International Relations

The China and Afghanistan relations have been regulated based on Beijing's approach to regional and international developments in the past decades. The pulling out of American forces from Afghanistan and the takeover of Kabul by the Taliban led to a change in China's approach to Afghanistan from different points of view. America's withdrawal will alter the balance of power in Afghanistan and, as a result, its surrounding areas. China's approach to Afghanistan has always been based on security Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi Cilt:10 / Sayı:6 Rasool-Yawar-Sharify-Haqyar /2603-2627 Aralık 2023 considerations, and now economic considerations have also been added to it. China's big economic plan in Pakistan and Central Asia is one of the most imperative security concerns of China, along with the concern of the link between the extremist groups in Afghanistan and the Uyghurs in the neighborhood of this country. The presence of the Taliban in power and the withdrawal of America from Afghanistan have led to a change in the relationship pattern from calculated indifference to strategic partnership. Components such as environmental uncertainty and strategic adaptation became the basis for the acceptance of this model by China. In the current research, we are investigating the reason for the change in China's attitude towards Afghanistan from calculated indifference to strategic partnership, and we want to provide a clear picture of these developments by expressing China's activism in Afghanistan.

In the new studies of international relations, culture; Application and importance have been found. This issue has made the clash of cultures unavoidable, especially in the era of globalization, when national borders are collapsing and the government's rule is under the influence of the technological revolution. Therefore, culture, values and industrial products, all of them have found political use today. The foreign policy apparatus of the governments are trying to create a positive, acceptable and attractive face for the world community by using cultural diplomacy. Cultural diplomacy helps countries to implement their international and domestic programs; Because in this way, the behavior and policies of the governments are justified and acceptable. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the extent of cultural diplomacy in Afghanistan's foreign policy. The main question is where is the position of cultural diplomacy in Afghanistan's foreign policy? The findings of his research, using the descriptive-analytical method, show that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the country did not pay much attention to cultural diplomatic tools and did not use the media, civil society, and scholarships. Also, the country's tourism potential has been neglected.

The road that is known as silk today has been the longest and one of the most used trade routes throughout the history of East. A large part of this road, which connected the westernmost regions of China to the easternmost shores of the Mediterranean, passed through Great Khorasan (from Qoms to Jayhun).In the 19th century, in European studies, the name " Silk Road" was used for this road and soon it became popular. Even today, everyone, from the east and the west, knows and calls this historical road by the same name. This naming is due to the fact that according to these researchers, silk was the main and most important commodity that was exchanged along the road.In this research, the question of correctness or incorrectness of this naming has been investigated. Based on the findings of this research, this naming cannot be based on historical and objective facts for two main reasons.The first is that until before the 19th century, none of the Islamic, Afghan and Iranian geographical sources mentioned the name of silk, and most of it was called " Khorasan Road". It has been mentioned and the second is that the study of economic geography and traded goods was carried out. Look, it shows that silk is only one of the hundreds of traded goods and has no special advantage over other goods.

The history of Afghanistan has always been accompanied by insecurity, military occupation, intra-sectarian and religious differences, foreign interventions and poverty of the society, which did not turn this country into a field to protect the interests of foreign powers. The relationship between Afghanistan and other countries such as Russia, China and Iran has always been considered in the foreign policy equations of the American governments. Occurrences subsequent to the incidents of September 11 and the military occupation of Afghanistan in 2001 removed the Taliban from power until 2021, simultaneously as the withdrawal of American troops and the fall of Afghan cities. The Taliban put the power at their disposal after two decades. The main question is how can the US foreign policy approach be explained prior to the establishment of the Taliban group? The current research, with the explanatory method according to the theory of realism, seeks to test this hypothesis that the domination of the Taliban at the top of Afghanistan's power did not mean the complete withdrawal of America from that country, but rather for various reasons such as concern about the growing power of China, heavy military expenditures, the presence of regional powers. Like Russia, China, and Iran, the failure to destroy terrorism, disagreement with the Afghan government and agreement with the Taliban can be explained.

The existence of organizations that give importance to the role of the thoughts and ideas of individual members and allow the employees to express new opinions and ideas in accordance with the new developments of the information age; leaders are needed to be the pioneers of this important thing. The present study has been conducted with the objective of examining the influence of revolutionary leadership on the emergence of organizational voice with an investigation of the impact of information and communication technology. The research method is descriptive of the correlation type, to evaluate the data; the statistical methods of correlation, multiple regression and mediation of structural equations were used. The findings explained that transformational leadership has an important effect on both variables (organizational voice, information technology). Despite the truth that the coefficient of influence of two dimensions of motivation and social support is positive and more than other dimensions, also the level of influence of transformative leadership with the medium of negative information technology (-0.20) was obtained.

The relationship between Afghanistan and Russia has seen many ups and downs. Seizing control from the Taliban in Afghanistan is viewed as the initiation of a renewed era in Russian-Afghan relations following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Although the Russians have no desire to get involved in the issue of Afghanistan, but the expansion of the Taliban's influence in this country and the establishment of a relationship between this group and the Islamists of Central Asia and the North

International agreements to regulate relations between countries and international organizations is a common thing, one of the agreements that is used more in relations between countries today is strategic agreements and contracts. After the incident of September 11, 2001 and the formation of a new government in this country, Afghanistan has signed many agreements with regional and extra

Bush's "anti-terrorism strategy", Obama's "counter-insurgency strategy" and Trump's "zero foot strategy" are three separate strategies of the US government during the three presidential terms in Afghanistan, which ended with the withdrawal of American forces. Ultimately, the withdrawal of US forces led to the resurgence of the same group that had sought to overthrow the Taliban government 20 years ago in 2001. This article aims to provide evidence supporting the change in strategy and its conflict with the overarching macro strategy, focusing on the shifts in Afghanistan's internal environment. We are looking for an answer to this question, what are the evidences of the change in the US foreign policy towards Afghanistan in the three mentioned periods and what is the relationship between the internal developments in Afghanistan and these changes? In response to this hypothesis, it is proposed that the role of internal opposition groups and their power in these three periods is the most important factor in creating a change in the attitude of the American foreign policy in the era of Bush, Obama and Trump. The findings of this article, according to the American high-ranking documents, show that the pursuit of conflicting strategies with the primary goals is a result of the failure of the strategy in the American foreign policy against the actions of armed groups. Considering the approach of comparative investigation and focusing on its descriptive stage, the method used in this writing is qualitative and of a comparative type.

Nearly a century after Afghanistan gained independence in 1919, the question of autonomy and originality in the
nation's 20th-century foreign policy remains a topic of contention within the country. Following its
independence, Afghanistan found itself in a unique situation shaped by the influence of major global powers'
competition. Over the past century, geopolitical shifts have significantly influenced both the internal and external
circumstances of Afghanistan. This article seeks to address the query: How did regional geopolitical
developments impact Afghanistan's foreign policy from the time of its independence to the events of September
11, 2001? This article is descriptive-analytical in which the relationship between the geopolitics of the region
and Afghanistan's foreign policy is examined. The geopolitical situation of Afghanistan in the geopolitical theory
of the world order of Saul Cohen has shaped the theoretical discussion of the author, Afghanistan as a quasiindependent state in the geopolitics of the region, not just in the post-Cold War period. The special feature of
Afghanistan in the region has been prominent since the independence of this country until now. The findings of
this paper show that the foreign policy of Afghanistan after independence in the phases of geopolitical stability
and transformations in the security structure of the region is more towards a neutral and balanced strategy. The
country has had relations with the great powers of every period and has always distanced itself from such a
strategy. It is and the independent or what was once a semi-independent position in the regional geopolitics has
evolved into a pivotal and crucial region with the accompanying strategy with great power, coup, revolution and
even military occupation has also occurred in this country.

Nearly a century after Afghanistan gained independence in 1919, the question of autonomy and originality in the
nation's 20th-century foreign policy remains a topic of contention within the country. Following its
independence, Afghanistan found itself in a unique situation shaped by the influence of major global powers'
competition. Over the past century, geopolitical shifts have significantly influenced both the internal and external
circumstances of Afghanistan. This article seeks to address the query: How did regional geopolitical
developments impact Afghanistan's foreign policy from the time of its independence to the events of September
11, 2001? This article is descriptive-analytical in which the relationship between the geopolitics of the region
and Afghanistan's foreign policy is examined. The geopolitical situation of Afghanistan in the geopolitical theory
of the world order of Saul Cohen has shaped the theoretical discussion of the author, Afghanistan as a quasiindependent state in the geopolitics of the region, not just in the post-Cold War period. The special feature of
Afghanistan in the region has been prominent since the independence of this country until now. The findings of
this paper show that the foreign policy of Afghanistan after independence in the phases of geopolitical stability
and transformations in the security structure of the region is more towards a neutral and balanced strategy. The
country has had relations with the great powers of every period and has always distanced itself from such a
strategy. It is and the independent or what was once a semi-independent position in the regional geopolitics has
evolved into a pivotal and crucial region with the accompanying strategy with great power, coup, revolution and
even military occupation has also occurred in this country

The road that is known as silk today has been the longest and one of the most used trade routes throughout the history of East. A large part of this road, which connected the westernmost regions of China to the easternmost shores of the Mediterranean, passed through Great Khorasan (from Qoms to Jayhun).In the 19th century, in European studies, the name " Silk Road" was used for this road and soon it became popular. Even today, everyone, from the east and the west, knows and calls this historical road by the same name. This naming is due to the fact that according to these researchers, silk was the main and most important commodity that was exchanged along the road.In this research, the question of correctness or incorrectness of this naming has been investigated. Based on the findings of this research, this naming cannot be based on historical and objective facts for two main reasons.The first is that until before the 19th century, none of the Islamic, Afghan and Iranian geographical sources mentioned the name of silk, and most of it was called " Khorasan Road". It has been mentioned and the second is that the study of economic geography and traded goods was carried out. Look, it shows that silk is only one of the hundreds of traded goods and has no special advantage over other goods.

The China and Afghanistan relations have been regulated based on Beijing's approach to regional and international developments in the past decades. The pulling out of American forces from Afghanistan and the takeover of Kabul by the Taliban led to a change in China's approach to Afghanistan from different points of view. America's withdrawal will alter the balance of power in Afghanistan and, as a result, its surrounding areas. China's approach to Afghanistan has always been based on security Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi Cilt:10 / Sayı:6 Rasool-Yawar-Sharify-Haqyar /2603-2627 Aralık 2023 considerations, and now economic considerations have also been added to it. China's big economic plan in Pakistan and Central Asia is one of the most imperative security concerns of China, along with the concern of the link between the extremist groups in Afghanistan and the Uyghurs in the neighborhood of this country. The presence of the Taliban in power and the withdrawal of America from Afghanistan have led to a change in the relationship pattern from calculated indifference to strategic partnership. Components such as environmental uncertainty and strategic adaptation became the basis for the acceptance of this model by China. In the current research, we are investigating the reason for the change in China's attitude towards Afghanistan from calculated indifference to strategic partnership, and we want to provide a clear picture of these developments by expressing China's activism in Afghanistan.

Bush's "anti-terrorism strategy", Obama's "counter-insurgency strategy" and Trump's "zero foot strategy" are three separate strategies of the US government during the three presidential terms in Afghanistan, which ended with the withdrawal of American forces. Ultimately, the withdrawal of US forces led to the resurgence of the same group that had sought to overthrow the Taliban government 20 years ago in 2001. This article aims to provide evidence supporting the change in strategy and its conflict with the overarching macro strategy, focusing on the shifts in Afghanistan's internal environment. We are looking for an answer to this question, what are the evidences of the change in the US foreign policy towards Afghanistan in the three mentioned periods and what is the relationship between the internal developments in Afghanistan and these changes? In response to this hypothesis, it is proposed that the role of internal opposition groups and their power in these three periods is the most important factor in creating a change in the attitude of the American foreign policy in the era of Bush, Obama and Trump. The findings of this article, according to the American high-ranking documents, show that the pursuit of conflicting strategies with the primary goals is a result of the failure of the strategy in the American foreign policy against the actions of armed groups. Considering the approach of comparative investigation and focusing on its descriptive stage, the method used in this writing is qualitative and of a comparative type.

The China and Afghanistan relations have been regulated based on Beijing's approach to regional and international developments in the past decades. The pulling out of American forces from Afghanistan and the takeover of Kabul by the Taliban led to a change in China's approach to Afghanistan from different points of view. America's withdrawal will alter the balance of power in Afghanistan and, as a result, its surrounding areas. China's approach to Afghanistan has always been based on security Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi Cilt:10 / Sayı:6 Rasool-Yawar-Sharify-Haqyar /2603-2627 Aralık 2023 considerations, and now economic considerations have also been added to it. China's big economic plan in Pakistan and Central Asia is one of the most imperative security concerns of China, along with the concern of the link between the extremist groups in Afghanistan and the Uyghurs in the neighborhood of this country. The presence of the Taliban in power and the withdrawal of America from Afghanistan have led to a change in the relationship pattern from calculated indifference to strategic partnership. Components such as environmental uncertainty and strategic adaptation became the basis for the acceptance of this model by China. In the current research, we are investigating the reason for the change in China's attitude towards Afghanistan from calculated indifference to strategic partnership, and we want to provide a clear picture of these developments by expressing China's activism in Afghanistan.

Compensatory justice is a justice that determines the exact amount of each person's rights. The
acknowledgment of this theory serves as a safeguard for the contractual parties' rights, a
recognition that is currently acknowledged by legal experts. From a pragmatic standpoint, the
concept of compensatory justice entails the necessity to equitably address the rights of parties
within a compensation agreement, grounded in the principle of addressing harm. This theory in
Afghan law is a combination of objective and personal criteria, and the lawmakers has discussed
about compensation in cases of restoration of justice through the right of imprisonment, but in
some other cases, he refers to termination and the right of imprisonment.

The existence of organizations that give importance to the role of the thoughts and ideas of individual members and allow the employees to express new opinions and ideas in accordance with the new developments of the information age; leaders are needed to be the pioneers of this important thing. The present study has been conducted with the objective of examining the influence of revolutionary leadership on the emergence of organizational voice with an investigation of the impact of information and communication technology. The research method is descriptive of the correlation type, to evaluate the data; the statistical methods of correlation, multiple regression and mediation of structural equations were used. The findings explained that transformational leadership has an important effect on both variables (organizational voice, information technology). Despite the truth that the coefficient of influence of two dimensions of motivation and social support is positive and more than other dimensions, also the level of influence of transformative leadership with the medium of negative information technology (-0.20) was obtained.

This current research is to examine the times and influencing factors in the formation of a failed and bankrupt government in post-Taliban Afghanistan. A large part of political and social anomalies and disorders in this country are closely related to the weakness and incapacity of the government. Historical evidences have shown that the government in Afghanistan has been unable to continuously exercise experimental governance and to provide services and basic goods such as " security, justice and welfare" , weak and weak. The main question is " what factors were effective in the failure and weakness of the government after Taliban regime in Afghanistan?" ; The hypothesis of the article is: the high level of political violence, the low level of socio-political harmony, the main political conflict in the organizing ideology of the stte, the lack of legitimacy and the weak idea of the state. It is the most significant factor that puts the post-Taliban governments at the end of the spectrum of failed and advanced governments. research method: the mentioned problem was analyzed in the framework of the security group theory with descriptive-analytical method.