PrePub by Dr.Santosh Kumar Swain
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a common complication of poorly controlled diabetes and often bec... more Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a common complication of poorly controlled diabetes and often become infected, termed diabetic foot infection. Despite using several multidisciplinary techniques, no significant cure is still achievable. So, it needs an alternative therapeutic approach to treat diabetic foot ulcers. So, it needs to search for alternative highly effective nontoxic drugs or polyhedral formulations from plants to treat DFUs. In this study, we reviewed possible plants and research pathways that can be used to formulate an effective and safe herbal formulation to treat DFUs.
Background: Premalignant oral cavity lesions are potentially malignant diseases that include oral... more Background: Premalignant oral cavity lesions are potentially malignant diseases that include oral leukoplakia, erythroleukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), and lichen planus. There are various etiological factors associated with premalignant lesions of the oral cavity. The most frequent etiological factors are tobacco use, consumption of alcohol, chewing of betel quid containing areca nut and solar rays. Objective: To study details of the premalignant lesions, including their incidence, etiological factors and management at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective observational study conducted between December 2018 to January 2021. There were 652 patients with oral cavity premalignant lesions enrolled in this study Result: There were 383 male and 275 females patients with a male to female ratio of 1.39:1. The majority of the patients with oral cavity premalignant lesions are in the age group 50 to 60 years. Out of 658 patients, 262 had oral leukoplakia, 149 had OSMF, 48 erythroplakia,52 oral candidiasis and 25 had oral erythroleukoplakia. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are important steps for managing the premalignant lesions of the oral cavity as late stags may progress into severe dysplasia and even carcinoma in situ and/or squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity.
Alternobaric vertigo (AV) is a type of barotrauma of the middle ear which occurs if the asymmetri... more Alternobaric vertigo (AV) is a type of barotrauma of the middle ear which occurs if the asymmetric middle ear pressure in both sides. If pressure differential exceeds a threshold, asymmetric stimulation of the labyrinth will occur, leading to vertigo, called as AV. The classical presentations is transient vertigo which appear sudden onset during the time of diving or flying, typically when ascends or when a Valsalva manoeuvre is performed. Other symptoms associated with AV are nausea, vomiting, disorientation and generalised malaise. If the descent or ascent is reversed immediately, vertigo suddenly disappears or may cause sudden spatial disorientation which may lead to catastrophic outcome. AV is often overlooked but this mishap should not be ignored as it may lead to fatal accident. The patient should be properly counselled for aetiology and nature of AV and its potential risks including aspiration and death. This review article focuses on the prevalence, etiopathology, clinical presentations and current management of the AV amongst underwater divers and aviators. This article will surely increase awareness amongst the clinicians and people those are practicing underwater diving or in aviation and help them to resolve this problem to a great extent.
Cancer is a disease of major concern grasping the entire globe. It is one of the diseases charact... more Cancer is a disease of major concern grasping the entire globe. It is one of the diseases characterized by high rates of incidence and mortality. Among all the cancer types, oral cancer has a high occurrence in countries like India, where people are more inclined towards the use of tobacco either for smoking or for chewing purpose. Nicotianatabacum being a hyperaccumulator plant can thus accumulate high amount of heavy metals in its parts, mostly leaves. The carcinogenicity of tobacco may be linked to the high concentrations of metals present in it. The presence of chromium in the trivalent or Cr(III) form in the leaves of the tobacco plant is ignored assuming it to be non-toxic. However, smoking or chewing tobacco can lead to the conversion of Cr(III) to the toxic Cr(VI) as hypothesized in the current review. The paper in its current form discusses the process of aggregation of chromium in the above-ground parts of the tobacco plant. The rhizospheric factors that promote the metal uptake by the plant are also discussed. The notion that Cr in tobacco is harmless has been argued upon. The paper proposes the role of Cr enriched tobacco in causing oral cancer and predicts the probable underlying mechanism. It emphasizes on the need to regulate rhizospheric factors, to prevent the accumulation of high concentration of the toxic heavy metal in the biomass of the tobacco plant.
COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease caused by a novel virus severe acute respiratory sy... more COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease caused by a novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 range from asymptomatic or flue such as symptoms to severe dyspnea or breathlessness. The combination of the symptoms such as anosmia, persistent cough, fever, fatigue, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and lack of appetite are commonly found in CVOID-19 patients. The symptomatology due to otorhinolaryngological manifestations is often by respiratory tract infections and predominantly found for consultation at otorhinolaryngology clinic. Otorhinolaryngological manifestations are usually associated with aerosol producing symptoms and so highly contagious in very short period. It is need to identify the patient with symptoms and rightly pinpoint to infect individuals. This review article focuses on the otorhinolaryngological manifestations and its implications in early transmission of the COVID-19 along with the preventions. This article will surely increase awareness among the frontliner clinicians and help them to protect themselves along with early suspicion of cases before spreading the diseases to community.
COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading infection caused by novel corona virus. It is a challenging to th... more COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading infection caused by novel corona virus. It is a challenging to the medical community in an unprecedented degree. Clinicians and health care workers are at added risk for infection during the procedure performing at the intensive critical care unit (ICU). Tracheostomy is a common surgical procedure performed at ICU for prolonged ventilation of the patient. Performing tracheostomy is currently a challenging for otolaryngologist at the ICU because of high chance of spread of the virus to the surrounding health care workers and also to the other patients. The location for this procedure in ICU should be well ventilated and the pressure in the room must be maintained negative or neutral. The health care personnel particularly Otolaryngologists have a central role for managing this situations where they are assessing the patients, preventing the contamination to other assisting staff and other patients. As there is progressive rise of the COVID-19 patients worldwide, it is surely expected that several patients may need intubation and mechanical ventilation. So, in this condition, patient my require tracheostomy for prolonged ventilation. Because of the very minimum literature available regarding tracheostomy in the COVID-19 pandemic, so this review article will surely increase awareness among health care workers and surgical team for prevention of the transmission of the infection from tracheostomy to medical staffs and other patients.
Introduction: Although operating microscope is used worldwide for stapes surgery, the use of endo... more Introduction: Although operating microscope is used worldwide for stapes surgery, the use of endoscopes would provide much benefit such as good panoramic view of middle ear and easy accessibility of the oval window area, stapes, and facial nerve. Objective: We aimed to analyze our experiences of endoscopic transcanal stapedotomy performed at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Eastern India. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was done at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology between March 2017 and April 2019. The patients were diagnosed as having otosclerosis with fulfilling the selection criteria. All underwent endoscopic transcanal stapedotomy. Results: Out of 52 patients those underwent endoscopic transcanal stapedotomy, there were 28 females and 24 males. The mean age was 32.40 years. The mean operation time was 35.43 min. The mean preoperative air–bone gap (ABG) was 34.84 dB, whereas the mean postoperative ABG was 9.81 dB. Tympanomeatal flap tear was seen in one case. One case showed chorda tympani injury and two patients presented with vertigo after surgery. No other complications were seen after endoscopic stapedotomy. Conclusion: The important advantages of endoscopic stapedotomy are good-quality visualization with identification of vital parts of the middle ear cleft, minimal handling to the chorda tympani nerve with almost no curettage of the scutum. The development of endoscopic ear surgery techniques promises the change the way we approach for stapes surgery. The wide field view of endoscope helps the surgeon to visualize better the middle ear recess, especially oval window niche and stapes.
p e d i a t r i a p o l s k a 9 2 (2 0 1 7) 5 1 3-5 1 7 a b s t r a c t Objective: This study is ... more p e d i a t r i a p o l s k a 9 2 (2 0 1 7) 5 1 3-5 1 7 a b s t r a c t Objective: This study is designed to find out the etiology, clinical presentations and management of tinnitus in children. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study and data collected from 104 children suffering with tinnitus during 2010 to 2016. The detail history taking and investigations were done to find out the etiology. The clinical presentation and severity were included in this study. Treatment depends on the tinnitus category and severity. The treatment options included counseling, tinnitus retraining therapy, counseling with medications and surgery. Results: Out of the 104 children, 68 were male and 36 were female with average age was 9.68 years. In 34 cases, no cause was identified and called idiopathic. The majority of tinnitus patients showed normal hearing. The origin of myoclonic tinnitus was from middle ear and palatal muscle. Seventy six patients (73.07%) presented mild tinnitus and treated with counseling alone. Twenty eight children with tinnitus needed more aggressive treatment. All the patients were followed up after 3 months of treatment and showed improvement in 92%. Conclusion: Proper medical history and audiological examination are helpful for finding etiology and management of tinnitus among children. Little is known for effective treatment in childhood tinnitus. In the present study, the etiology of tinnitus in children is somewhat different than those of adults. Establishing the diagnosis and implementing appropriate treatment leads to relieve troublesome tinnitus among children.
Objective: The study objective was to study successful graft uptake and hearing gain by using dif... more Objective: The study objective was to study successful graft uptake and hearing gain by using different graft materials in pediatric tympanoplasty. Materials and Methods: Patients younger than 16 years of age who had undergone tympanoplasty between January 2016 and February 2019 were included in this study. Temporalis fascia or perichondrium was used as the graft material in tympanoplasty. Patient details such as age, sex, side of operated ear, operation technique, audiological profile before and after surgery, and the status of postoperative graft were noted. An intact graft and air-bone gap (ABG) ≤25 dB were considered as successful outcome after postsurgical period. Preoperative audiogram and audiogram after 6 months of surgery were advised for comparison. Results: Thirty-six pediatric patients were included in our study. Temporalis fascia graft was used as the graft material in 22 patients and cartilage graft was used as the graft material in 14 patients. The successful graft uptake was 89% in the temporalis fascia group, whereas it was 96% in the cartilage group. In temporalis fascia group, ABG before surgery was 35.53 dB, ABG after surgery was 17.12 dB, and the postoperative gain was 18.41 dB. In the tragal cartilage group, preoperative ABG was 32.42 dB and postoperative ABG was 15.13 dB, with a postoperative gain of 17.29 dB. The comparison between the temporalis fascia and the tragal cartilage groups was statistically significant for successful graft uptake (P = 0.0119) and hearing outcome (P = 0.0484). Conclusion: Temporalis fascia gives better hearing outcome, whereas tragal cartilage gives better graft uptake in pediatric tympanoplasty.
Background: Ageing is associated with hearing loss. With an increasing old age population in Indi... more Background: Ageing is associated with hearing loss. With an increasing old age population in India, hearing loss in elderly population needs focussed attention. Aims: This review attempts to highlight the clinical concerns of age-related hearing loss (ARHL) or presbycusis, its prevention and management issues in the Indian scenario. Methods: Literature on the clinical and social aspects of ARHL among the elderly population was searched electronically through PubMed and individual study. Relevant articles were reviewed thoroughly and summarised. Results: National Sample Survey in India reported that over 62% and 56% of elderly in rural and urban areas respectively are suffering from ARHL. ARHL is a complex hearing disorder caused by several factors. Any significant impairment to the cochlear hair cells and auditory nerve can cause presbycusis, which is progressive in nature and irreversible. As some of the factors of ARHL are preventable, early detection and treatment slow down the process of deterioration. Awareness on ARHL issues can help to manage this public health burden. Conclusion: Research on ARHL in India is limited. There is a need for greater clinical assessment and treatment opportunities. Lack of awareness about it in the community suggests greater emphasis on public education.
Papers by Dr.Santosh Kumar Swain
Tinnitus is not a disease on its own; rather, it is a symptom that can stem from various underlyi... more Tinnitus is not a disease on its own; rather, it is a symptom that can stem from various underlying conditions. It is characterized as the perception of sound when there is no external source, and it is a prevalent otologic symptom that can be associated with both physical and psychological disorders, significantly impacting the quality of life. Research into the pathophysiology and treatment of tinnitus remains active. There is a growing need for short-term treatments that are minimally invasive yet offer long-lasting relief. Music therapy has emerged as a promising addition to the treatment options. It involves using specially modified music tailored to each patient's hearing profile to mask the tinnitus. In addition, music therapy promotes relaxation, creating a comfortable listening environment for patients. This review article discusses the epidemiology, etiology, impact of tinnitus on quality of life, therapeutic approach, music therapy, procedure of music therapy, and limitations of music therapy in clinical practice.
Various methods were used to find research articles on the Hybrid cochlear implant. Initially, an... more Various methods were used to find research articles on the Hybrid cochlear implant. Initially, an online search was performed across databases such as Scopus,
A common peripheral vestibular disorder called vestibular neuritis (VN) results in abrupt develop... more A common peripheral vestibular disorder called vestibular neuritis (VN) results in abrupt development of vertigo symptoms without any accompanying auditory symptoms, such as tinnitus, aural fullness, or hearing impairment. The precise cause of VN is yet unknown. The clinical history and test results serve as the foundation for the VN diagnostic criteria. Despite an unclear cause of VN, a thorough understanding of its clinical course and management has been established. Clinically, VN is characterized by a spinning sensation that lasts longer than 24 hours, the absence of cochlear symptoms, and other neurological symptoms. The diagnosis of VN is done by different tests which include a head impulse test, bithermal caloric test, and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests. The treatment of VN is based on different stages of this disease such as acute, subacute, and chronic. Antiemetics, vestibular suppressants, and intravenous hydration are some of the symptomatic treatments available. For those with chronic VN, vestibular rehabilitation is a highly useful tool in lowering feelings of lightheadedness and floating. The usefulness of antivertigo medications for VN is not well shown. The purpose of this review article was to explore the current management strategies of VN.
Headache and facial pain may occur by the pressure of two opposing mucosal linings of the nasal c... more Headache and facial pain may occur by the pressure of two opposing mucosal linings of the nasal cavity even in the absence of inflammatory disease. Anatomical variations such as deviated nasal septum (DNS), spur, concha bullosa, hypertrophied inferior turbinate, medialised middle turbinate and septal bullosa are important causes for contact headaches. DNS and spur are commonly found anatomical variations that result in rhinogenic contact headaches. However, S-shaped DNS causing persistent bifrontal headaches is rarely found in clinical practice. Diagnostic nasal endoscopy and computed tomography scans are important tools for the diagnosis of anatomical variations in the nasal cavity causing contact point headaches. Endoscopic resection of the contact point in the nasal cavity is the treatment of choice. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman presenting with a persisting bifrontal headache due to S-shaped DNS contacting with nasal mucosa. This unusual anatomical abnormality was treated by endoscopically assisted resection of the bilateral contact point and the patient was relieved from bifrontal headache.
The preauricular sinus (PAS) is a common congenital malformation seen in the pediatric age. The P... more The preauricular sinus (PAS) is a common congenital malformation seen in the pediatric age. The PAS is often located at the anterior margin of the ascending limb of the helix. Most of the patients with PAS are asymptomatic. If the PAS is infected, the patient presents with painful swelling and foul odor discharge from the pit. A sinus pit near to anterior margin of the ascending limb of the helix is highly suggestive of the diagnosis. Proper history taking and head-and-neck examination are mandatory in all cases of PAS to rule out any association of anomalies. A thorough otologic examination is needed to differentiate PAS and preauricular cysts from first branchial cleft anomalies. No treatment is needed in case of isolated and asymptomatic PAS. Treatment of the infected PAS is usually challenging and often patients present with acute inflammation or abscess formation. When the surgery is indicated, complete excision is needed to prevent recurrence. Failure to remove the tract of PAS completely will lead to recurrence and require more difficult revision surgery. This review article aims to discuss the details of the epidemiology, etiopathology, variants, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and current surgical treatment of the PAS.
Background: Multidrug resistance is becoming a global concern as the new generations of antimicro... more Background: Multidrug resistance is becoming a global concern as the new generations of antimicrobials are showing resistance to pathogens. Therefore, alternative treatment of multidrug resistance with natural products is very much necessary to combat this worldwide problem. Aim and Objective: This study involved the in-silico approach of finding the antimicrobial potent phytocompounds of the Coccinia grandis plant against the multidrug-resistant pathogens of head and neck infection. Materials and Methods: Staphylococcus aureus (OP889672), Klebsiella pneumoniae (OP889575), and Candida albicans (OR345133) were the isolated microorganisms from head and neck infections. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of these strains was performed through the Vitek 2 procedure. To perform the molecular docking analysis, ligands (phytocompounds) were retrieved from PubChem, and the 3D structure of target proteins was retrieved from the SWISS Model. Then to know the binding affinities of the phytocompounds of C. grandis molecular docking was performed with the target proteins. Results : The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the three strains revealed most of the antimicrobials are resistant to their respective pathogens. The molecular docking analysis found that γ-Sitosterol, Stigmasterol, and β-Amyrin, had the highest binding affinities with the target proteins followed by Lupeol. Conclusion: The phytocompounds of C. grandis have the potency to inhibit multidrug resistance pathogens of head and neck infection and could be utilized further as therapeutic agents. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
Nuclear protein in testis (NUT) midline carcinoma (NMC) is an uncommon and lethal cancer of squam... more Nuclear protein in testis (NUT) midline carcinoma (NMC) is an uncommon and lethal cancer of squamous cell lineage in the midline region of the body. NMC mostly affects the body's midline regions, including the thorax, head, and neck. However, a few additional locations, including the kidney and pancreas, are also affected, albeit rarely. Involvement of the head-and-neck area often poses a challenge for the management of this tumor because of its rapid spread to skull bases, brain, and other vital structures. It can affect patients with a wide range of ages including pediatric age group. NMCs are not classified on the basis of the tissue/site of origin as with most solid tumors but are rather considered genetically. Squamous cell carcinomas make up the majority of NMCs, and they can only be identified by molecular or immunohistochemical testing. Any nonsmoking individuals with poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma should be evaluated for NMC. Histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry using a highly specific antibody are frequently used to make the diagnosis of NMC. For patients with NMC, there are currently no standard-of-care therapy options available. However, there are not many cutting-edge therapies being researched that explicitly address the distinct tumorigenic pathway. The purpose of this review is to increase awareness of this underdiagnosed head-and-neck cancer and to provide awarness among clinicians for getting accurate diagnosis and an early start on treatment.
Role modeling by medical teachers in a medical school is helpful for the development of medical s... more Role modeling by medical teachers in a medical school is helpful for the development of medical students in their professional competencies, values, and attitudes. [1] A positive role model is defined by three essential traits: professional expertise, instructional abilities, and personal attributes. [1] In medical education, role modeling refers to the process where faculty members exhibit clinical skills, demonstrate and explain their expertise and thought processes, and display positive professional traits. [2] Role models are the individuals who show the ways young medical graduates inculcate professional values, attitudes, and behaviors. [3] Role modeling is a crucial aspect of medical school that pertains to professionalism and the development of students' professional identities. [3] A role model is someone "admired for their professional demeanor and behavior," playing a key role in teaching medical students both professional skills and roles. [4] It is unsurprising that medical students, interns, and resident trainees often harbor bullies, misogynists, and inadequate experienced teachers. [5] As a result, medical students may face distress, confusion, and anxiety and find themselves with internal struggle that detracts from the medical institute. [6] The absence of appropriate role models deprives medical students hampering the learning process in medical college. In an institute, the impact of negative emotions on students results in improper training that affects ultimately the society. Role modeling is a valuable yet underutilized educational resource that should be given greater emphasis in faculty development programs. [7] Methods of LIterature search The search included electronic databases such as PubMed, Embase, Education Research Complete, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search terms and medical subject headings employed were role models, role modeling, role modeled, medical education, teacher, and student. The development of the search strategy adhered to Preferred
Introduction: A common childhood disease known as otitis media with effusion (OME) is described a... more Introduction: A common childhood disease known as otitis media with effusion (OME) is described as the presence of fluids in the middle ear without any features of an acute ear infection. OME in the pediatric age group often leads to manifestations of hearing loss and speech delay. Methods: The search for recent research articles on managment of otitis media with effusion was done with databases scopus, pubMed, medline, and google scholar. This review article discusses the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, and current management of OME in children. Results: Nasal balloon auto-inflation appears to be a promising technique with some benefits in selected cases of OME. Insertion of grommets or ventilation tubes in pediatric patients with OME and hearing impairment is helpful in case of failed watchful waiting. Grommet insertion is usually effective in restoring hearing thresholds. Adenoidectomy can be performed in addition to grommet insertion in children of OME with adenoid hypertrophy. A combination of ventilation tubes and adenoidectomy is broadly helpful to normalize the hearing and increasing nasal patency. Early treatment of OME is helpful to improve the quality of life and social and educational performance. Neither medical treatment nor complementary or alternative treatment has been proven for giving effective treatment of OME. In children of OME with hearing impairment benefit through the effective restoration of hearing by insertion of ventilation tubes (grommets). Adenoidectomy is helpful in the case of persistent OME. Conclusion: The combination of ventilation tubes and adenoidectomy in children with OME is beneficial in terms of hearing, respiratory, and development of the children.
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PrePub by Dr.Santosh Kumar Swain
Papers by Dr.Santosh Kumar Swain