield. Rice straw gave the highest total soluble solids, Vitamin (C), total rind and juice anthocyanin. Gravel and rice straw mulch were more effective in reducing cracked fruits and decrease sunburn disorder. Mulching treatments reduced grass growth and increased moisture and soil temperature conservation, in particular of gravel mulch which was superior in this concern. It can be recommended that gravel mulching was the most effective treatment to improve soil moisture, growth, quality and productivity of pomegranate fruits.
Keyword: Pomegranate (Wonderful cv.), Rice straw mulch, Palm fronds mulch, Transparent polyethylene mulch, Gravel mulch. Soil temperature, Soil moisture
governorate, Egypt in winter season of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 to study the effects of different planting
dates, cultivars and growing degree days (GDD) on vegetative growth, yield and its components of garlic. The
experiment was a split plot design with three replications. The planting date at four different times (Sep.25, Oct.
10, Oct. 25 and Nov. 10) made the main plot and three cultivars (Balady, Sids-40 and White super) constituted
the sub-plot. The Maximum and minimum Temperature was recorded during growing season to calculate
accumulative growing degree days (GDD). The obtained results showed that planting date on 25th Sep. combined
with all cvs. recorded the highest germination percentage in both seasons whereas, the late planting date
(November 10) gave the lowest germination percentage. The Balady cultivar was minimum GDD accumulation
when it was emerged after 18.67 day from planting. The 25th Sep. planting date significantly produced higher
means on plant height, number of leaves per plant and leaves weight per plant in the first and second seasons.
The super white cultivar combine with planting date Sep. 25 has the height GDD about 1929 and 1345 unit for
the two seasons. The yield and its components was increased under early planting date furthermore, under late
planting date conditions the yield and its components were significantly decreased. The plating date on Sep. 25
was the highest yield and GDD accumulated compared to other planting date on the 2010-11 and 2011-12
seasons. The lowest yield and GDD was observed by planting on 10th Nov. in first and second seasons. The
White super cultivar produced the highest yield due to increase GDD accumulated followed by Sids-40.
Whereas, cv. Balady produce the lower most bulb yield and less GDD in the first and second seasons. The N, P
and K contents in the garlic bulbs were increased when garlic seed cloves planted on 25th Sep. However, the
NPK contents in garlic bulbs were decreased with planting date was late.