TarÕm sektörü, geliúmekte olan ülkelerin ekonomilerini do÷rudan ya da dolaylÕ olarak iyileútirmed... more TarÕm sektörü, geliúmekte olan ülkelerin ekonomilerini do÷rudan ya da dolaylÕ olarak iyileútirmede önemli bir rol oynamaktadÕr. Sürdürülebilir ve rekabetçi tarÕmsal üretimin yapÕlabilmesi, biliúim teknolojilerinin kullanÕmÕnÕ gerektirmektedir. Sürdürülebilir tarÕmÕn pratikte uygulama alanÕ ise hassas tarÕm teknolojisidir. Hassas tarÕmÕn hedefi, çevreye verilen olumsuz etkileri ortadan kaldÕrarak girdilerin azaltÕlmasÕyla yüksek ekonomik kazançlÕ tarÕmsal faaliyetlerin sürdürülmesini sa÷lamaktÕr. Bu hedeflere ulaúmak için ise bilgi, teknoloji ve yönetim unsurlarÕndan yararlanÕl-maktadÕr. TarÕmsal üretim iúlemlerinin bilgi esaslÕ olarak yapÕlabilmesi için, verilerin ve bilgilerin toplanmasÕ, analiz edilmesi, uygulanmasÕ ve kullanÕcÕlara da÷ÕtÕlmasÕ farklÕ teknolojik araçlarÕn kullanÕmÕnÕ gerektirmektedir. Son yÕllarda yapÕlan çalÕúmalar, ürün verimini arttÕrmak amacÕ ile toprak ve bitki özelliklerindeki yersel de÷iúkenliklerin saptanmasÕ üzerinde yo÷unlaúmÕútÕr. Bu kapsamda, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi TarÕm MakinalarÕ Bölümü' nde yapÕlan hassas tarÕm çalÕúmalarÕ derlenmiútir.
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Feb 1, 2006
Due to the individual volumes of fluted wheel metering systems each holding more than one seed, s... more Due to the individual volumes of fluted wheel metering systems each holding more than one seed, seed drills provide random seed distribution. A prerequisite for the improvement of seed spacing is the fast and reliable evaluation of distribution accuracy in laboratory tests.A high-speed camera system for evaluating seed spacing uniformity and velocity of fall of seeds is described. The performance of the high-speed camera system in terms of seed spacing evaluation was compared with a sticky belt test stand, used as a reference. Identical seed patterns were evaluated applying both methods simultaneously using wheat and soybean seeds. The speed of the metering rollers of the seed drill was set at 10, 20, 30 and 40rpm and that of the seed drill at a simulated travelling speed of 1m/s.In general, the high-speed camera system worked well in obtaining the seed spacing and velocity of fall of seeds. In all the tests with the wheat and soybean seeds, the high-speed camera system did not miss any seed.The sowing uniformity of the seed drill as investigated was affected by the speed of the metering rollers. Coefficient of variation of seed spacing, velocity of fall and coefficient of variation of velocity of fall of seeds decreased as the speed of the metering rollers increased.
This research was carried out to determine the seed distribution pattern of coulters (shoe, hoe, ... more This research was carried out to determine the seed distribution pattern of coulters (shoe, hoe, single and double disc) with reference to the precision sowing technique. Maize (Zea mays L.) and watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seeds were used for experiments. The effect of penetration resistance of soil on seed distribution pattern of coulter was also determined. The best coulter was the shoe type coulter according to vertical and horizontal seed distribution pattern. The variation of seed distribution in vertical and horizontal plane decreased with increase of penetration resistance of soil.
Dirvos drėgnumas ir sėklos guoliavietės paruošimas yra svarbūs veiksniai nulemiantys sėklų sudygi... more Dirvos drėgnumas ir sėklos guoliavietės paruošimas yra svarbūs veiksniai nulemiantys sėklų sudygimą ir daigų augimą. Daugiausia tai priklauso nuo aplinkos sąlygų, bet tam turi įtakos ir žemės dirbimo būdas. Skirtingų žemės dirbimo būdų lauko eksperimentai buvo atlikti 2009 m. Aleksandro Stulginskio universiteto bandymų stotyje. Eksperimento variantai: 1) tiesioginė sėja; 2) seklus arimas (10 cm); 3) gilus arimas (20 cm). Buvo auginami vasariniai miežiai (Hordeum vulgare L.) ‘Simba’, dirvožemis – drenuotas karbonatingas giliau glėjiškas ištplaužemis (Calc(ar)i- Endohypogleyic Luvisol (Drainic). Tyrimų tikslas – nustatyti žemės dirbimo būdo įtaką sėklos guoliavietės parametrams bei pasėlio tankumui. Buvo nustatyta, kad didžiausiais dirvos paviršiaus nelygumas (31,8 mm) buvo taikant gilųjį arimą iš rudens, tačiau sėklos guoliavietės nelygumas buvo mažiausiais (15,2 mm). Tiesioginės sėjos gylis buvo 15,6 mm, o artame dirvožemyje – 51,7–57,4 mm. Giliai artame (20 cm) dirvožemyje net 88,4 % sėklų buvo pasėta per giliai, o taikant tiesioginę sėją – 57,8 % per sekliai. Tiksliausiai sėklos buvo pasėtos ariant sekliai – 43,8 % sėklų buvo sėjos gylyje. Nežiūrint to, kad esant sausiems orams, tiesioginės sėjos laukeliuose vasariniai miežiai sudygo greičiau, vėliau buvo nustatyta, kad pasėlis esmingai retesnis (180 vnt. m2) nei artame dirvožemyje. Arimo gylis neturėjo esminės įtakos pasėlio tankumui, artame dirvožemyje augalų buvo 431–445 vnt. m2The humidity of the soil and the quality of seedbed preparation is an important factor influencing crop density and early establishment. It largely depends on weather conditions, but partly it can be controlled by soil management system. Field experiments of different soil tillage methods were carried out at Experimental Station of Aleksandras Stulginskis University in 2009. Treatments involved: 1) direct drilling, 2) shallow ploughing (10 cm depth), 3) deep ploughing (20 cm depth). In the experiment spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety ‘Simba’ was cultivated. The soil of experimental site – Calc(ar)i- Endohypogleyic Luvisol (Drainic). The aim of the research was to estimate the influence of soil management system on seedbed parameters and crop density. It was estimated, that the highest roughness of the soil surface (31.8 mm) was, when the soil was ploughed at 20 cm depth, but contrarily the seedbed roughness was the lowest (15.2 mm). Estimated direct drilling depth was 15.6 mm and in ploughed soil it was 51.7–57.4 mm. In ploughed soil at 20 cm depth the seeds were sown too deep – 88.4 % of them were below sowing depth. When direct drilling was used – too shallow – 57.8 % of seeds were above sowing depth. The highest accuracy was estimated in shallow ploughed soil – 43.8 % of the seeds were at sowing depth. Nevertheless in the dry weather conditions spring barley germinated faster when direct drilling was used, later on, experimental results showed, that spring barley crop density was significantly thinner (180 plants per m2) compared to deep or shallow ploughing, whereas depth of the ploughing did not influence thickness of crop stand: it was 431–445 plants per m2Vytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij
Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi-journal of Agricultural Sciences, Nov 14, 2012
Bu araştırmada, kuyruk milinden hareketli budama artığı parçalama makinasının temel işletmecilik ... more Bu araştırmada, kuyruk milinden hareketli budama artığı parçalama makinasının temel işletmecilik verilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada bağ, nar, portakal ve avokado olmak üzere dört farklı ürüne ait budama artığında ve üç farklı besleme yoğunluğunda çalışılmıştır. Makinanın güç ve enerji gereksinimleri, parçalanan materyallerin ortalama geometrik çapları belirlenmiş ve makinaya ait gider hesapları yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, besleme yoğunluğu artışının tüm ürünlerde toplam güç gereksinimi değerlerini artırdığı belirlenmiştir. En yüksek besleme yoğunluklarındaki toplam güç gereksinimi değerleri, portakal, avokado, bağ ve nar artıkları için sırasıyla 28.15, 19.05, 16.82 ve 15.66 kW olarak hesaplanmıştır. Birim alan başına düşen enerji gereksinimi değerleri besleme yoğunluğuyla artış göstermiştir. Parçalanan birim kütle başına düşen enerji gereksinimi değerleri, bağ ve narda besleme yoğunluğu artışına bağlı olarak azalmıştır. Bu değerler bağda 5.98, 4.39 ve 3.90 kWh t-1 ve narda 5.95, 4.54 ve 3.82 kWh t-1 değerlerinde gerçekleşmiştir. Portakal ve avokado budama artıklarında parçalanan birim kütle başına düşen enerji gereksinimi değerleri besleme yoğunluğu artışına bağlı olarak önce azalmış, ancak en yüksek yoğunluk değerlerinde artış göstermiştir. Bu değerler portakalda 8.11, 6.48 ve 8.61 kWh t-1 , avokadoda ise 8.48, 5.53 ve 7.09 kWh t-1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Parçalanmış budama artıklarının ortalama geometrik çap değerleri besleme yoğunluğuna bağlı olarak bağda 9.35-9.96 mm, narda 10.41-11.04 mm, portakalda 12.57-13.76 mm ve avokadoda 11.44-13.09 mm arasında değişmiştir. Makinaya ait sabit gider değeri 1114 TL yıl-1 , değişken gider toplamı ise 28.0 TL h-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır.
Bu arastirma ikinci urun misirin (Zea mays L.) dogrudan ekiminde farkli gomucu ayak (capa, tek di... more Bu arastirma ikinci urun misirin (Zea mays L.) dogrudan ekiminde farkli gomucu ayak (capa, tek disk ve cift disk) ve derinlik ayar sistemlerinin (arka, on ve yan tekerlekler) tarla filiz cikis orani ve filiz cikis suresine etkisini belirlemek icin yapilmistir. Filiz cikis suresini belirlemek icin ortalama cikis suresi (OCS) ve cikis orani indeksi (COI) degerleri hesaplanmistir. Denemeler iki farkli tarlada tekrarlanmistir. Arastirma sonunda en yuksek tarla filiz cikis orani cift diskli gomucu ayakta elde edilmistir. En dusuk OCS ve en yuksek COI degerleri yine cift diskli gomucu ayak kullanilan denemelerde elde edilirken, capa gomucu ayak kullanimi OCS’yi artirmis ve dolayisiyla COI’yi azaltmistir. Arastirma sonuclarina gore ikinci urun misirin dogrudan ekiminde, daha yuksek tarla filiz cikis orani ve daha dusuk filiz cikis suresi icin cift diskli gomucu ayak ve yan tekerlek kullanilmalisi onerilmektedir
A carrot seeder that utilizes a cylindrical component serving as both hopper/metering device to d... more A carrot seeder that utilizes a cylindrical component serving as both hopper/metering device to deposit seeds precisely into planting beds/hills at a uniform interval along a straight row over a plant bed was developed in this study. The seeder was evaluated at different operating speeds (89, 70, 61, 51, 48, 38, and 34 cm s −1) relative to mean number of seeds planted in each hill, hill center, scattering distance ratio, hill spacing and missed hills. The seeder was able to deposit seeds in each hill ranging from 2.8 to 4.0 at all speeds. The mean hill center and missed hills suggested that the seeder is best operated at speed under 70 cm s −1 with the respective values ranging from 0.9 to 1.6 cm and 0-5.5%. This indicates that number of the seeds dropped per hill was very uniform, which is a good indicator of the seeding performance. The hill center and missed hills at 89 cm s −1 were 3.08 cm and 16.67% respectively were significantly higher than at lower speeds. Other operating performances such as the mean number of seeds deposited in each hill and the distance between hills did not appear to vary with the planting speed. The scattering distance ratios of operating speeds from 34 to 61 cm s −1 were less than 30% and therefore acceptable for hill dropping of carrot seeds.
Bu araştırma farklı gömücü ayakların (balta, çapa, tek diskli ve çift diskli) toprak nemine etkis... more Bu araştırma farklı gömücü ayakların (balta, çapa, tek diskli ve çift diskli) toprak nemine etkisini belirlemek için yapılmıştır. Denemeler iki farklı tarlada ve üç farklı toprak penetrasyon direncinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ekimden sonraki 8 gün boyunca çiziden O (toprak yüzeyi), 5, 10 ve 15 cm toprak derinliklerinden alınan toprak örneklerinden toprak nemi değişimi belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre çapa gömücü ayak ile yapılan denemelerde, ekimden sonraki birinci günde tohum bölgesinde diğer gömücü ayaklara oranla daha yüksek toprak nemi sağlanmasına karşın, toprak nemindeki azalma daha hızlı oluşmuştur. Ölçümlerin yapıldığı 8 gün sonunda en düşük toprak nemi kaybının balta gömücü ayak kullanılarak yapılan denemelerde oluştuğu saptanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekim makinası, gömücü ayak, toprak nemi.
Seed placement uniformity and failure to establish a uniform plant stand are critical problems as... more Seed placement uniformity and failure to establish a uniform plant stand are critical problems associated with no-tillage production of maize (Zea mays L.) following wheat (Triticum aestivum). The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different downforces (680, 880, 1150 and 1400 N) on performance of disc furrow openers and determine the optimum downforce for modified precision seeder equipped with single or double disc-type openers. The study was conducted in two different field conditions (field I and field II). The soil of field I and II were clay-loam and loamy, respectively. Seed spacing uniformity, sowing depth uniformity, mean emergence time and percentage of emergence were determined. Sowing depth and seed spacing uniformity, mean emergence time and percentage of emergence of both furrow openers were increased as a result of increasing downforce for both fields. The downforce of modified conventional precision seeder should be greater than 880 N for more p...
Bu arastirma gomucu ayaklarin (balta, capa, tek diskli ve cift diskli) cizi kesit alani, toprak k... more Bu arastirma gomucu ayaklarin (balta, capa, tek diskli ve cift diskli) cizi kesit alani, toprak kabarmasi ve orseleme katsayisina olan etkilerini belirlemek icin yapilmistir. Cizi kesit alani, tohumun toprak icerisindeki sicrama ve suruklenmesi ile olusacak yer degistirmesi, toprak kabarmasi ve orseleme katsayisi ise toprak nem kaybina yaptigi etki nedeniyle ekim teknigi acisindan onemli kriterlerdir. Arastirma sonuclarina gore gomucu ayaklar arasinda en dusuk cizi kesit alani ve toprak kabarmasi balta gomucu ayak, en yuksek cizi kesit alani, toprak kabarmasi ve orseleme katsayisi ise capa gomucu ayak ile yapilan denemelerde elde edilmistir
This research was conducted to evaluate the performance of disc, carrousel and dibble-type transp... more This research was conducted to evaluate the performance of disc, carrousel and dibble-type transplanters for potted tomato and watermelon seedlings in field conditions. Intra row distance, transplantation depth, the gripping force of seedlings to the soil, vertical position, damage of seedling and seedling survival rate were determined to evaluate performance of transplanters. The disc and carrousel-type transplanters place the seedlings into furrow and the dibble-type transplanter places the seedlings into the holes. According to field experiment results, distribution uniformity of intra row distance of dibble and carrousel-type transplanters were very well with the coefficient of variations between 3.52% and 5.55%. The highest transplantation depth was obtained when the carrouseltype transplanter was used. The disc and carrousel-type transplanters placed the seedlings into furrow, increasing the gripping force between seedlings and soil. The angle between the seedlings and vertical plane was under the 30° for all transplanters used. Only the disc-type transplanter damaged seedlings over 3%. The survival rate of seedlings for all transplanters were higher than 90% and this rate is acceptable for transplanting vegetable seedlings.
Seed coating, or pelleting, is a technology used to improve seed germination and provide more uni... more Seed coating, or pelleting, is a technology used to improve seed germination and provide more uniform stands and higher yields. In recent years, the use of coated or pelleted seed has increased in vegetable cultivation. Information on sowing of coated, or pelleted seed, with planters are needed. This research was carried out to determine the performance of a precision vacuum planter designed for large seed for sowing pelleted and bare onion (Allium cepa L.) seed. A laboratory experiment was performed to evaluate seed distribution uniformity for forward speeds of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m s-1. For the laboratory test using a sticky belt test setup, pelleting of onion seed generally increased seed distribution uniformity of the planter. Optimum forward speed was 1.5 m s-1 for pelleted and 1.0 m s-1 for bare seed. The planter was operated at the forward speed of 1.5 m s-1 for pelleted and 1.0 m s-1 for bare seed for field trials. Pelleting of onion seed decreased percentage emergence from 73.6 to 62.5% for field conditions. Percentage emergence of pelleted seed in the field decreased more than bare seed, but it was considered acceptable for precision sowing with planter as indicated percentage emergence being over 60%.
In this research, three depth-control components were evaluated with maize and watermelon seeds i... more In this research, three depth-control components were evaluated with maize and watermelon seeds in two different field conditions. Runner and double-disc openers were used with each depth-control. The vertical and horizontal distribution of seeds in the soil and percentage of emerged seedlings were determined to evaluate performance of depth-control components. The horizontal distribution of seeds was described by using the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of seed spacings. The vertical distribution of seeds was described by using the distribution area of seeds in addition to the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of seeding depths. Mean seed spacing of maize and watermelon seeding was not affected by depth-control component but mean seeding depth was affected. The minimum coefficient of variation of seeding depth and distribution areas of seeds were obtained with the side gauge wheel. The best choice for depth-control is side gauge wheel according to uniformity of vertical distribution of seeds and percent emergence. The poorest choice for depth-control is the rear presswheel which malfunctioned by sinking into loosened soil and produced deeper and the most variable seeding depths.
Received 19 March 2012 Received in revised form 02 July 2012 Accepted 09 July 2012 GPS (Global Po... more Received 19 March 2012 Received in revised form 02 July 2012 Accepted 09 July 2012 GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers are one of the main elements for Precision Agriculture applications. The level of desired accuracy in applications varies greatly from application to application. Commercially available GPS receivers provide accuracy anywhere from1 meter to 3 meters. This accuracy range can be up to a centimeter with corrective signals such as real time kinematic or CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station) network. The objective of this study was to compare the linear accuracy of single (Garmin Etrex Legend) and dual – frequency (Magellan ProMark 500) GPS receivers. The receivers were placed about 0.2 m apart from each other on top of an agricultural tractor. The tractor was steered at different speeds as a straight line to collect coordinate data. To compare receivers, the collected data were separately mapped for each receiver using the ARCGIS 9.3 software. So, standard deviations, standard errors of cross track error (XTE) and horizontal accuracy (DRMS) values of straight lines for each receiver were analyzed. Also, we investigated the effects of different speeds to horizontal accuracy. In conclusion, the results indicated that the Magellan Promark 500 yields more horizontal accuracy than the Garmin Etrex Legand. Also, different speeds did not have significant influence on the horizontal accuracy.
Sėklų įterpimo tolygumas ir netinkamas pasėlio formavimas yra pagrindinės problemos sėjant kukurū... more Sėklų įterpimo tolygumas ir netinkamas pasėlio formavimas yra pagrindinės problemos sėjant kukurūzus (Zea mays L.) į kviečių (Triticum aestivum) ražieną.Tyrimų tikslas - nustatyti skirtingų vertikalių spaudimo jėgų (680, 880, 115C 1400 N) įtaką diskinių noragėlių darbui bei pagrįsti optimalų jos dydį patobulir sėjamajai su viendiskiais ir dvidiskiais noragėliais. Tyrimai atlikti dvejose skirtir sunkumo dirvose (dirva I ir dirva II). I dirva buvo priemolis, II - molis. Tyrimais nustatyta sėklų paskleidimo tolygumas, sėklų įterpimo tolygum vidutinis sėklų sudygimo laikas ir sėklų sudygimas. Didinant noragėlius veikian vertikalią spaudimo jėgą, abiejose dirvose nustatytas sėjos gylio ir sėl paskleidimo tolygumo bei vidutinio sėklų sudygimo laiko ir sėklų sudygii gerėjimas. Viendiskiais ir dvidiskiais noragėliais tiesiogiai sėjant priemolio molio dirvose geresni sėjos kokybės rodikliai gaunami, kai vertikali spaudimo jė didesnė negu 880 NSeed placement uniformity and failure to establis...
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
TarÕm sektörü, geliúmekte olan ülkelerin ekonomilerini do÷rudan ya da dolaylÕ olarak iyileútirmed... more TarÕm sektörü, geliúmekte olan ülkelerin ekonomilerini do÷rudan ya da dolaylÕ olarak iyileútirmede önemli bir rol oynamaktadÕr. Sürdürülebilir ve rekabetçi tarÕmsal üretimin yapÕlabilmesi, biliúim teknolojilerinin kullanÕmÕnÕ gerektirmektedir. Sürdürülebilir tarÕmÕn pratikte uygulama alanÕ ise hassas tarÕm teknolojisidir. Hassas tarÕmÕn hedefi, çevreye verilen olumsuz etkileri ortadan kaldÕrarak girdilerin azaltÕlmasÕyla yüksek ekonomik kazançlÕ tarÕmsal faaliyetlerin sürdürülmesini sa÷lamaktÕr. Bu hedeflere ulaúmak için ise bilgi, teknoloji ve yönetim unsurlarÕndan yararlanÕl-maktadÕr. TarÕmsal üretim iúlemlerinin bilgi esaslÕ olarak yapÕlabilmesi için, verilerin ve bilgilerin toplanmasÕ, analiz edilmesi, uygulanmasÕ ve kullanÕcÕlara da÷ÕtÕlmasÕ farklÕ teknolojik araçlarÕn kullanÕmÕnÕ gerektirmektedir. Son yÕllarda yapÕlan çalÕúmalar, ürün verimini arttÕrmak amacÕ ile toprak ve bitki özelliklerindeki yersel de÷iúkenliklerin saptanmasÕ üzerinde yo÷unlaúmÕútÕr. Bu kapsamda, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi TarÕm MakinalarÕ Bölümü' nde yapÕlan hassas tarÕm çalÕúmalarÕ derlenmiútir.
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Feb 1, 2006
Due to the individual volumes of fluted wheel metering systems each holding more than one seed, s... more Due to the individual volumes of fluted wheel metering systems each holding more than one seed, seed drills provide random seed distribution. A prerequisite for the improvement of seed spacing is the fast and reliable evaluation of distribution accuracy in laboratory tests.A high-speed camera system for evaluating seed spacing uniformity and velocity of fall of seeds is described. The performance of the high-speed camera system in terms of seed spacing evaluation was compared with a sticky belt test stand, used as a reference. Identical seed patterns were evaluated applying both methods simultaneously using wheat and soybean seeds. The speed of the metering rollers of the seed drill was set at 10, 20, 30 and 40rpm and that of the seed drill at a simulated travelling speed of 1m/s.In general, the high-speed camera system worked well in obtaining the seed spacing and velocity of fall of seeds. In all the tests with the wheat and soybean seeds, the high-speed camera system did not miss any seed.The sowing uniformity of the seed drill as investigated was affected by the speed of the metering rollers. Coefficient of variation of seed spacing, velocity of fall and coefficient of variation of velocity of fall of seeds decreased as the speed of the metering rollers increased.
This research was carried out to determine the seed distribution pattern of coulters (shoe, hoe, ... more This research was carried out to determine the seed distribution pattern of coulters (shoe, hoe, single and double disc) with reference to the precision sowing technique. Maize (Zea mays L.) and watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seeds were used for experiments. The effect of penetration resistance of soil on seed distribution pattern of coulter was also determined. The best coulter was the shoe type coulter according to vertical and horizontal seed distribution pattern. The variation of seed distribution in vertical and horizontal plane decreased with increase of penetration resistance of soil.
Dirvos drėgnumas ir sėklos guoliavietės paruošimas yra svarbūs veiksniai nulemiantys sėklų sudygi... more Dirvos drėgnumas ir sėklos guoliavietės paruošimas yra svarbūs veiksniai nulemiantys sėklų sudygimą ir daigų augimą. Daugiausia tai priklauso nuo aplinkos sąlygų, bet tam turi įtakos ir žemės dirbimo būdas. Skirtingų žemės dirbimo būdų lauko eksperimentai buvo atlikti 2009 m. Aleksandro Stulginskio universiteto bandymų stotyje. Eksperimento variantai: 1) tiesioginė sėja; 2) seklus arimas (10 cm); 3) gilus arimas (20 cm). Buvo auginami vasariniai miežiai (Hordeum vulgare L.) ‘Simba’, dirvožemis – drenuotas karbonatingas giliau glėjiškas ištplaužemis (Calc(ar)i- Endohypogleyic Luvisol (Drainic). Tyrimų tikslas – nustatyti žemės dirbimo būdo įtaką sėklos guoliavietės parametrams bei pasėlio tankumui. Buvo nustatyta, kad didžiausiais dirvos paviršiaus nelygumas (31,8 mm) buvo taikant gilųjį arimą iš rudens, tačiau sėklos guoliavietės nelygumas buvo mažiausiais (15,2 mm). Tiesioginės sėjos gylis buvo 15,6 mm, o artame dirvožemyje – 51,7–57,4 mm. Giliai artame (20 cm) dirvožemyje net 88,4 % sėklų buvo pasėta per giliai, o taikant tiesioginę sėją – 57,8 % per sekliai. Tiksliausiai sėklos buvo pasėtos ariant sekliai – 43,8 % sėklų buvo sėjos gylyje. Nežiūrint to, kad esant sausiems orams, tiesioginės sėjos laukeliuose vasariniai miežiai sudygo greičiau, vėliau buvo nustatyta, kad pasėlis esmingai retesnis (180 vnt. m2) nei artame dirvožemyje. Arimo gylis neturėjo esminės įtakos pasėlio tankumui, artame dirvožemyje augalų buvo 431–445 vnt. m2The humidity of the soil and the quality of seedbed preparation is an important factor influencing crop density and early establishment. It largely depends on weather conditions, but partly it can be controlled by soil management system. Field experiments of different soil tillage methods were carried out at Experimental Station of Aleksandras Stulginskis University in 2009. Treatments involved: 1) direct drilling, 2) shallow ploughing (10 cm depth), 3) deep ploughing (20 cm depth). In the experiment spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety ‘Simba’ was cultivated. The soil of experimental site – Calc(ar)i- Endohypogleyic Luvisol (Drainic). The aim of the research was to estimate the influence of soil management system on seedbed parameters and crop density. It was estimated, that the highest roughness of the soil surface (31.8 mm) was, when the soil was ploughed at 20 cm depth, but contrarily the seedbed roughness was the lowest (15.2 mm). Estimated direct drilling depth was 15.6 mm and in ploughed soil it was 51.7–57.4 mm. In ploughed soil at 20 cm depth the seeds were sown too deep – 88.4 % of them were below sowing depth. When direct drilling was used – too shallow – 57.8 % of seeds were above sowing depth. The highest accuracy was estimated in shallow ploughed soil – 43.8 % of the seeds were at sowing depth. Nevertheless in the dry weather conditions spring barley germinated faster when direct drilling was used, later on, experimental results showed, that spring barley crop density was significantly thinner (180 plants per m2) compared to deep or shallow ploughing, whereas depth of the ploughing did not influence thickness of crop stand: it was 431–445 plants per m2Vytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij
Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi-journal of Agricultural Sciences, Nov 14, 2012
Bu araştırmada, kuyruk milinden hareketli budama artığı parçalama makinasının temel işletmecilik ... more Bu araştırmada, kuyruk milinden hareketli budama artığı parçalama makinasının temel işletmecilik verilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada bağ, nar, portakal ve avokado olmak üzere dört farklı ürüne ait budama artığında ve üç farklı besleme yoğunluğunda çalışılmıştır. Makinanın güç ve enerji gereksinimleri, parçalanan materyallerin ortalama geometrik çapları belirlenmiş ve makinaya ait gider hesapları yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, besleme yoğunluğu artışının tüm ürünlerde toplam güç gereksinimi değerlerini artırdığı belirlenmiştir. En yüksek besleme yoğunluklarındaki toplam güç gereksinimi değerleri, portakal, avokado, bağ ve nar artıkları için sırasıyla 28.15, 19.05, 16.82 ve 15.66 kW olarak hesaplanmıştır. Birim alan başına düşen enerji gereksinimi değerleri besleme yoğunluğuyla artış göstermiştir. Parçalanan birim kütle başına düşen enerji gereksinimi değerleri, bağ ve narda besleme yoğunluğu artışına bağlı olarak azalmıştır. Bu değerler bağda 5.98, 4.39 ve 3.90 kWh t-1 ve narda 5.95, 4.54 ve 3.82 kWh t-1 değerlerinde gerçekleşmiştir. Portakal ve avokado budama artıklarında parçalanan birim kütle başına düşen enerji gereksinimi değerleri besleme yoğunluğu artışına bağlı olarak önce azalmış, ancak en yüksek yoğunluk değerlerinde artış göstermiştir. Bu değerler portakalda 8.11, 6.48 ve 8.61 kWh t-1 , avokadoda ise 8.48, 5.53 ve 7.09 kWh t-1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Parçalanmış budama artıklarının ortalama geometrik çap değerleri besleme yoğunluğuna bağlı olarak bağda 9.35-9.96 mm, narda 10.41-11.04 mm, portakalda 12.57-13.76 mm ve avokadoda 11.44-13.09 mm arasında değişmiştir. Makinaya ait sabit gider değeri 1114 TL yıl-1 , değişken gider toplamı ise 28.0 TL h-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır.
Bu arastirma ikinci urun misirin (Zea mays L.) dogrudan ekiminde farkli gomucu ayak (capa, tek di... more Bu arastirma ikinci urun misirin (Zea mays L.) dogrudan ekiminde farkli gomucu ayak (capa, tek disk ve cift disk) ve derinlik ayar sistemlerinin (arka, on ve yan tekerlekler) tarla filiz cikis orani ve filiz cikis suresine etkisini belirlemek icin yapilmistir. Filiz cikis suresini belirlemek icin ortalama cikis suresi (OCS) ve cikis orani indeksi (COI) degerleri hesaplanmistir. Denemeler iki farkli tarlada tekrarlanmistir. Arastirma sonunda en yuksek tarla filiz cikis orani cift diskli gomucu ayakta elde edilmistir. En dusuk OCS ve en yuksek COI degerleri yine cift diskli gomucu ayak kullanilan denemelerde elde edilirken, capa gomucu ayak kullanimi OCS’yi artirmis ve dolayisiyla COI’yi azaltmistir. Arastirma sonuclarina gore ikinci urun misirin dogrudan ekiminde, daha yuksek tarla filiz cikis orani ve daha dusuk filiz cikis suresi icin cift diskli gomucu ayak ve yan tekerlek kullanilmalisi onerilmektedir
A carrot seeder that utilizes a cylindrical component serving as both hopper/metering device to d... more A carrot seeder that utilizes a cylindrical component serving as both hopper/metering device to deposit seeds precisely into planting beds/hills at a uniform interval along a straight row over a plant bed was developed in this study. The seeder was evaluated at different operating speeds (89, 70, 61, 51, 48, 38, and 34 cm s −1) relative to mean number of seeds planted in each hill, hill center, scattering distance ratio, hill spacing and missed hills. The seeder was able to deposit seeds in each hill ranging from 2.8 to 4.0 at all speeds. The mean hill center and missed hills suggested that the seeder is best operated at speed under 70 cm s −1 with the respective values ranging from 0.9 to 1.6 cm and 0-5.5%. This indicates that number of the seeds dropped per hill was very uniform, which is a good indicator of the seeding performance. The hill center and missed hills at 89 cm s −1 were 3.08 cm and 16.67% respectively were significantly higher than at lower speeds. Other operating performances such as the mean number of seeds deposited in each hill and the distance between hills did not appear to vary with the planting speed. The scattering distance ratios of operating speeds from 34 to 61 cm s −1 were less than 30% and therefore acceptable for hill dropping of carrot seeds.
Bu araştırma farklı gömücü ayakların (balta, çapa, tek diskli ve çift diskli) toprak nemine etkis... more Bu araştırma farklı gömücü ayakların (balta, çapa, tek diskli ve çift diskli) toprak nemine etkisini belirlemek için yapılmıştır. Denemeler iki farklı tarlada ve üç farklı toprak penetrasyon direncinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ekimden sonraki 8 gün boyunca çiziden O (toprak yüzeyi), 5, 10 ve 15 cm toprak derinliklerinden alınan toprak örneklerinden toprak nemi değişimi belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre çapa gömücü ayak ile yapılan denemelerde, ekimden sonraki birinci günde tohum bölgesinde diğer gömücü ayaklara oranla daha yüksek toprak nemi sağlanmasına karşın, toprak nemindeki azalma daha hızlı oluşmuştur. Ölçümlerin yapıldığı 8 gün sonunda en düşük toprak nemi kaybının balta gömücü ayak kullanılarak yapılan denemelerde oluştuğu saptanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekim makinası, gömücü ayak, toprak nemi.
Seed placement uniformity and failure to establish a uniform plant stand are critical problems as... more Seed placement uniformity and failure to establish a uniform plant stand are critical problems associated with no-tillage production of maize (Zea mays L.) following wheat (Triticum aestivum). The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different downforces (680, 880, 1150 and 1400 N) on performance of disc furrow openers and determine the optimum downforce for modified precision seeder equipped with single or double disc-type openers. The study was conducted in two different field conditions (field I and field II). The soil of field I and II were clay-loam and loamy, respectively. Seed spacing uniformity, sowing depth uniformity, mean emergence time and percentage of emergence were determined. Sowing depth and seed spacing uniformity, mean emergence time and percentage of emergence of both furrow openers were increased as a result of increasing downforce for both fields. The downforce of modified conventional precision seeder should be greater than 880 N for more p...
Bu arastirma gomucu ayaklarin (balta, capa, tek diskli ve cift diskli) cizi kesit alani, toprak k... more Bu arastirma gomucu ayaklarin (balta, capa, tek diskli ve cift diskli) cizi kesit alani, toprak kabarmasi ve orseleme katsayisina olan etkilerini belirlemek icin yapilmistir. Cizi kesit alani, tohumun toprak icerisindeki sicrama ve suruklenmesi ile olusacak yer degistirmesi, toprak kabarmasi ve orseleme katsayisi ise toprak nem kaybina yaptigi etki nedeniyle ekim teknigi acisindan onemli kriterlerdir. Arastirma sonuclarina gore gomucu ayaklar arasinda en dusuk cizi kesit alani ve toprak kabarmasi balta gomucu ayak, en yuksek cizi kesit alani, toprak kabarmasi ve orseleme katsayisi ise capa gomucu ayak ile yapilan denemelerde elde edilmistir
This research was conducted to evaluate the performance of disc, carrousel and dibble-type transp... more This research was conducted to evaluate the performance of disc, carrousel and dibble-type transplanters for potted tomato and watermelon seedlings in field conditions. Intra row distance, transplantation depth, the gripping force of seedlings to the soil, vertical position, damage of seedling and seedling survival rate were determined to evaluate performance of transplanters. The disc and carrousel-type transplanters place the seedlings into furrow and the dibble-type transplanter places the seedlings into the holes. According to field experiment results, distribution uniformity of intra row distance of dibble and carrousel-type transplanters were very well with the coefficient of variations between 3.52% and 5.55%. The highest transplantation depth was obtained when the carrouseltype transplanter was used. The disc and carrousel-type transplanters placed the seedlings into furrow, increasing the gripping force between seedlings and soil. The angle between the seedlings and vertical plane was under the 30° for all transplanters used. Only the disc-type transplanter damaged seedlings over 3%. The survival rate of seedlings for all transplanters were higher than 90% and this rate is acceptable for transplanting vegetable seedlings.
Seed coating, or pelleting, is a technology used to improve seed germination and provide more uni... more Seed coating, or pelleting, is a technology used to improve seed germination and provide more uniform stands and higher yields. In recent years, the use of coated or pelleted seed has increased in vegetable cultivation. Information on sowing of coated, or pelleted seed, with planters are needed. This research was carried out to determine the performance of a precision vacuum planter designed for large seed for sowing pelleted and bare onion (Allium cepa L.) seed. A laboratory experiment was performed to evaluate seed distribution uniformity for forward speeds of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m s-1. For the laboratory test using a sticky belt test setup, pelleting of onion seed generally increased seed distribution uniformity of the planter. Optimum forward speed was 1.5 m s-1 for pelleted and 1.0 m s-1 for bare seed. The planter was operated at the forward speed of 1.5 m s-1 for pelleted and 1.0 m s-1 for bare seed for field trials. Pelleting of onion seed decreased percentage emergence from 73.6 to 62.5% for field conditions. Percentage emergence of pelleted seed in the field decreased more than bare seed, but it was considered acceptable for precision sowing with planter as indicated percentage emergence being over 60%.
In this research, three depth-control components were evaluated with maize and watermelon seeds i... more In this research, three depth-control components were evaluated with maize and watermelon seeds in two different field conditions. Runner and double-disc openers were used with each depth-control. The vertical and horizontal distribution of seeds in the soil and percentage of emerged seedlings were determined to evaluate performance of depth-control components. The horizontal distribution of seeds was described by using the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of seed spacings. The vertical distribution of seeds was described by using the distribution area of seeds in addition to the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of seeding depths. Mean seed spacing of maize and watermelon seeding was not affected by depth-control component but mean seeding depth was affected. The minimum coefficient of variation of seeding depth and distribution areas of seeds were obtained with the side gauge wheel. The best choice for depth-control is side gauge wheel according to uniformity of vertical distribution of seeds and percent emergence. The poorest choice for depth-control is the rear presswheel which malfunctioned by sinking into loosened soil and produced deeper and the most variable seeding depths.
Received 19 March 2012 Received in revised form 02 July 2012 Accepted 09 July 2012 GPS (Global Po... more Received 19 March 2012 Received in revised form 02 July 2012 Accepted 09 July 2012 GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers are one of the main elements for Precision Agriculture applications. The level of desired accuracy in applications varies greatly from application to application. Commercially available GPS receivers provide accuracy anywhere from1 meter to 3 meters. This accuracy range can be up to a centimeter with corrective signals such as real time kinematic or CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station) network. The objective of this study was to compare the linear accuracy of single (Garmin Etrex Legend) and dual – frequency (Magellan ProMark 500) GPS receivers. The receivers were placed about 0.2 m apart from each other on top of an agricultural tractor. The tractor was steered at different speeds as a straight line to collect coordinate data. To compare receivers, the collected data were separately mapped for each receiver using the ARCGIS 9.3 software. So, standard deviations, standard errors of cross track error (XTE) and horizontal accuracy (DRMS) values of straight lines for each receiver were analyzed. Also, we investigated the effects of different speeds to horizontal accuracy. In conclusion, the results indicated that the Magellan Promark 500 yields more horizontal accuracy than the Garmin Etrex Legand. Also, different speeds did not have significant influence on the horizontal accuracy.
Sėklų įterpimo tolygumas ir netinkamas pasėlio formavimas yra pagrindinės problemos sėjant kukurū... more Sėklų įterpimo tolygumas ir netinkamas pasėlio formavimas yra pagrindinės problemos sėjant kukurūzus (Zea mays L.) į kviečių (Triticum aestivum) ražieną.Tyrimų tikslas - nustatyti skirtingų vertikalių spaudimo jėgų (680, 880, 115C 1400 N) įtaką diskinių noragėlių darbui bei pagrįsti optimalų jos dydį patobulir sėjamajai su viendiskiais ir dvidiskiais noragėliais. Tyrimai atlikti dvejose skirtir sunkumo dirvose (dirva I ir dirva II). I dirva buvo priemolis, II - molis. Tyrimais nustatyta sėklų paskleidimo tolygumas, sėklų įterpimo tolygum vidutinis sėklų sudygimo laikas ir sėklų sudygimas. Didinant noragėlius veikian vertikalią spaudimo jėgą, abiejose dirvose nustatytas sėjos gylio ir sėl paskleidimo tolygumo bei vidutinio sėklų sudygimo laiko ir sėklų sudygii gerėjimas. Viendiskiais ir dvidiskiais noragėliais tiesiogiai sėjant priemolio molio dirvose geresni sėjos kokybės rodikliai gaunami, kai vertikali spaudimo jė didesnė negu 880 NSeed placement uniformity and failure to establis...
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
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