Cheemical Engineering

This study was conducted to determine the possible radiopharmaceutical potential of morphin labeled with 131 I. Morphine was extracted from dry capsules of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), purified by highperformance liquid chromatography, and characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The purified compound was labeled with 131 I. Male Albino Wistar rats (18) were used for receptor blockage and unblockage biodistribution studies. Tissue distribution studies showed that radiolabeled morphine had higher uptake in lung, liver, small intestines, large intestines, and stomach than the other tissues. The highest uptake of radiolabeled compounds in rats' brain was found to be in the midbrain and hypothalamus. After receptor blockage with morphine, uptake of 131 I-morphine decreased in the lungs, liver, kidney, testis, prostate, spinal cord, cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum, and temporal cortex with respect to receptor unblockage studies of rats. This study concludes that the labeling yield of 131 I-morphine was high, high amount of 131 Imorphine was found in the hypothalamus, and 131 I-morphine has enough stability for diagnostic scanning.

The goal of this study was to determine the radiopharmaceutical potential of radioiodinated thebaine. Thebaine was extracted from dry capsules of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), purified using high-performance liquid chromatography, and characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The purified thebaine was labeled with 131 I using the iodogen method. Normal and receptor-blockage biodistribution studies were performed in male Albino Wistar rats. The results of the tissue distribution studies showed that the uptake of 131 I-thebaine in the stomach, large intestine, spinal cord, and prostate was higher than in the other tissues. A greater uptake of radiolabeled thebaine in the rat brain was observed in the midbrain and hypothalamus. We concluded that (1) the labeling yield of 131 I-thebaine was high, (2) a large amount of 131 I-thebaine remained in the midbrain and hypothalamus, and (3) 131 I-thebaine had enough stability for diagnostic scanning.

A simple, reliable, and rapid RP-LC method has been developed for the determination of patulin in commercial baby foods from Turkish markets. Solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection technique were used for the analysis of patulin in samples. Linearity was obtained in different concentration ranges between 0.001 and 0.050 µg/l. The recovery rates for patulin ranged from 92.85% to 100.45% with a coefficient of variation less than 3.0%. LOD and LOQ of the method were found to be 9.66 × 10-6 and 2.93 × 10-5 µg/ml, respectively. The proposed method has been extensively validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. It can be used by routine analysis laboratories within a short time of analysis. All of the detected samples containing patulin were below the level suggested by the World Health Organization.

Oleuropein is a fundamental polyphenol contained in olive fruit, oil, and leaf, with a bitter taste. A decrease in its level is observed as the fruit ripens. Leaves of oil tree were used in this study as a possible origin of oleuropein. In this study, cytotoxic, genotoxic, apoptotic and antiangiogenic impacts of isolated oleuropein (0.5xIC 50 , IC 50 and 2xIC 50) on MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells were examined by means of 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl] 1-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide (XTT) kit, Comet assay, Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) cleavage ELISA Kit and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Human ELISA Kit for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The IC 50 value of oleuropein on MCF-7 cells was found to be 11.02±0.52, 9.43±0.41 and 6.81±0.18 µg/mL for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The time and concentrationrelated cytotoxic impacts of oleuropein were determined to be significant. Cleaved PARP level was Original Research Article

Aims: The aim of the present study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activities in Galanthus species (Gaalanthus woronowii, Galanthus nivalis, and Galanthus elwesii) indigenous to Turkey. Study Design: The plant materials used in the study, Galanthus elwesii samples were collected in Antalya province, Galanthus nivalis samples were collected in Istanbul province, and Galanthus woronowii samples were collected in Çaykara, Trabzon province in September 2018. Place and Duration of Study: Plant samples were stored in Herbarium Material Warehouse at Afyon Kocatepe University. The plant leaves and grated bulbs were dried in an incubator at 60°C. The bulb and leaf samples were then pulverized to 80 mesh particle size for analysis. Methodology: Total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically with Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and calculated as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). Total flavonoid content was determined with aluminum chloride colorime...

Morphine is used as a standard analgesic for intensive pain relief. It relieves acute and chronic pain by acting directly on the central nervous system and to treat myocardial infarction and shortness of breath. However, the use of morphine for the alleviation of chronic pain is controversial because of the its adverse side effects. The overall success of this medicine in chronic therapy is due to the long-term activity of the drug at a reasonable concentration. Nanoparticle-based carriers have emerged as a new class of drug delivery systems that can overcome traditional drug side-effect limitations by reducing toxicity to a minimum. In this study, a morphine-loaded HAPs drug delivery system was investigated. Fouirer Transform Infrared Spektrofotometre (FTIR) analysis was used to characterize typical functional groups found in the chemical composition of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles (HAPs) and morphine loaded HAPs (HAP+M). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron...

Leucojum aestivum (snowflake) contains galantamine, a medication used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, polyphenolic compounds of this species were not studied earlier. Proper understanding of the polyphenolics in the species and their antioxidant properties may lead to a review of their medical use. Therefore, in this study, the polyphenolic content of L. aestivum was determined by UV spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. DPPH, ABTS+, and RPC assays were performed for assessment of its antioxidant potential. Flower and leaf extracts of L. aestivum were found to have more antioxidant activity than its bulbs. This result demonstrated that it was an important source of antioxidant compounds. Qualitative and quantitative findings showed that it contained significant amounts of polyphenols. Naringenin, rosmarinic, p-coumaric, syringic, and gallic acid compounds were identified in the leaf and flower extracts. Methanol extracts of the fowers, leaves and bulbs had no a...

In the present study, an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method was developed for the efficient extraction of Galantamine from the bulbs of Galanthus woronowii L. Five independent variables, including pH of the extraction solvent, solvent/material ratio, ultrasound time, ultrasound temperature and ultrasound power were studied by single factor experiments. The central composite design and response surface methodology were employed to investigate the effect of three key parameters (ultrasound time, ultrasound temperature and solvent/material ratio) on the extraction efficiency. The 3-level, 3-factorial Central-Composite Design was employed to study three main extraction conditions: extraction time (15-45 min), extraction temperature (30-70°C) and solvent/material ratio (30-50 mL/g sample). The present analysis revealed that a quadratic polynomial model can be used to express the response dependent variable yield of Galantamine.

Armut (Pyrus spp.) Dünya çapında en önemli meyvelerden biridir. Pyrus cinsi, Rosaceae ailesinin Pomoideae alt ailesine aittir. Pyrus türlerinin farklı organları farklı oranlarda arbutin içerir. Arbutin birçok tıbbi bitkide bulunan ve doğal olarak oluşan glikozittir. Arbutin, Lamiaceae, Ericaceae, Saxifragaceae ve Rosaceae gibi farklı familyalardan gelen farklı bitki türlerinde bulunur. Tirosinazı önleme kabiliyetinden dolayı beyazlatıcı bir madde olarak kullanılır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Afyonkarahisar ilinde yetişen Pyrus Species (PEL (PEL), PAM (PAM) ve PAN (PAN)) 'nin arbutin içeriğini tespit etmektir. Örnekler oda sıcaklığında onbeş gün boyunca kurutuldu. Tüm yabani pyrus türlerinin arbutin içerikleri, ters faz HPLC ile belirlendi. UV dedektörü ile donatılmış bir Agilent 1260 HPLC sistemi üzerinde miktar tayini yapılmıştır. Bir C18 (5 um, 250 mm x 4.6 mm) analitik kolon kullanıldı. Mobil faz% 93 deiyonize su ve% 7 metanoldü. İzokratik elüsyon, 1 mL / dak akış hızında kullanıldı. Kolon sıcaklığı 25 ° C'de tutuldu ve tespit dalga boyu arbutin için 280 nm'de ayarlandı. Analitik yöntem, ICH Q7A Kılavuzuna göre doğrulandı. Çalışmamızın sonuçları üç pyrus türünün de arbutin içerdiğini göstermiştir. Yaprakların arbutin içeriği, üç yabani armutun meyvelerinden daha yüksektir. Her üç türün de yapraklarında yüksek oranda arbutin içeriği bulunmuştur. PAN, diğer türlerden daha yüksek oranda arbutin oranına sahiptir (Yaprak: 21,23 mg / g. Dal: 8,92 mg / g. Meyve: 0,81 mg / g).

Honey is nectar collected from plants and produced by honeybees Apis mellifera. It has variable sensory and bioochemical properties due to climate and environmental conditions as well as the different origins of the plants in which it is harvested. Studies have shown that the antioxidant potential of honey varies greatly with the source of flowers. Vicia faba L. also known in Turkey as `bakla,` is a genus of the family Fabaceae that is widely grown in Asia. It is abundant in L-DOPA, a therapeutic agent used in Parkinson`s disease diagnosis. In this study, a sample of honey has been obtained from a monofloral source in the greenhouse environment where only vicia faba l. was found. The biochemical properties and antioxidant activities of this honey sample were studied. Vicia faba L. flowers grown in greenhouse conditions and pollen and honey produced by bees fed from this flowers were analyzed with HPLC method. The results were quite surprising. L-DOPA content is 4.23% in flowers, 0.9...

Favipiravir (FVP), a pyrazine analog, has shown antiviral activity against a wide variety of viruses. It is considered to be worth further investigation as a potential candidate drug for COVID-19. It is not officially available in any pharmacopoeia. A rapid, simple, precise, accurate, and isocratic high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for routine quality control of favipiravir in pharmaceutical formulations. Separation was carried out by C18 column. The mobile phase was a mixture of 50 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 2.3) and acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL min−1. The ultraviolet (UV) detection and column temperature were 323 nm, and 30 °C, respectively. The run time was 15 min under these chromatographic conditions. Excellent linear relationship between peak area and favipiravir concentration in the range of 10–100 μg mL−1 has been observed (r2, 0.9999). Developed method has been found to be sensitive (limits of detection an...

Copper (Cu) is one of the essential trace metals required for plant growth. High amount of Cu in the media inhibits plant growth and is toxic to the plants. Brassica nigra L., a Cu accumulator, can tolerate a high amount of Cu and have specific mechanisms to relocate Cu within the cell compartments and keep the toxic amount of Cu away from the cytoplasm. This study aimed to evaluate the Cu-induced gene expression pattern of B. nigra Diyarbakir ecotype subjected to low Cu treatment. The Arabidopsis ATH1 genome array was used to determine the Cu-induced gene expression in the leaves of B. nigra grown at 25 µM Cu. Ninety-five genes were upregulated, and seventy-two genes were downregulated in the leaves of plants grown under 25 µM Cu. Cu responsive genes, such as glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, heavy metal transporters, natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins, cytochrome p450, MYB-like transcription factor, copper/zinc, and Fe superoxide dismutases, and some protein kinases were highly expressed in the leaves of Cu-treated plants. The present work provides the global gene expression pattern in facultative metallophyte B. nigra, which could serve as a molecular tool for future phytoremediation studies. Özet: Bakır (Cu), bitki büyümesi için gerekli olan temel eser metallerden biridir. Ancak, ortamdaki yüksek miktarda Cu, bitkide toksik etki göstererek büyümeyi olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Diğer bir yandan, Cu akümülatörü olan Brassica nigra L., sahip olduğu özel mekanizmalar ile yüksek Cu miktarlarını akümüle edebilmekte ve bu metali farklı hücre bölümlerine taşıyarak sitoplazmadan uzaklaştırabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, B. nigra'nın düşük Cu seviyesindeki gen anlatım profilinin tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Düşük Cu seviyesinde yetiştirilen B. nigra'nın yapraktaki Cu ile indüklenen gen anlatım profili Arabidopsis ATH1 genom çipi kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, B. nigra'da 95 gen yukarı regüle ve 72 gen aşağı regüle olarak tanımlanmıştır. Glutatyon S-transferaz, glutatyon redüktaz, ağır metal taşıyıcılar, doğal dirençle ilişkili makrofaj proteinleri, sitokrom p450, MYB-gibi transkripsiyon faktörü, bakır/çinko ve Fe süperoksit dismutazlar gibi Cu ile ilişkili bazı genlerin ve bazı protein kinazların yüksek oranda anlatımının olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma, fakültatif metalofit olarak tespit edilen B. nigra' nın global gen anlatım profilini sunmakta olup, moleküler bir araç olarak ileriki fitoremediasyon çalışmaları için yardımcı olacaktır.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different doses and combinations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Putrescine elicitor on some plant characteristics of summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted for two years between 2017-2019 in the greenhouse of Usak University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences. Bulbs with ~7 cm circumference and ~9 g weight were used as a material of this study, and was constructed with randomized blocks design with 3 replications. The bulbs were treated for 24 hours before planting with 5, 10 and 15 mg/l BAP; 5, 10 and 15 mg/l Putrescine elicitor in different combinations (16 different combinations). Thereafter, all bulbs were planted in crates. In the first year, only plant height, number of leaves per bulb were recorded and at the end of the second year, the plant height, number of leaves per bulb, number of leaves per daughter bulb, number of bulbs, leaf weight, root length and weight, bulb weight, unit ...

This study was carried out in order to identify the ensiling ability of plantago and the effect of molasses additives to plantago on some silage quality criteria. In this context 0 % of (control) and 3% of molasses were added to plantago and ensiling period lasted for 60 days. According to the obtained results, with 3 % of molasses additives to plantago, dry matter contents of the silages increased compared to the control group (P 0.05). Butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen contents were not determined in the silages obtained from the plantago. According to sensual analysis results, although odour and total quality properties of the group with 3 % of molasses additives were significantly higher compared to the control group, both groups were identified to be in “Very Good” quality class. According to these data, it was concluded that plantago could be ensilaged without using additives.

Bu calisma kapsaminda, ‘Angeleno’ erik cesidine ait meyvelerde, rakim degisimine bagli olarak meydana gelen fitokimyasal ve anti-mikrobiyal degisimlerin tespiti hedeflenmistir. Bu amac dogrultusunda, 2017 ve 2018 yillarinda, Eskisehir sinirlari icerisinde yer alan iki farkli lokasyondan hasat edilen ‘Angeleno’ erik cesidine ait meyvelerde orneklemeler yapilarak, analizler gerceklestirilmistir. Elde edilen sonuclar dogrultusunda, rakimin yukselmesine bagli olarak, fenolik bilesiklerde artis tespit edilirken, organik asitlerin ve anti-mikrobiyal etkinin dusus gosterdigi sonucuna varilmistir. Her iki rakimda da organik asitlerin siralamasi malik asit> asetik asit> oxalik asit> askorbik asit seklinde bulunurken, fenolik asitlerde stabil bir siralama gozlemlenmemistir. Fenolik bilesiklerden, rutinin anti-fungal ve anti-bakteriyel etkisi yuksek duzeyde tespit edilirken, ayni etki organik asitlerde; malik asit, okzalik asit ve askorbik asitte bulunmustur.

Artichoke leaf ( Cynara Scolymus ) extracts widely used in medicine. Chlorogenic Acids have antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral properties is an compound. In this study, after the artichoke ( Cynara scolymus ) leaves had  dried, powdered portions were extracted to with water. The results had expressed as ppm after  extracts  were analyzed by HPLC. It were determined that optimum conditions of extracting chlorogenic acid from Cynara Scolymu s leaves with the ultrasonic assisted extraction with Response Surface Method (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design. The experimental conditions for this extraction efficiency were determined as extraction time (15-45 minutes), temperature (30-70 0 C) and ultrasound power (25-75%).  The optimum conditions were determined as 47.65% ultrasound power, 35.18 minutes, 53.40 0 C temperature. The maximum yield of chlorogenic acid was determined to 10.05 ppm. Also the total phenolic content was measured by UV -Vis spectrometry in order to see antioxidant...

As the flowers and leaves of vicia faba contain high levels of levodopa used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, its use in alternative medicine is becoming more and more common. In general, the flowers and leaves of vicia faba are consumed as a tea. Besides some trace elements, they show a significant role in human nutrition and may pose a risk to human health at high levels. However, there is not much literature on chemical analysis of flowers and leaves of vicia faba. Their element content has not been studied yet. ICP-MS has been used to determine the trace elements contents of the vicia faba flowers and leaves. Mineral distribution ranging from the trace to the main elements for this plant samples were dried, weighed, digested, and analyzed by ICP MS. Thirteen element contents of flowers and leaves have been analyzed. Potassium, calcium and magnesium have been found at high concentrations in flowers and leaves. Among trace metals, iron had the highest concentration, fo...

Nergis on sekizinci yuzyilin sonlarindan bu yana Bati Avrupa'da onemli bir sus bitkisi olmustur. Fenolik bilesikler antioksidan ozellikleri ile bilinen bilesiklerdir. Buna bagli olarak antikarsinojen, antimutajen ve antimikrobiyal aktivite gostermeleri bakimindan da insan sagligi uzerine olumlu etkileri vardir. Nergis da fenolik bilesikler iceren bitkilerdendir. Bu calismada Izmir ilinde yetisen Nergis turu Narcissus papyraceus Soganlarinda fenolik bilesik, toplam flavonoid madde ve toplam antioksidan kapasite ve Antimikrobiyal aktivite tayini yapilmistir. Narcissus papyraceus soganlarinda ve sogan kabuklarinda toplam fenolik icerik miktari sirasiyla Gallik Asit esdegeri olarak 98 mg GAE/1 gr Numune ve 584 mg GAE/1 gr Numune olarak belirlenmistir. Narcissus papyraceus soganlarinda ve sogan kabuklarinda toplam flovanoid icerik miktari sirasiyla Quercetin esdegeri olarak 8.75 mg QUE/1 gr Numune ve 5.04 mg QUE/1 gr Numune olarak belirlenmistir. Bitkilerin etanol ekstraktlarinin 30 ...

Rosmarinik asit, karnozol ve karnosik asit, biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis) 'de bulunan onemli dogal antioksidandir. Rosmarinik asit (RA), Bu bilesiklerin, ozellikle de Rosmarinik asitin biyolojik aktivitelerini rapor eden cok sayida calisma bulunmaktadir. Rosmarinik asitin in-vitro calismalarda anti-HIV-1, antibakteriyel, antioksidan, anti-kanserojen ve anti-alerjik aktiviteler, antiviral ozellikler gibi bazi biyolojik faaliyetleri oldugu bildirilmistir. In vivo calismalar da Rosmarinik Asitin antialerjik, antitromboz ve antikanserojenik ozellikler sergiledigini gostermistir. Endustri pek cok faydali etkileri nedeniyle dogal gida koruyuculari, antimikrobiyal ve antioksidanlar ile giderek daha fazla ilgilenmektedir. Bu calismada, biyolojik olarak guclu bir antioksidan olan rosmarinik asit bilesimi, Biberiye yapraklarindan ekstrakte edildi. Ultrasonik Destekli Ekstraksiyon ve Yuzey Yanit Metodolojisi Biberiye yapraklarindan antioksidanlarin ekstraksiyon kosullarini optimize etm...

Kolsisin antik Yunan doneminden beri bilinen antifibrotik, anti-inflamatuar, antihistaminik, membran stabilizasyonu ve lipid peroksidasyon inhibisyonu etkileri olan bitkisel kokenli bir ilactir. Tum bu ozellikler inflamatuar olaylarin ve hucre bolunmesinin on planda oldugu hastaliklarda bu ilacin etkili olabilecegi dusuncesini gundeme getirmektedir. Yillardir gut artritinde kullanilan kolsisin, son 50 yildir FMF, Behcet hastalig , skleroderma, amiloidoz ve karaciger sirozu icin de basvurulan ilac olmustur (Donmez M.). Ticari farmasotik formlar icinde bulunan ilac molekullerinin ve safliklarinin saptanmasi, toksikolojik ve farmakolojik bakimdan onemlidir. Farmasotik sekillerin hazirlanmasi sirasinda saflik ve ilgili bozulma urunlerinin izlenebilmesi icin ileri metotlara ihtiyac vardir (U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2003, 2006). Bu calismanin amaci farmasotik dozaj formlarinda kolsisin ve bozunurluk urunlerinin LC-MS/MS teknigi ile hizli bir metot gelistirmektir. Ticari dozaj form...