There are many ways to derive words, such as phonetical, morphological, word combination, the evo... more There are many ways to derive words, such as phonetical, morphological, word combination, the evolution of word groups into compound words, formation of compound words with the help of suffixes, changing of type and function, and abbreviations. The most active of these is undoubtedly the morphological way due to the structure of the Turkish language. Suffixes are classified as productive, less productive or dead in each period according to their frequency and are listed alphabetically or by frequency in our grammar studies. Apart from their frequency, there are various classifications of suffixes in terms of structure. They are basically defined as simple and compound suffixes. It cannot be determined precisely when compound suffixes were formed. It is generally thought that these occurred in the early and middle periods of the Turkish language history. However, in the context
of the continuity of the language, this situation is also an indication that the current time is not accepted as the process of the existence of the language. In contrast, the suffix combinations may also occur in the recent period within this continuity The study points out the existence of the +lIklI (+lIk+lI) suffix, which is detected in Tatar and Bashkir literary languages and used to express human qualities. Examples showing that the suffix +lIk forms new forms by combining with other suffixes have also been presented in different studies. This article aims to reveal a method for detecting a suffix combination comparatively from several aspects.
ÇÜTAD Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2024
The Enlightenment, which began in France in the 17th century, first affected Russia in the 18th c... more The Enlightenment, which began in France in the 17th century, first affected Russia in the 18th century and then Ottoman in the 19th century. The two mutual effects have determined the direction of the enlightenment movements of the Turks in Russia since the end of the 19th century. The child theme attracts attention, especially prose in all the enlightenment processes. The Works like J. J. Rousseau's Emile (1762) in France, D. İ. Fonvizin's Nedorosl "The Minor" (1782) in Russia, Namik Kemal's Zavalli Chocuk "The Poor Girl" (1873) in Ottoman, Rizaeddyn Fakhreddin's Esme ye ki Amel ve Ceza "Esme or Act and Punishment" (1903) and Mirjakip Duvlatuli's Baqytsiz Camal "Unfortunate Camal" (1910) at Turks in Russia had been written before and after of changings at hard time brought about by enlightenment movements. Rousseau should be the primary motivation for writing these Works. The child theme naturally shows up together with the theme of education. In fact, the fact that young people and children are given as the protagonists of events in the Jadidist propaganda points to this close interest. The examples in our classical literature also support this situation. The authors visualised the change in social structure with the children in their works. The child in the works in the context of modernisation essentially points to a social problem. The symbol of modernism and the future is the child. Of course this child is innocent. This symbol is also used today. Every innovation for the future is metaphorised with the child. However, it should not be forgotten that the child we see in the continuation of the first steps of modernism is the period of late childhood or is defined as a teenager. Since periods such as early childhood or infancy in early works are contrary to the nature of education and modernisation, a symbolism of these stages is not seen in the first works of modernism and its continuation. In the analysed works, it is possible to see features that go beyond symbolic qualities and are specific to a certain field. Another point that draws attention in the works of Fonvizin, Fakhredddin and Duvlatuli is the attraction to the family lineage. This is noticeable in these works in the Russian field. In "Nedorosl / The Minor", Sofya's mother is good, and as she is good, her daughter Sofya is also good. Similarly, Esma's mother Aisha Abıstay is good, and because she is good, her daughter Esma is also good. Of course, Cemile's mother, Sholpan, is portrayed as good, and accordingly, Cemile is also good. Mrs Prostakova is portrayed as bad by Fonvizin and her son Mitrofan is a bad character. Rousseau, Fonvizin, Namik Kemal, Rızaeddin Fakhreddin and Duvlatuli did not only focus on the theme of children in this period of renewal. At the same time, they try to reflect the desired change in language in their works.
Weddings in various cultures mark both a beginning and an end, similar to birth and death. This c... more Weddings in various cultures mark both a beginning and an end, similar to birth and death. This ceremony is a stage of life and has created unique practices and oral literary texts in every culture. Bashkirs also have bridal ballads called senglevs, that tell about the bride’s sadness at being separated from her family and are sung on the wedding day. These folk songs have been preserved in the archive of Bashkir State University and were compiled from four regions of Bashkortostan (Burzyanzky, Khaybullinsky, Kugarchinsky-Zianchurinsky-Baymaksky, and Salavatsky) between 1957-1969. Nine of the 18 bridal ballads had been compiled from the Salavatsky district. These bridal ballads have talk about the bride’s pain at leaving her family, longing for her childhood, and complaining to her father. This study explains the features of the Bashkir bridal ballads and shares etymological opinions regarding the word senglev. Basically, the article thematically studies the vocabulary of the bridal song lyrics and identified 15 themes: topography/geography/time, family, colors, animals, food, body, numbers, goods, clothes, abstract/concept, onomastics, plants, religion, society, metals/minerals, and home. The study also presents opinions, comments, and analyses regarding the words from these themes. The bride ballads are created and performed by women and reflect the world of Bashkir women in terms of vocabulary. The themes of geography/time, family, and animals occur more frequently than other themes, with the themes of minerals, foods, and religions occurring the least. The Bashkir bridal ballads consist of about 286 words, including some words and morphemes that are not found in dialectical dictionaries or monographies. Transcriptions and Turkish translations of the bridal texts are added at the end of the study.
ÖZ: 18.yy. sonrası Rus edebiyatında Batı edebiyatından eserler tercüme edilmiş ve Rus edebiyatı i... more ÖZ: 18.yy. sonrası Rus edebiyatında Batı edebiyatından eserler tercüme edilmiş ve Rus edebiyatı için edebî çeviri, dünya edebiyatına giden ilk adım olmuştur. 19.yy.da ise malum olduğu üzere klasik Rus eserleri, dünya edebiyatında yerini almıştır. SSCB ile birlikte edebî çeviriye bakış da değişir. Özellikle II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında tarihî Rus Çarlığı sınırları dışında yayılacak alan bulan SSCB, edebî çeviriyi bir propaganda aracı olarak kullanır. Bu propagandadan Türk edebî eserleri de payını alır. Rusya'da hem Çarlık hem de Sovyet döneminde Türk edebî ürünlerine ilgi sürmüştür. Bu eserlerin Rusçaya edebî çevirisi ise başlı başına bir konudur. Çarlık döneminde Türk klasik eserleri ve halk edebî ürünleri dikkat çekmiştir. Sovyet döneminde ise, özellikle Nâzım Hikmet üzerinde Sovyet ediplerinin dikkati yoğunlaşmıştır. SSCB ve Türkiye arasında edebî ilişkiler bağlamında ilk akla gelen isim, Nâzım Hikmet'tir. Tüm Sovyet coğrafyasında şiirlerinin tercümeleri ile Nâzım Hikmet, Sovyet edebiyatındaki Türk etkisi olarak kabul edilir. Ancak bu etkinin Sovyet edebî çevirilerindeki yansıması ve eserlerinin özgünlüğünün korunması açısından farklı görünüşleri vardır. Bu farklı görünüş, Sovyet halklarının ana dillerine olan tercümelere de yansımıştır. Bu çalışmadaki amaç, Sovyet çeviri anlayışında Türk lehçelerindeki çevirilerin ele alınışına dair örnek göstermekle birlikte, N. Hikmet şiirlerinin özellikle İdil-Ural bölgesindeki çeviri sürecine yönelik bir değerlendirme sunmaktır. Makalede ayrıca N. Hikmet'in Sovyetlere geçişinden önce eserlerinin hangi yöntem ve amaçlarla tercüme edildiği üzerinde de durulmaktadır. 1950 yılında Başkurdistan Yazarlar Birliğinin yayın organı Ezebiy Başkortostan dergisinde yayımlanan dört şiiri, orijinalleri ile verilmiş; uzman çevirmen ve edebiyatçıların nazarıyla karşılaştırılması için dikkatlere sunulmuştur. Sovyet edebî çeviri ilkelerinin uygulanışı, şiirin yeniden biçimlendiği ve bu biçimlenişin ideolojik sebepleri, Nâzım Hikmet'in şiirleri üzerinden örneklendirilmeye çalışılmıştır.
It is known that Turkish has had interrelations with many languages by lending and borrowing many... more It is known that Turkish has had interrelations with many languages by lending and borrowing many words through the history. During this process, it can be said that Turkish has lent more than it has borrowed. That Turks give great importance to consanguinity has given rise to the emergence of a great number of kinship terminology. This terminology is seen to have been lent to other languages. Therefore, the kinship terminology of Turkish can be found in the neighboring languages. In this paper, we will focus on the word "caca", which is shown as a Greek origin word in the dictionaries, and try to show that this very word belongs to Turkish kinship terminology. When historical dictionaries and the contemporary dialects are studied, it is seen that this word isa part of Turkish word stock.
Kisi adlari, temel anlamindan hareketle kisilere, yer yer baska canlilara ad olarak verilen ve ar... more Kisi adlari, temel anlamindan hareketle kisilere, yer yer baska canlilara ad olarak verilen ve artik temel anlamiyla ilgisi hissedilmeyen donuklasmis sozlerdir. Kullanimda bir kimsenin adini teskil eden sozun temel anlami zihnimizde canlanmamaktadir. Ancak, kisi adlarinin sosyal, kulturel degerler ve bireysel ulkuler uzerinden belirli anlamlar tasiyan sozlerden olustugu ise degismez bir gercektir. Argolasma ise, bir sozun genel dildeki anlamindan cikarak bir zumre icerisinde yeni bir anlamla kullanilmasidir. Ozellikle ortmece, tabu sozleri teskil ederler. Bazen zumreler tarafindan kisi adlarinin da argolastirildigi ve yeni anlamlar kazandirildigi anlasilmaktadir. Kimi zaman ise kisi adlarinin belirli bir zumrenin kullandigi ortmece bir anlami karsilamadigi, genel dilde kullanilan genel bir anlami karsiladigi gorulmektedir. Bu tur kullanimlar, kisi adlarinin argolasmasi seklinde kabul edilmemelidir. Genel kavramlari ifade eden kisi adlarini argolasmis olarak degil, kavramlasmis olara...
Bashkir Turks, who have lived under Russian rule since the 16th century, used the Kipchak languag... more Bashkir Turks, who have lived under Russian rule since the 16th century, used the Kipchak language in history. Since the 19th century, they have been included in the Tatar writing language tradition. Then, with the Soviet period, a written language based on the Bashkir dialect emerged. Bashkir written language has gradually formed its own literary framework and has become a regular written language. In Clause 1 of the Constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Bashkortostan, dated December 24, 1993, Bashkir and Russian languages are defined as state languages. In Bashkortostan, both languages are taught in Bashkir and Russian schools, and textbooks are prepared by the state every five years. In this study, two textbooks prepared by the Ministry of Education of Bashkortostan were examined and Bashkir mother tongue education was discussed. Some critical points were determined over the content of the textbooks Bülek 1 (2009) and Elifba (2009).
... BAŞKURT TÜRKÇESİNDEKİ FARSÇA ALINTILARDA ANLAM DEĞİŞMELERİ Murat ÖZŞAHİN ÖZET ... Page 3. 16... more ... BAŞKURT TÜRKÇESİNDEKİ FARSÇA ALINTILARDA ANLAM DEĞİŞMELERİ Murat ÖZŞAHİN ÖZET ... Page 3. 1624 Murat ÖZŞAHİN Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 6/1 Winter 2011 ...
ULUSLARARASI TÜRK LEHÇE ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ (TÜRKLAD), 2019
Özet 16. yüzyıl sonrasında şecere türü, İdil-Ural bölgesinde yaşayan Türk topluluklarının sözlü g... more Özet 16. yüzyıl sonrasında şecere türü, İdil-Ural bölgesinde yaşayan Türk topluluklarının sözlü geleneğinde önemli bir yere sahip olur. 19. yüzyılda ise Kıpçak edebiyatında klasik konular devam ederken tarih konusu da ortaya çıkar. 1805 tarihinde yayımlanan Tarih-nâme-i Bulgar ise tarih ile şecere üslubunun birleştiği bir eserdir. Eser, Kıpçak ve Oğuz dil özellikleri göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada eserdeki Oğuz dil özellikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Oğuz dil özellikleri, ses bilgisi, şekil bilgisi, yazım bilgisi ve söz bilgisi başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. Ses bilgisi ve yazım bilgisi başlığı altındaki örnekler, dönemin özellikleri ile değerlendirildiğinde dikkat çekici bir durum görülmemektedir. Ancak şekil bilgisi ve söz bilgisi altında verilen örneklerde Oğuz dil özelliklerinin daha açık olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Eserin yazarı Yalçıgul oğlu Tacetdin'in Anadolu'da yaklaşık 16 yıl eğitim alması bu üslubun oluşmasında etkilidir.
International Journal Of Turkish Literature Culture Education
Anlamlarına göre sözler, somut ve soyut olarak ikiye ayrılır. Ġnsan zihninde soyut olarak bildiği... more Anlamlarına göre sözler, somut ve soyut olarak ikiye ayrılır. Ġnsan zihninde soyut olarak bildiğimiz kavramlar ise somut bir anlamdan doğarlar. Ancak bu anlam geçiĢi mecaz yolla sağlanır. Somut bir kelime çeĢitli yollarla iliĢkilendirilerek baĢka bir kavramı belirtebilir. Böylece mecaz anlam doğar. Mecaz anlamın temel / somut anlamla iliĢkisi hissedilir. Ancak bazı kavramlar, mecazlaĢtıktan sonra temel / somut anlamla ilgisini kaybeder. Böylelikle soyutlaĢır. Dillerde ilk bakıĢta bu tür soyut anlamların temel / somut anlamla ilgisini hissedemeyiz. Ancak söz varlığı çalıĢmalarında bu anlamları ortaya çıkarabiliriz. Hatta kimi somut kavramların farklı dillerde ortak Ģekilde mecazlaĢıp soyutlaĢtığı görülmektedir. "Sis, duman, buhar" anlamlarına gelen kelimeler, Arapça, Farsça ve Rusçanın yanı sıra Türkçede de "üzüntü, keder, sıkıntı" anlamlarını belirtebilirler. Türkçenin tarihî ve bugünkü söz varlığında tespit ettiğimiz iki söz "busuĢ' ve "buñ" sözleri bu tür mecazlaĢmıĢ soyut sözlerdir.
The literary works from European literature were translated since 18th century, and for Russian l... more The literary works from European literature were translated since 18th century, and for Russian literature, literary translation was the first step that was going World literature. Classical Russian literary works in the 19th century have taken part in World literature, and this had been possible by literary translation. Depending on the literature, literary translation overview altered with the USSR. Especially after World War II, the USSR, which finds space to expand out of the historical Tsarism border, had used literary translation as a propaganda tool. This propaganda was seen in the translation of Turkish literary works too. Interest in Turkish literary works had continued in both the Tsarist and Soviet periods. The literary translation of these works on the Russian language is a separate subject. Works of Turkish classical and folk literature attracted in Tsarist period. The attention of Soviet poets intensified, especially on Nazim Hikmet in the Soviet era. The first name that comes to mind between the USSR and Turkey in literary relations is Nazim Hikmet. Nazim Hikmet's poems which translated all Soviet territory was a Turkish effect on Soviet literature. However, this effect has different appearances in terms of the reflection and saving the originality of Nazim Hikmet's poem in Soviet literary translation. The various appearances had been reflected on translations into the mother language of Soviet peoples. This paper aims to exemplify translation into Turkic dialects in Soviet translation mentality and presents an evaluation, especially for the translation process of Nazim Hikmet's poems in the Volga-Ural region. It is studied on the methods and purposes which N. Hikmet's poems were translated before he transitioned to the USSR. It is presented as originally his four poems that were published in "Ezebi Bashkortostan" (1950), which was a journal of Bashkortostan Writers Union. Hikmet's four poems were presented to specialists of translation and literature to analyze. It was aimed to exemplify the implementation of the principle of Soviet literary translation, reformation of the poems, and ideological reasons of the reformation by N. Hikmet's poems.
Bashkir Turks, who have lived under Russian rule since the 16th century, used the Kipchak languag... more Bashkir Turks, who have lived under Russian rule since the 16th century, used the Kipchak language in history. Since the 19th century, they have been included in the Tatar writing language tradition. Then, with the Soviet period, a written language based on the Bashkir dialect emerged. Bashkir written language has gradually formed its own literary framework and has become a regular written language. In Clause 1 of the Constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Bashkortostan, dated December 24, 1993, Bashkir and Russian languages are defined as state languages. In Bashkortostan, both languages are taught in Bashkir and Russian schools, and textbooks are prepared by the state every five years. In this study, two textbooks prepared by the Ministry of Education of Bashkortostan were examined and Bashkir mother tongue education was discussed. Some critical points were determined over the content of the textbooks Bülek 1 (2009) and Elifba (2009).
Sovyet sonrası Türk Dünyası ilişkilerinin yeni seyrinde Rusya Türklerinin dili, kültürü, tarihi m... more Sovyet sonrası Türk Dünyası ilişkilerinin yeni seyrinde Rusya Türklerinin dili, kültürü, tarihi merak konusu olmuş ve Türk filolojisi, folkloru, tarihi uzmanlarının dikkati bu sahalara yönelmiştir. Ayrıca Rusya’da yaşayan soydaşların da Türkiye’ye olan kadim ilgi ve sevgisi, 74 yıllık özlemle tekrar eski canlılığına kavuşmuştur. 90’lı yılların başında Türkiye’ye eğitim için ilk öğrenciler gelir. Bu ilk kuşak hem Türkiye içinde hem de Türkiye dışında kendi muhtariyetlerinde veya ülkelerinde başarılı çalışmalara imza atarlar. Bu isimlerden birisi de Başkurdistan Cumhuriyeti’nden Gaynislam İbrahimov’dur. Türkiye’de Başkurt kültürünün, halk ürünlerinin tanınmasında büyük emeği olan İbrahimov, 31 Temmuz 2020 yılında 52 yaşında Ufa’da vefat etmiştir.
Dictionaries are the basic sources that convey vocabulary to another period of time. They vary in... more Dictionaries are the basic sources that convey vocabulary to another period of time. They vary in accordance with the spelling purposes. They were primarily written for relating with people, knowing and introducing them. While sustaining this main purpose, in time, they have inclined to analyze the people and the language they speak. In addition to becoming a museum of a culture, dictionaries can make it possible to analyze the culture properly. Certainly, with the exception of Divanu Lugati’t-Türk and other monumental dictionaries that have been written in the following centuries, 19th and 20th centuries became important dates for Turkish lexicography when lexicography practice and principles increased significantly. Dictionaries of some Turkish communities that found the chance of becoming literary language in late eras, reveal themselves in 19th century. In this study, information has been given about dictionaries in which Bashkir word phrases in 19th century, their contents and features have been identified to a certain extend. Dictionaries have been classified according to their kinds in seven main titles. The information on dictionaries that are known but could not be reached has been given under the related title. The dictionaries written in 19th century are mostly bilingual. As Bashkir language became a literary language in 20th century, explanatory and spelling dictionaries have been published. It has been observed that linguistic dictionaries were published with the constitution of written language. After the written language process, term dictionaries firstly take place in basic sciences and then other science and art branches intensely. Dictionaries that reflect national world more clearly such as antroponomical dictionaries are seen more frequently after the Soviet period.
Uluslararası Türk Lehçe Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2019
After 16th century, literary geneology genre has taken an important place in folk literature of T... more After 16th century, literary geneology genre has taken an important place in folk literature of Turkish people who live in Volga Ural region. In the 19th century, issue of history had also occurred while classical themes and subjects in Kipchak literature were still studied. Tarihnama i Bulgar was published at 1805 which comprises combination of history and geneology wordings. The work shows features of Kipchak and Oguz languages. In this study, Oguz language features were examined. Features were analysed under the titles of phonology, morphology, orphography, and lexicology. No significant differences were detected when examples in the phonology and orphography titles were evaluated within the context of the Tarihnama i Bulgar era. However, features of the Oguz language appeared more clearly in the examples which under the titles of morphology and lexicology. Yalçıgul's son Tacetdin who is the author of the work lived approximately 16 years in Anatolia. This is very effective on the formation of his wording and style.
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü Türkoloji Dergisi, 2019
Anthroponomies are frozen words which aren’t felt contact with their basic meanings. These words ... more Anthroponomies are frozen words which aren’t felt contact with their basic meanings. These words would be name for human or another alives via their central and concrete meanings. The basic meaning of anthroponomies that constitutes the name of a person, does not revive in our minds. However, it is an unchanging fact that the names of the people are composed of words which have meanings on social, cultural values and individual ideals. Slangization is the use of a word in a new meaning in a group by deducting the meaning it from the general language. Especially, slangization consist of euphemism and taboo words. Some anthroponomies are given new meanings and could have been slang by social groups. Sometimes, some anhroponomies don’t indicate an euphemism meaning. They can provision a common meaning in general language. This kind of uses should not be accepted as slangization of anthroponomies. We need to accept person names expressing general concepts as conceptualizing instead of slangization. For example; While the word Mehmet is used as a person name, it is also seen as meaning of “Turkish soldier, a member of the Turkish Army”. It has conceptualized as Mehmetçik in general langauge. It has been done a different analysis for conceptualized anthroponomies and the examples for conceptualized anthroponomies are presented in this study. Also, In this study some classifications were made on various issues like concept areas, origins, gender distinctions, symbols of the person names located in slang dictionaries. Actual contributions are made to the Turkish slang dictionary.
There are many traditions in Turkish folk culture that are fulfilled during the birth, wedding an... more There are many traditions in Turkish folk culture that are fulfilled during the birth, wedding and funeral ceremonies. Even though some of these traditions do not apply to today’s conditions, their names still exist in Turkish vocabulary. As birth, wedding and death are considered as a part of culture, the applications during these ceremonies are generally named within the language of the culture that they belong. Depending on cultural interactions, new concepts and onomathesia may occur in time. Doubtlessly, during the birth, wedding and funeral ceremonies where cultural practices are very vivid, religious changes may be found to be a strong part of culture. And quoted names may take part in language depending on these religious changes. In this context, the word “gerdek” which carries cultural information is discussed in detail. The word gerdek, thought to be Farsi quote in Turkish language, is associated with Farsi word of gerd by former researchers. However, considering that this word did not originated from Persian language and but from Mongolian word ger meaning “tent, home”, the source of the word gerdek must be Mongolian. Thus, symbolic expression of marriage institution which has direct relevance with setting up a home, might be observed in this word.
ÖZET Kişi adları, özel ad bilgisinin bir alt birimi olarak üzerinde pek çok araştırma yapılmış bi... more ÖZET Kişi adları, özel ad bilgisinin bir alt birimi olarak üzerinde pek çok araştırma yapılmış bir alandır. Yapılan çalışmalar, genel olarak adların anlamlarını ve yapılarını ele alır. Bunun dışında halk bilimi ve toplumbilim alanlarına giren çalışmalar da dil çalışmaları ile birleştirilerek çok yönlü sonuçların elde edilmesini sağlamıştır. İnsana ad olarak seçilen sözlerin tarihi, dini, siyasi, estetik vb. olmak üzere pek çok kaynakla ilgisi bulunabilir. Din / inanç kaynaklı sözlerin ad olarak verilmesi bunlardan en güçlüleri olarak değerlendirilebilir. Kişi adlarının doğacak çocuk üzerinde bir temenni, bir hayal taşıyor olması, yalnızca bireysel değil; toplumsal bir bakışa da dayalı olabilir. Mitolojik veya dini fark etmeksizin, inançla ilgili kimi durumların da zamanla sembolleşmesi ve bu sembollerin kalıplaşarak dini uygulamaların bir parçası olması, bu sembollerin kişi adı olarak da verilmesini sağlar. Buna dayanarak renkler üzerindeki inanç algısı ile renklerin oluşturduğu anlam dünyası kişi adlarına yansıyacaktır.
There are many ways to derive words, such as phonetical, morphological, word combination, the evo... more There are many ways to derive words, such as phonetical, morphological, word combination, the evolution of word groups into compound words, formation of compound words with the help of suffixes, changing of type and function, and abbreviations. The most active of these is undoubtedly the morphological way due to the structure of the Turkish language. Suffixes are classified as productive, less productive or dead in each period according to their frequency and are listed alphabetically or by frequency in our grammar studies. Apart from their frequency, there are various classifications of suffixes in terms of structure. They are basically defined as simple and compound suffixes. It cannot be determined precisely when compound suffixes were formed. It is generally thought that these occurred in the early and middle periods of the Turkish language history. However, in the context
of the continuity of the language, this situation is also an indication that the current time is not accepted as the process of the existence of the language. In contrast, the suffix combinations may also occur in the recent period within this continuity The study points out the existence of the +lIklI (+lIk+lI) suffix, which is detected in Tatar and Bashkir literary languages and used to express human qualities. Examples showing that the suffix +lIk forms new forms by combining with other suffixes have also been presented in different studies. This article aims to reveal a method for detecting a suffix combination comparatively from several aspects.
ÇÜTAD Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2024
The Enlightenment, which began in France in the 17th century, first affected Russia in the 18th c... more The Enlightenment, which began in France in the 17th century, first affected Russia in the 18th century and then Ottoman in the 19th century. The two mutual effects have determined the direction of the enlightenment movements of the Turks in Russia since the end of the 19th century. The child theme attracts attention, especially prose in all the enlightenment processes. The Works like J. J. Rousseau's Emile (1762) in France, D. İ. Fonvizin's Nedorosl "The Minor" (1782) in Russia, Namik Kemal's Zavalli Chocuk "The Poor Girl" (1873) in Ottoman, Rizaeddyn Fakhreddin's Esme ye ki Amel ve Ceza "Esme or Act and Punishment" (1903) and Mirjakip Duvlatuli's Baqytsiz Camal "Unfortunate Camal" (1910) at Turks in Russia had been written before and after of changings at hard time brought about by enlightenment movements. Rousseau should be the primary motivation for writing these Works. The child theme naturally shows up together with the theme of education. In fact, the fact that young people and children are given as the protagonists of events in the Jadidist propaganda points to this close interest. The examples in our classical literature also support this situation. The authors visualised the change in social structure with the children in their works. The child in the works in the context of modernisation essentially points to a social problem. The symbol of modernism and the future is the child. Of course this child is innocent. This symbol is also used today. Every innovation for the future is metaphorised with the child. However, it should not be forgotten that the child we see in the continuation of the first steps of modernism is the period of late childhood or is defined as a teenager. Since periods such as early childhood or infancy in early works are contrary to the nature of education and modernisation, a symbolism of these stages is not seen in the first works of modernism and its continuation. In the analysed works, it is possible to see features that go beyond symbolic qualities and are specific to a certain field. Another point that draws attention in the works of Fonvizin, Fakhredddin and Duvlatuli is the attraction to the family lineage. This is noticeable in these works in the Russian field. In "Nedorosl / The Minor", Sofya's mother is good, and as she is good, her daughter Sofya is also good. Similarly, Esma's mother Aisha Abıstay is good, and because she is good, her daughter Esma is also good. Of course, Cemile's mother, Sholpan, is portrayed as good, and accordingly, Cemile is also good. Mrs Prostakova is portrayed as bad by Fonvizin and her son Mitrofan is a bad character. Rousseau, Fonvizin, Namik Kemal, Rızaeddin Fakhreddin and Duvlatuli did not only focus on the theme of children in this period of renewal. At the same time, they try to reflect the desired change in language in their works.
Weddings in various cultures mark both a beginning and an end, similar to birth and death. This c... more Weddings in various cultures mark both a beginning and an end, similar to birth and death. This ceremony is a stage of life and has created unique practices and oral literary texts in every culture. Bashkirs also have bridal ballads called senglevs, that tell about the bride’s sadness at being separated from her family and are sung on the wedding day. These folk songs have been preserved in the archive of Bashkir State University and were compiled from four regions of Bashkortostan (Burzyanzky, Khaybullinsky, Kugarchinsky-Zianchurinsky-Baymaksky, and Salavatsky) between 1957-1969. Nine of the 18 bridal ballads had been compiled from the Salavatsky district. These bridal ballads have talk about the bride’s pain at leaving her family, longing for her childhood, and complaining to her father. This study explains the features of the Bashkir bridal ballads and shares etymological opinions regarding the word senglev. Basically, the article thematically studies the vocabulary of the bridal song lyrics and identified 15 themes: topography/geography/time, family, colors, animals, food, body, numbers, goods, clothes, abstract/concept, onomastics, plants, religion, society, metals/minerals, and home. The study also presents opinions, comments, and analyses regarding the words from these themes. The bride ballads are created and performed by women and reflect the world of Bashkir women in terms of vocabulary. The themes of geography/time, family, and animals occur more frequently than other themes, with the themes of minerals, foods, and religions occurring the least. The Bashkir bridal ballads consist of about 286 words, including some words and morphemes that are not found in dialectical dictionaries or monographies. Transcriptions and Turkish translations of the bridal texts are added at the end of the study.
ÖZ: 18.yy. sonrası Rus edebiyatında Batı edebiyatından eserler tercüme edilmiş ve Rus edebiyatı i... more ÖZ: 18.yy. sonrası Rus edebiyatında Batı edebiyatından eserler tercüme edilmiş ve Rus edebiyatı için edebî çeviri, dünya edebiyatına giden ilk adım olmuştur. 19.yy.da ise malum olduğu üzere klasik Rus eserleri, dünya edebiyatında yerini almıştır. SSCB ile birlikte edebî çeviriye bakış da değişir. Özellikle II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında tarihî Rus Çarlığı sınırları dışında yayılacak alan bulan SSCB, edebî çeviriyi bir propaganda aracı olarak kullanır. Bu propagandadan Türk edebî eserleri de payını alır. Rusya'da hem Çarlık hem de Sovyet döneminde Türk edebî ürünlerine ilgi sürmüştür. Bu eserlerin Rusçaya edebî çevirisi ise başlı başına bir konudur. Çarlık döneminde Türk klasik eserleri ve halk edebî ürünleri dikkat çekmiştir. Sovyet döneminde ise, özellikle Nâzım Hikmet üzerinde Sovyet ediplerinin dikkati yoğunlaşmıştır. SSCB ve Türkiye arasında edebî ilişkiler bağlamında ilk akla gelen isim, Nâzım Hikmet'tir. Tüm Sovyet coğrafyasında şiirlerinin tercümeleri ile Nâzım Hikmet, Sovyet edebiyatındaki Türk etkisi olarak kabul edilir. Ancak bu etkinin Sovyet edebî çevirilerindeki yansıması ve eserlerinin özgünlüğünün korunması açısından farklı görünüşleri vardır. Bu farklı görünüş, Sovyet halklarının ana dillerine olan tercümelere de yansımıştır. Bu çalışmadaki amaç, Sovyet çeviri anlayışında Türk lehçelerindeki çevirilerin ele alınışına dair örnek göstermekle birlikte, N. Hikmet şiirlerinin özellikle İdil-Ural bölgesindeki çeviri sürecine yönelik bir değerlendirme sunmaktır. Makalede ayrıca N. Hikmet'in Sovyetlere geçişinden önce eserlerinin hangi yöntem ve amaçlarla tercüme edildiği üzerinde de durulmaktadır. 1950 yılında Başkurdistan Yazarlar Birliğinin yayın organı Ezebiy Başkortostan dergisinde yayımlanan dört şiiri, orijinalleri ile verilmiş; uzman çevirmen ve edebiyatçıların nazarıyla karşılaştırılması için dikkatlere sunulmuştur. Sovyet edebî çeviri ilkelerinin uygulanışı, şiirin yeniden biçimlendiği ve bu biçimlenişin ideolojik sebepleri, Nâzım Hikmet'in şiirleri üzerinden örneklendirilmeye çalışılmıştır.
It is known that Turkish has had interrelations with many languages by lending and borrowing many... more It is known that Turkish has had interrelations with many languages by lending and borrowing many words through the history. During this process, it can be said that Turkish has lent more than it has borrowed. That Turks give great importance to consanguinity has given rise to the emergence of a great number of kinship terminology. This terminology is seen to have been lent to other languages. Therefore, the kinship terminology of Turkish can be found in the neighboring languages. In this paper, we will focus on the word "caca", which is shown as a Greek origin word in the dictionaries, and try to show that this very word belongs to Turkish kinship terminology. When historical dictionaries and the contemporary dialects are studied, it is seen that this word isa part of Turkish word stock.
Kisi adlari, temel anlamindan hareketle kisilere, yer yer baska canlilara ad olarak verilen ve ar... more Kisi adlari, temel anlamindan hareketle kisilere, yer yer baska canlilara ad olarak verilen ve artik temel anlamiyla ilgisi hissedilmeyen donuklasmis sozlerdir. Kullanimda bir kimsenin adini teskil eden sozun temel anlami zihnimizde canlanmamaktadir. Ancak, kisi adlarinin sosyal, kulturel degerler ve bireysel ulkuler uzerinden belirli anlamlar tasiyan sozlerden olustugu ise degismez bir gercektir. Argolasma ise, bir sozun genel dildeki anlamindan cikarak bir zumre icerisinde yeni bir anlamla kullanilmasidir. Ozellikle ortmece, tabu sozleri teskil ederler. Bazen zumreler tarafindan kisi adlarinin da argolastirildigi ve yeni anlamlar kazandirildigi anlasilmaktadir. Kimi zaman ise kisi adlarinin belirli bir zumrenin kullandigi ortmece bir anlami karsilamadigi, genel dilde kullanilan genel bir anlami karsiladigi gorulmektedir. Bu tur kullanimlar, kisi adlarinin argolasmasi seklinde kabul edilmemelidir. Genel kavramlari ifade eden kisi adlarini argolasmis olarak degil, kavramlasmis olara...
Bashkir Turks, who have lived under Russian rule since the 16th century, used the Kipchak languag... more Bashkir Turks, who have lived under Russian rule since the 16th century, used the Kipchak language in history. Since the 19th century, they have been included in the Tatar writing language tradition. Then, with the Soviet period, a written language based on the Bashkir dialect emerged. Bashkir written language has gradually formed its own literary framework and has become a regular written language. In Clause 1 of the Constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Bashkortostan, dated December 24, 1993, Bashkir and Russian languages are defined as state languages. In Bashkortostan, both languages are taught in Bashkir and Russian schools, and textbooks are prepared by the state every five years. In this study, two textbooks prepared by the Ministry of Education of Bashkortostan were examined and Bashkir mother tongue education was discussed. Some critical points were determined over the content of the textbooks Bülek 1 (2009) and Elifba (2009).
... BAŞKURT TÜRKÇESİNDEKİ FARSÇA ALINTILARDA ANLAM DEĞİŞMELERİ Murat ÖZŞAHİN ÖZET ... Page 3. 16... more ... BAŞKURT TÜRKÇESİNDEKİ FARSÇA ALINTILARDA ANLAM DEĞİŞMELERİ Murat ÖZŞAHİN ÖZET ... Page 3. 1624 Murat ÖZŞAHİN Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 6/1 Winter 2011 ...
ULUSLARARASI TÜRK LEHÇE ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ (TÜRKLAD), 2019
Özet 16. yüzyıl sonrasında şecere türü, İdil-Ural bölgesinde yaşayan Türk topluluklarının sözlü g... more Özet 16. yüzyıl sonrasında şecere türü, İdil-Ural bölgesinde yaşayan Türk topluluklarının sözlü geleneğinde önemli bir yere sahip olur. 19. yüzyılda ise Kıpçak edebiyatında klasik konular devam ederken tarih konusu da ortaya çıkar. 1805 tarihinde yayımlanan Tarih-nâme-i Bulgar ise tarih ile şecere üslubunun birleştiği bir eserdir. Eser, Kıpçak ve Oğuz dil özellikleri göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada eserdeki Oğuz dil özellikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Oğuz dil özellikleri, ses bilgisi, şekil bilgisi, yazım bilgisi ve söz bilgisi başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. Ses bilgisi ve yazım bilgisi başlığı altındaki örnekler, dönemin özellikleri ile değerlendirildiğinde dikkat çekici bir durum görülmemektedir. Ancak şekil bilgisi ve söz bilgisi altında verilen örneklerde Oğuz dil özelliklerinin daha açık olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Eserin yazarı Yalçıgul oğlu Tacetdin'in Anadolu'da yaklaşık 16 yıl eğitim alması bu üslubun oluşmasında etkilidir.
International Journal Of Turkish Literature Culture Education
Anlamlarına göre sözler, somut ve soyut olarak ikiye ayrılır. Ġnsan zihninde soyut olarak bildiği... more Anlamlarına göre sözler, somut ve soyut olarak ikiye ayrılır. Ġnsan zihninde soyut olarak bildiğimiz kavramlar ise somut bir anlamdan doğarlar. Ancak bu anlam geçiĢi mecaz yolla sağlanır. Somut bir kelime çeĢitli yollarla iliĢkilendirilerek baĢka bir kavramı belirtebilir. Böylece mecaz anlam doğar. Mecaz anlamın temel / somut anlamla iliĢkisi hissedilir. Ancak bazı kavramlar, mecazlaĢtıktan sonra temel / somut anlamla ilgisini kaybeder. Böylelikle soyutlaĢır. Dillerde ilk bakıĢta bu tür soyut anlamların temel / somut anlamla ilgisini hissedemeyiz. Ancak söz varlığı çalıĢmalarında bu anlamları ortaya çıkarabiliriz. Hatta kimi somut kavramların farklı dillerde ortak Ģekilde mecazlaĢıp soyutlaĢtığı görülmektedir. "Sis, duman, buhar" anlamlarına gelen kelimeler, Arapça, Farsça ve Rusçanın yanı sıra Türkçede de "üzüntü, keder, sıkıntı" anlamlarını belirtebilirler. Türkçenin tarihî ve bugünkü söz varlığında tespit ettiğimiz iki söz "busuĢ' ve "buñ" sözleri bu tür mecazlaĢmıĢ soyut sözlerdir.
The literary works from European literature were translated since 18th century, and for Russian l... more The literary works from European literature were translated since 18th century, and for Russian literature, literary translation was the first step that was going World literature. Classical Russian literary works in the 19th century have taken part in World literature, and this had been possible by literary translation. Depending on the literature, literary translation overview altered with the USSR. Especially after World War II, the USSR, which finds space to expand out of the historical Tsarism border, had used literary translation as a propaganda tool. This propaganda was seen in the translation of Turkish literary works too. Interest in Turkish literary works had continued in both the Tsarist and Soviet periods. The literary translation of these works on the Russian language is a separate subject. Works of Turkish classical and folk literature attracted in Tsarist period. The attention of Soviet poets intensified, especially on Nazim Hikmet in the Soviet era. The first name that comes to mind between the USSR and Turkey in literary relations is Nazim Hikmet. Nazim Hikmet's poems which translated all Soviet territory was a Turkish effect on Soviet literature. However, this effect has different appearances in terms of the reflection and saving the originality of Nazim Hikmet's poem in Soviet literary translation. The various appearances had been reflected on translations into the mother language of Soviet peoples. This paper aims to exemplify translation into Turkic dialects in Soviet translation mentality and presents an evaluation, especially for the translation process of Nazim Hikmet's poems in the Volga-Ural region. It is studied on the methods and purposes which N. Hikmet's poems were translated before he transitioned to the USSR. It is presented as originally his four poems that were published in "Ezebi Bashkortostan" (1950), which was a journal of Bashkortostan Writers Union. Hikmet's four poems were presented to specialists of translation and literature to analyze. It was aimed to exemplify the implementation of the principle of Soviet literary translation, reformation of the poems, and ideological reasons of the reformation by N. Hikmet's poems.
Bashkir Turks, who have lived under Russian rule since the 16th century, used the Kipchak languag... more Bashkir Turks, who have lived under Russian rule since the 16th century, used the Kipchak language in history. Since the 19th century, they have been included in the Tatar writing language tradition. Then, with the Soviet period, a written language based on the Bashkir dialect emerged. Bashkir written language has gradually formed its own literary framework and has become a regular written language. In Clause 1 of the Constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Bashkortostan, dated December 24, 1993, Bashkir and Russian languages are defined as state languages. In Bashkortostan, both languages are taught in Bashkir and Russian schools, and textbooks are prepared by the state every five years. In this study, two textbooks prepared by the Ministry of Education of Bashkortostan were examined and Bashkir mother tongue education was discussed. Some critical points were determined over the content of the textbooks Bülek 1 (2009) and Elifba (2009).
Sovyet sonrası Türk Dünyası ilişkilerinin yeni seyrinde Rusya Türklerinin dili, kültürü, tarihi m... more Sovyet sonrası Türk Dünyası ilişkilerinin yeni seyrinde Rusya Türklerinin dili, kültürü, tarihi merak konusu olmuş ve Türk filolojisi, folkloru, tarihi uzmanlarının dikkati bu sahalara yönelmiştir. Ayrıca Rusya’da yaşayan soydaşların da Türkiye’ye olan kadim ilgi ve sevgisi, 74 yıllık özlemle tekrar eski canlılığına kavuşmuştur. 90’lı yılların başında Türkiye’ye eğitim için ilk öğrenciler gelir. Bu ilk kuşak hem Türkiye içinde hem de Türkiye dışında kendi muhtariyetlerinde veya ülkelerinde başarılı çalışmalara imza atarlar. Bu isimlerden birisi de Başkurdistan Cumhuriyeti’nden Gaynislam İbrahimov’dur. Türkiye’de Başkurt kültürünün, halk ürünlerinin tanınmasında büyük emeği olan İbrahimov, 31 Temmuz 2020 yılında 52 yaşında Ufa’da vefat etmiştir.
Dictionaries are the basic sources that convey vocabulary to another period of time. They vary in... more Dictionaries are the basic sources that convey vocabulary to another period of time. They vary in accordance with the spelling purposes. They were primarily written for relating with people, knowing and introducing them. While sustaining this main purpose, in time, they have inclined to analyze the people and the language they speak. In addition to becoming a museum of a culture, dictionaries can make it possible to analyze the culture properly. Certainly, with the exception of Divanu Lugati’t-Türk and other monumental dictionaries that have been written in the following centuries, 19th and 20th centuries became important dates for Turkish lexicography when lexicography practice and principles increased significantly. Dictionaries of some Turkish communities that found the chance of becoming literary language in late eras, reveal themselves in 19th century. In this study, information has been given about dictionaries in which Bashkir word phrases in 19th century, their contents and features have been identified to a certain extend. Dictionaries have been classified according to their kinds in seven main titles. The information on dictionaries that are known but could not be reached has been given under the related title. The dictionaries written in 19th century are mostly bilingual. As Bashkir language became a literary language in 20th century, explanatory and spelling dictionaries have been published. It has been observed that linguistic dictionaries were published with the constitution of written language. After the written language process, term dictionaries firstly take place in basic sciences and then other science and art branches intensely. Dictionaries that reflect national world more clearly such as antroponomical dictionaries are seen more frequently after the Soviet period.
Uluslararası Türk Lehçe Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2019
After 16th century, literary geneology genre has taken an important place in folk literature of T... more After 16th century, literary geneology genre has taken an important place in folk literature of Turkish people who live in Volga Ural region. In the 19th century, issue of history had also occurred while classical themes and subjects in Kipchak literature were still studied. Tarihnama i Bulgar was published at 1805 which comprises combination of history and geneology wordings. The work shows features of Kipchak and Oguz languages. In this study, Oguz language features were examined. Features were analysed under the titles of phonology, morphology, orphography, and lexicology. No significant differences were detected when examples in the phonology and orphography titles were evaluated within the context of the Tarihnama i Bulgar era. However, features of the Oguz language appeared more clearly in the examples which under the titles of morphology and lexicology. Yalçıgul's son Tacetdin who is the author of the work lived approximately 16 years in Anatolia. This is very effective on the formation of his wording and style.
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü Türkoloji Dergisi, 2019
Anthroponomies are frozen words which aren’t felt contact with their basic meanings. These words ... more Anthroponomies are frozen words which aren’t felt contact with their basic meanings. These words would be name for human or another alives via their central and concrete meanings. The basic meaning of anthroponomies that constitutes the name of a person, does not revive in our minds. However, it is an unchanging fact that the names of the people are composed of words which have meanings on social, cultural values and individual ideals. Slangization is the use of a word in a new meaning in a group by deducting the meaning it from the general language. Especially, slangization consist of euphemism and taboo words. Some anthroponomies are given new meanings and could have been slang by social groups. Sometimes, some anhroponomies don’t indicate an euphemism meaning. They can provision a common meaning in general language. This kind of uses should not be accepted as slangization of anthroponomies. We need to accept person names expressing general concepts as conceptualizing instead of slangization. For example; While the word Mehmet is used as a person name, it is also seen as meaning of “Turkish soldier, a member of the Turkish Army”. It has conceptualized as Mehmetçik in general langauge. It has been done a different analysis for conceptualized anthroponomies and the examples for conceptualized anthroponomies are presented in this study. Also, In this study some classifications were made on various issues like concept areas, origins, gender distinctions, symbols of the person names located in slang dictionaries. Actual contributions are made to the Turkish slang dictionary.
There are many traditions in Turkish folk culture that are fulfilled during the birth, wedding an... more There are many traditions in Turkish folk culture that are fulfilled during the birth, wedding and funeral ceremonies. Even though some of these traditions do not apply to today’s conditions, their names still exist in Turkish vocabulary. As birth, wedding and death are considered as a part of culture, the applications during these ceremonies are generally named within the language of the culture that they belong. Depending on cultural interactions, new concepts and onomathesia may occur in time. Doubtlessly, during the birth, wedding and funeral ceremonies where cultural practices are very vivid, religious changes may be found to be a strong part of culture. And quoted names may take part in language depending on these religious changes. In this context, the word “gerdek” which carries cultural information is discussed in detail. The word gerdek, thought to be Farsi quote in Turkish language, is associated with Farsi word of gerd by former researchers. However, considering that this word did not originated from Persian language and but from Mongolian word ger meaning “tent, home”, the source of the word gerdek must be Mongolian. Thus, symbolic expression of marriage institution which has direct relevance with setting up a home, might be observed in this word.
ÖZET Kişi adları, özel ad bilgisinin bir alt birimi olarak üzerinde pek çok araştırma yapılmış bi... more ÖZET Kişi adları, özel ad bilgisinin bir alt birimi olarak üzerinde pek çok araştırma yapılmış bir alandır. Yapılan çalışmalar, genel olarak adların anlamlarını ve yapılarını ele alır. Bunun dışında halk bilimi ve toplumbilim alanlarına giren çalışmalar da dil çalışmaları ile birleştirilerek çok yönlü sonuçların elde edilmesini sağlamıştır. İnsana ad olarak seçilen sözlerin tarihi, dini, siyasi, estetik vb. olmak üzere pek çok kaynakla ilgisi bulunabilir. Din / inanç kaynaklı sözlerin ad olarak verilmesi bunlardan en güçlüleri olarak değerlendirilebilir. Kişi adlarının doğacak çocuk üzerinde bir temenni, bir hayal taşıyor olması, yalnızca bireysel değil; toplumsal bir bakışa da dayalı olabilir. Mitolojik veya dini fark etmeksizin, inançla ilgili kimi durumların da zamanla sembolleşmesi ve bu sembollerin kalıplaşarak dini uygulamaların bir parçası olması, bu sembollerin kişi adı olarak da verilmesini sağlar. Buna dayanarak renkler üzerindeki inanç algısı ile renklerin oluşturduğu anlam dünyası kişi adlarına yansıyacaktır.
Türk Dünyasında Terim Çalışmaları (Edt. Ayşe İlker), 2023
In this book chapter, the need for terminology in the world, terminology studies in Soviet Russia... more In this book chapter, the need for terminology in the world, terminology studies in Soviet Russia and finally the development of terminology studies in Bashkortostan are analysed.
Tarihî ve Çağdaş Türk Lehçeleri Araştırmaları: Fiil Kategorisi, 2022
In this study, an analysis has been made on the origin, function and classification of the suffix... more In this study, an analysis has been made on the origin, function and classification of the suffix -KĚlE which is in different categories in the grammars of contemporary Bashkir, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Tatar Kipchak dialects.
Thirteen alphabets have been used for the writing of the Turkish language. These mostly belong to... more Thirteen alphabets have been used for the writing of the Turkish language. These mostly belong to the Aramean branch of North Semiotician alphabets. Kokturk, which is unknown exactly when it started, Uighur and Arabian writings are the longest writing systems used for the Turkish language. Excepting Kokturk and Latin alphabets, writing the vowels is the primary problem for writing Turkish, which has strong vowel character. Writing front and back vowels with only one symbol causes the palatal harmony of Turkish not to be reflected in writing. Generally, it’s seen uncertainties for writing p/b, ç(ch)/c, k/g, ḳ(kh)/ġ(gh), t/d, ş(sh)/j and velar n consonants. The uncertainties also depend on the fact that the signs in the alphabet used are polyphonic. To solve this problem, voiced and unvoiced consonants that consist of the same point, are written with one symbol like the vowels. Some alphabets had used digraph or trigraph to overcome the uncertainties, and sometimes, it had been utilized diacritics.
Birinci ciltte olduğu gibi bu ciltte de aktarmada iki yol izlenmiştir: sadık çeviri ve edebi çevi... more Birinci ciltte olduğu gibi bu ciltte de aktarmada iki yol izlenmiştir: sadık çeviri ve edebi çeviri. Şiir türünün yapısı düşünüldüğünde anlam ve ahengin iki temel unsur olduğu görülür. Dolayısıyla, bu çalışmada yer alan aktarmalar, aktarılan şiirin anlamının ön planda olduğu durumlarda kaynak metnin gramer yapısı el verdiği ölçüde olduğu gibi aktarılmış, özellikle kültürel kelimeler metin içinde aynen korunup, dipnotlarla açıklama verilmiştir. Ancak ahengin ön planda olduğu şiirlerde, özellikle uyak yapısını ve ahengi korumak için metnin özgün gramer yapısı ya da metnin içindeki özgün kelimeler Türkiye Türkçesine daha serbest bir biçimde aktarılmıştır. Editörler, aktarmaları incelemiş ve görüşlerini bölüm yazarlarına bildirmiştir. Ancak aktarmalarda son söz, bölüm yazarlarına aittir ve şiirler bölüm yazarlarının aktardığı biçimde verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada yer alan şairler ve şiirler de, aynı şekilde, bölüm yazarlarının tercihidir. Seçilen şairlerin tamamı yaşadıkları coğrafyanın çocuk edebiyatının İÇİNDEKİLER ÖN SÖZ .
In this book, the hendiadyoins in Tatar and Bashkir Turkic languages was studied in terms of stru... more In this book, the hendiadyoins in Tatar and Bashkir Turkic languages was studied in terms of structure and usage. A new classification has been made on classification of hendiadyoins. Hendiadyoins which are frozen compound words so archaic words can be found in component of hendiadyoins. We have detected the archaic words on Tatar and Bashkir Turkic languages. In addition to it was remarked our opinions on origin of archaic words.
Çağdaş Türk Lehçeleri, Güney-Batı, Güney-Doğu, Kuzey-Batı, Kuzey-Doğu Türk Lehçelerinden metinler... more Çağdaş Türk Lehçeleri, Güney-Batı, Güney-Doğu, Kuzey-Batı, Kuzey-Doğu Türk Lehçelerinden metinler, trasnkribeli metinler ve aktarmaları.
Having a rooted place in the history of lexicology, thematic dictionaries have an important role ... more Having a rooted place in the history of lexicology, thematic dictionaries have an important role with regard to analyse world information in vocabulary examination. The language and accordingly the ‘world information’ of the ‘other’ have been issues of concern as from the historical periods in which political and religious social relations began. It has also been the power encouraging dictionary studies. New dictionaries were compiled upon the transmission of the relations with the ‘other’ to the political and religious platforms and acceleration of these studies. If it is thought that grammatical differences are artificial categories, it will be undoubtedly accepted that remained vocabulary is the basic and concrete material showing the world relation of a language. One important problem in terms of thematic dictionaries is whether they are the dictionaries of a specific field or a conceptual field. According to this point of view, in addition to the question of “Could another term be used instead of referring to ‘thematic’?” the field, scope, dimension and process of thematic dictionaries are also among the issues that should be considered. In addition that some of historic dictionaries belong to different fields (such as Kipchak dictionaries in the field of Mamluq), they also include some thematic classifications. It indicates that the dictionaries are much older in terms of the basis as different from today’s lexicography. In this study, we will discuss the structure and scope of thematic dictionaries and offer some solutions to the difficulties and problems appearing while writing these dictionaries. Within this context, evaluation of thematic classifications of some modern Turcologists including Tanishev, Musaev and Keyekbaev was also done previously, as a result of this, common themes in main headings were determined.
The loanwords constitute an important field that determine of cultural dealings along with lexic... more The loanwords constitute an important field that determine of cultural dealings along with lexicological studies. It has been known that Russian loanwords together with Persian and Arabian have got placed in Turkic dialects especially since Soviet Union era. These loanwords are generally indicated with numerical datas in dictionaries of Turkic dialects. It’s rarely mentioned of comprehantion of dictionaries which are belong to a dialect and which are published in different times. In this study Russian loanwords in Bashkir Turkic were examined by means of two dictionaries which had been published in different times, too. It is examined in this study Russian loanwords which were given in Bashkirsko-Russkiy Slovar (Bashkir-Russian Dictionary in 1958) and also in another dictionary which is known by the same name and published in 1996. Approximately in 40 years, increased at which themtical field of Russian loanwords in Bashkir Turkic dialect was clasified according to Kiyekbayev’s classification and than the loanwords that weren’t used and weren’t determinated at the dictionary was considered in the same classification. As a result of this study, it is seen that the number of Russian loanwords went up at fields of culture, art, science and health. After than especially depending on Soviet Union collapsed it is noticed that lots of usage of loanwords aren’t used. This situation shows that the valid relaiton between Russian and Bashkir Turkic about Russian loanwords effects the Bashkir vocabulary depend on the political condition of era too.
Düğün, çeşitli kültürlerde doğum ve ölüm gibi hem bir başlangıç hem de bir bitiştir. Yaşamın bir ... more Düğün, çeşitli kültürlerde doğum ve ölüm gibi hem bir başlangıç hem de bir bitiştir. Yaşamın bir aşaması olan bu tören her kültürde kendine özgü uygulamalar ve sözlü ürünler meydana getirmiştir. Başkurt Türklerinde de düğünlerde söylenen ayrılık hüznünü anlatan sěñlev adlı türküler vardır. Bu türküler, Başkurt Devlet Üniversitesi arşivlerinde muhafaza edilen ve Başkurdistan’ın dört bölgesinden 1957-1969 yılları arasında derlenmiştir. Bu bölgeler; Böryen, Heybulla, Kügersin-Yensura-Baymak ve Salavat bölgeleridir. Toplam 18 gelin türküsünün dokuzu Salavat bölgesinden derlenmiştir. Bu türküler, gelinin ayrılık acısını, ailesine, çocukluğuna özlemini ve babasına şikâyetini anlattıkları sözlü ürünlerdir. Bu çalışmada ise Başkurt gelin türkülerinin özellikleri açıklanmıştır ve sěñlev sözünün kökeni hakkında değerlendirmelere yer verilmiştir. Ancak temelde bu türkülerin söz varlığı tematik açıdan incelenmiştir. Bunun için 15 tema belirlenmiştir. Bunlar; coğrafya/zaman, aile, renk, hayvan, yiyecek, vücut, sayı, eşya, giyim, soyut/ kavram, özel ad, bitki, din, toplum, maden, ev temalarıdır. Çalışmada bu temalar ve bu temalar altında tespit edilen kimi sözler üzerine değerlendirmeler sunulmuştur. Kadınlar tarafından yaratılan ve icra edilen gelin türküleri, söz varlığı açısından Başkurt kadınlarının dünyasını yansıtmaktadır. Coğrafya, aile ve hayvan temaları, en yoğun temalardır. Maden, yiyecek ve din temaları da en az kullanılan temalardır. Yaklaşık 286 kavram ile oluşturulan gelin türküleri, diyalektolojik sözlüklerde ve monografilerde olmayan sözler ve biçimler içerir. Ayrıca karşılaştırmak üzere çalışma sonunda gelin türkülerinin transkripsiyonu ve Türkiye Türkçesi aktarmaları numaralandırılarak eklenmiştir. --- Weddings in various cultures mark both a beginning and an end, similar to birth and death. This ceremony is a stage of life and has created unique practices and oral literary texts in every culture. Bashkirs also have bridal ballads called senglevs, that tell about the bride’s sadness at being separated from her family and are sung on the wedding day. These folk songs have been preserved in the archive of Bashkir State University and were compiled from four regions of Bashkortostan (Burzyanzky, Khaybullinsky, Kugarchinsky-ZianchurinskyBaymaksky, and Salavatsky) between 1957-1969. Nine of the 18 bridal ballads had been compiled from the Salavatsky district. These bridal ballads have talk about the bride’s pain at leaving her family, longing for her childhood, and complaining to her father. This study explains the features of the Bashkir bridal ballads and shares etymological opinions regarding the word senglev. Basically, the article thematically studies the vocabulary of the bridal song lyrics and identified 15 themes: topography/geography/time, family, colors, animals, food, body, numbers, goods, clothes, abstract/concept, onomastics, plants, religion, society, metals/minerals, and home. The study also presents opinions, comments, and analyses regarding the words from these themes. The bride ballads are created and performed by women and reflect the world of Bashkir women in terms of vocabulary. The themes of geography/time, family, and animals occur more frequently than other themes, with the themes of minerals, foods, and religions occurring the least. The Bashkir bridal ballads consist of about 286 words, including some words and morphemes that are not found in dialectical dictionaries or monographies. Transcriptions and Turkish translations of the bridal texts are added at the end of the study.
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Papers by Murat Ozsahin
of the continuity of the language, this situation is also an indication that the current time is not accepted as the process of the existence of the language. In contrast, the suffix combinations may also occur in the recent period within this continuity The study points out the existence of the +lIklI (+lIk+lI) suffix, which is detected in Tatar and Bashkir literary languages and used to express human qualities. Examples showing that the suffix +lIk forms new forms by combining with other suffixes have also been presented in different studies. This article aims to reveal a method for detecting a suffix combination comparatively from several aspects.
of the continuity of the language, this situation is also an indication that the current time is not accepted as the process of the existence of the language. In contrast, the suffix combinations may also occur in the recent period within this continuity The study points out the existence of the +lIklI (+lIk+lI) suffix, which is detected in Tatar and Bashkir literary languages and used to express human qualities. Examples showing that the suffix +lIk forms new forms by combining with other suffixes have also been presented in different studies. This article aims to reveal a method for detecting a suffix combination comparatively from several aspects.
The language and accordingly the ‘world information’ of the ‘other’ have been issues of concern as from the historical periods in which political and religious social relations began. It has also been the power encouraging dictionary studies. New dictionaries were compiled upon the transmission of the relations with the ‘other’ to the political and religious platforms and acceleration of these studies. If it is thought that grammatical differences are artificial categories, it will be undoubtedly accepted that remained vocabulary is the basic and concrete material showing the world relation of a language.
One important problem in terms of thematic dictionaries is whether they are the dictionaries of a specific field or a conceptual field. According to this point of view, in addition to the question of “Could another term be used instead of referring to ‘thematic’?” the field, scope, dimension and process of thematic dictionaries are also among the issues that should be considered. In addition that some of historic dictionaries belong to different fields (such as Kipchak dictionaries in the field of Mamluq), they also include some thematic classifications. It indicates that the dictionaries are much older in terms of the basis as different from today’s lexicography.
In this study, we will discuss the structure and scope of thematic dictionaries and offer some solutions to the difficulties and problems appearing while writing these dictionaries. Within this context, evaluation of thematic classifications of some modern Turcologists including Tanishev, Musaev and Keyekbaev was also done previously, as a result of this, common themes in main headings were determined.
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Weddings in various cultures mark both a beginning and an end, similar to birth and death. This ceremony is a stage of life and has created unique practices and oral literary texts in every culture. Bashkirs also have bridal ballads called senglevs, that tell about the bride’s sadness at being separated from her family and are sung on the wedding day. These folk songs have been preserved in the archive of Bashkir State University and were compiled from four regions of Bashkortostan (Burzyanzky, Khaybullinsky, Kugarchinsky-ZianchurinskyBaymaksky, and Salavatsky) between 1957-1969. Nine of the 18 bridal ballads had been compiled from the Salavatsky district. These bridal ballads have talk about the bride’s pain at leaving her family, longing for her childhood, and complaining to her father. This study explains the features of the Bashkir bridal ballads and shares etymological opinions regarding the word senglev. Basically, the article thematically studies the vocabulary of the bridal song lyrics and identified 15 themes: topography/geography/time, family, colors, animals, food, body, numbers, goods, clothes, abstract/concept, onomastics, plants, religion, society, metals/minerals, and home. The study also presents opinions, comments, and analyses regarding the words from these themes. The bride ballads are created and performed by women and reflect the world of Bashkir women in terms of vocabulary. The themes of geography/time, family, and animals occur more frequently than other themes, with the themes of minerals, foods, and religions occurring the least. The Bashkir bridal ballads consist of about 286 words, including some words and morphemes that are not found in dialectical dictionaries or monographies. Transcriptions and Turkish translations of the bridal texts are added at the end of the study.