IntroductionReceiving adequate antenatal care (ANC) had an integral role in improving maternal an... more IntroductionReceiving adequate antenatal care (ANC) had an integral role in improving maternal and child health outcomes. However, several factors influence the utilization of ANC from the individual level up to the community level factors. Thus, this study aims to investigate factors that determine ANC service utilization among mothers of deceased perinate using the proper count regression model.MethodSecondary data analysis was performed on perinatal death surveillance data. A total of 3,814 mothers of deceased perinates were included in this study. Hurdle Poisson regression with a random intercept at both count-and zero-part (MHPR.ERE) model was selected as a best-fitted model. The result of the model was presented in two ways, the first part of the count segment of the model was presented using the incidence rate ratio (IRR), while the zero parts of the model utilized the adjusted odds ratio (AOR).ResultThis study revealed that 33.0% of mothers of deceased perinates had four ANC...
A multi-country cholera outbreak has occurred in several developing countries in Africa, Asia and... more A multi-country cholera outbreak has occurred in several developing countries in Africa, Asia and Oceania since mid-2021. The current multi-country cholera outbreak has spread primarily in Africa. As of February 2023, cholera cases have been reported in approximately 25 countries, 15 (60%) of which are in sub-Saharan Africa. According to the World Health Organization, 547,626 confirmed cases and 4,927 total deaths were recorded until August 2023. Of these, approximately 33.68% cases (184,474) and 64.2% deaths (3,165) occurred in African countries, and the number may increase in the coming months. Although various organizations and local administrations have made response efforts, the response capacity for multiple outbreaks is insufficient, and the outbreak has been exacerbated by a global lack of resources, cholera vaccine shortages, climatic effects, a lack of supplies and the occurrence of other health emergencies. Herein, the rapid review method was used, with emphasis on availa...
Ethiopian Journal of public health and nutrition, Nov 12, 2020
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of increased morbidity and mortality bot... more Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of increased morbidity and mortality both in hospital and community settings and produces a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from minor skin infections to fatal necrotizing pneumonia. Objective: To determine the prevalence and antibiotic pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus among referred specimens. Materials and Methods: Cross sectional study design of modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration was conducted at Ethiopian Public Health Institute National Referral bacteriology Laboratory. All types of specimens those collected from 2008 to 2014 period were included in the study, and 238 Staphylococci isolates were identified and subject to E-test to determine their MRSA status. Results: A total of 2,768 Staphylococcus isolates were identified from a range of clinical specimens and S. aureus accounted for 75.9% (2102) from all Staphylococcus species and 50.5% from the 4,159 identified bacterial pathogens. The prevalence of Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus was 44.5% (106/238) and that of Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was 55.5 % (132/238). From the total methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n=106), 49 of them showed highest level of resistance with concentration of cefoxitin 24 and above mg/ml. The highest proportion of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was found in age group 19+ years (75.5%) followed by age group 6-18(18.9%). Conclusion and Recommendation Among all bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 50.5% which indicated that the pathogen was the leading cause of clinical infection among the various bacterial agents. The highest prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from clinical specimens which was found to be alarming. Therefore, strengthening and expanding the existing antimicrobial resistance surveillance system is recommended for effective infection prevention and control operations at health facilities.
Back ground: Pneumococcus is a major public health challenge with high frequency of infection and... more Back ground: Pneumococcus is a major public health challenge with high frequency of infection and serotype diversity. Objective: This study aims at serotyping, sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling of pneumococcal isolates circulating in selected health facilities of Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 228 cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from hospitalized patients at University of Gondar Hospital and Black Lion Specialized Hospital during June –December, 2012. Samples were processed using both conventional and modern microbiological techniques. Serotype was determined by Quelung reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using E-test. Real Time –polymerase chain reaction and Multilocus sequence typing was also done for confirmation test and genotyping of isolates, respectively. Results: Sixty eight pneumococcal isolates were recovered (26.3%) from the total 228 processed samples. Of these, 15 serotypes were identified, with serotype 1 (21%) b...
Strained Ge/Si001 self-assembled islands have been investigated extensively by many research grou... more Strained Ge/Si001 self-assembled islands have been investigated extensively by many research groups in recent years due to their potential applications in optoelectronic devices. 1, 2 The optoelectronic properties of such systems are strongly related to the island composition and shape. These features are, in turn, influenced by the intermixing of Si and Ge atoms occurring both during the Ge island growth 3, 4 and the island capping with a silicon layer. 5–8 As a matter of fact, intermixing is a competitive mechanism reducing the ...
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of increased morbidity and mortality bot... more Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of increased morbidity and mortality both in hospital and community settings and produces a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from minor skin infections to fatal necrotizing pneumonia. Objective: To determine the prevalence and antibiotic pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus among referred specimens. Materials and Methods: Cross sectional study design of modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration was conducted at Ethiopian Public Health Institute National Referral bacteriology Laboratory. All types of specimens those collected from 2008 to 2014 period were included in the study, and 238 Staphylococci isolates were identified and subject to E-test to determine their MRSA status. Results: A total of 2,768 Staphylococcus isolates were identified from a range of clinical specimens and S. aureus accounted for 75.9% (2102) from all Staph...
Back ground: Pneumococcus is a major public health challenge with high frequency of infection and... more Back ground: Pneumococcus is a major public health challenge with high frequency of infection and serotype diversity. Objective: This study aims at serotyping, sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling of pneumococcal isolates circulating in selected health facilities of Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 228 cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from hospitalized patients at University of Gondar Hospital and Black Lion Specialized Hospital during June –December, 2012. Samples were processed using both conventional and modern microbiological techniques. Serotype was determined by Quelung reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using E-test. Real Time –polymerase chain reaction and Multilocus sequence typing was also done for confirmation test and genotyping of isolates, respectively. Results: Sixty eight pneumococcal isolates were recovered (26.3%) from the total 228 processed samples. Of these, 15 serotypes were identified, with serotype 1 (21%) b...
Background: The emergence and spread of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enter... more Background: The emergence and spread of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterobacteriaceae are serious and expanding public health problems globally. Rapid and accurate detection of these bacteria facilitates infection prevention efforts in healthcare facilities. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of agreement between double disk synergy test (DDST) and combination disk test (CDT) for the detection of ESBL among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from different clinical specimens. Methods: A total of 426 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were obtained from different clinical specimens from four clinical bacteriology laboratories. Fresh colonies of the isolates were recovered using MacConkey and 5% sheep blood agar plate. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar (MHA). All the isolates were screened for ESBLs production using cefotaxime and ceftazidime as per CLSI guideline. Each ESBLs s...
Background: An important bacterial meningitis causative organism, Neisseria meningitidis, has a h... more Background: An important bacterial meningitis causative organism, Neisseria meningitidis, has a high burden of morbidity and mortality in the African meningitis belt. Identifying meningococcal serotypes circulating in the region is also mandatory for appropriate vaccine introduction. Objective: To investigate and confirm the meningitis outbreak causative agents in Gambela region, Ethiopia. Methods: Cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from Gambela refugee camp were sent to the national microbiology laboratory (Ethiopian Public Health Institute) for etiological culture and sensitivity plus serotype identification. Specimens were cultured on Blood agar and Chocolate agar then further serotyping was done by real time PCR. Multilocus sequence typing was done at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo Norway. Result: Eight specimen were processed and out of these, six of them were positive for N.meningitidis serotype C, one Hib and one pneumococcus were identified. Genomic sequen...
Biennially, trainees and graduates of Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programs (FELTPs... more Biennially, trainees and graduates of Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programs (FELTPs) are presented with a platform to share investigations and projects undertaken during their two-year training in Applied Epidemiology. The African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET) Scientific Conference, is a perfect opportunity for public health professionals from various sectors and organizations to come together to discuss issues that impact on public health in Africa. This year's conference was organized by the Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute in collaboration with the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, Ethiopian Public Health Association (EPHA), Ethiopia Field Epidemiology Training Program (EFETP), Addis Ababa University (AAU), Training Programs in Epidemiology and Public Health Interventions Network (TEPHINET) and AFENET. Participants at this year's conference numbered 400 from over 20 countries including; Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republ...
Background Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) is the etiologic agent for the sexually transmitted... more Background Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) is the etiologic agent for the sexually transmitted Infection gonorrhea, a disease with a significant global public health impact. The treatment regimen for gonorrhea has been changed frequently over the past few decades due to the organism's propensity for developing antibiotic resistance. This study investigated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of quinolones, third-generation cephalosporin, and other relevant antimicrobials found in N. gonorrhoeae isolated from men presenting with urethral discharge at selected healthcare facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with the aim of revising the national treatment regimen based on the information generated from this study. Methods A total of 599 male patients presenting with urethral discharge were included in the current study. Urethral discharge specimens were cultured on Modified Thayer Martín media and suspected gonococcal colonies were confirmed using Oxidase and Superoxol tests followed by identification through a commercial kit (API-NH R). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using ciprofloxacin (5μg), ceftriaxone (30μg), cefixime (5μg), cefoxitin (30 μg), penicillin (10μg) and spectinomycin (100 μg) on enriched GC agar. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was also carried out using concentration gradient strips (E-tests) of the same antimicrobial agents. Results The prevalence of gonococcal isolates in the current study was 69%. Out of the 361 gonococcal isolates, close to 68% were fluoroquinolone non-susceptible, with 60% resistant and
Yellow Fever (YF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by aedes mosquito species. Approxima... more Yellow Fever (YF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by aedes mosquito species. Approximately, 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths occur worldwide every year. In Ethiopia, the last outbreak was reported in 1966 with 2200 cases and 450 deaths. A number of cases with deaths from unknown febrile illness reported from South Ari district starting from November 2012. This investigation was conducted to identify the causative agent, source of the outbreak and recommend appropriate interventions. Medical records were reviewed and Patients and clinicians involved in managing the case were interviewed. Descriptive data analysis was done by time, person and place. Serum samples were collected for serological analysis it was done using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for initial screening and confirmatory tests were done using Plaque Reduction and Neutralization Test. Breteau and container indices were used for the entomological investigation to determine the risk of epidemic. A total of ...
IntroductionReceiving adequate antenatal care (ANC) had an integral role in improving maternal an... more IntroductionReceiving adequate antenatal care (ANC) had an integral role in improving maternal and child health outcomes. However, several factors influence the utilization of ANC from the individual level up to the community level factors. Thus, this study aims to investigate factors that determine ANC service utilization among mothers of deceased perinate using the proper count regression model.MethodSecondary data analysis was performed on perinatal death surveillance data. A total of 3,814 mothers of deceased perinates were included in this study. Hurdle Poisson regression with a random intercept at both count-and zero-part (MHPR.ERE) model was selected as a best-fitted model. The result of the model was presented in two ways, the first part of the count segment of the model was presented using the incidence rate ratio (IRR), while the zero parts of the model utilized the adjusted odds ratio (AOR).ResultThis study revealed that 33.0% of mothers of deceased perinates had four ANC...
A multi-country cholera outbreak has occurred in several developing countries in Africa, Asia and... more A multi-country cholera outbreak has occurred in several developing countries in Africa, Asia and Oceania since mid-2021. The current multi-country cholera outbreak has spread primarily in Africa. As of February 2023, cholera cases have been reported in approximately 25 countries, 15 (60%) of which are in sub-Saharan Africa. According to the World Health Organization, 547,626 confirmed cases and 4,927 total deaths were recorded until August 2023. Of these, approximately 33.68% cases (184,474) and 64.2% deaths (3,165) occurred in African countries, and the number may increase in the coming months. Although various organizations and local administrations have made response efforts, the response capacity for multiple outbreaks is insufficient, and the outbreak has been exacerbated by a global lack of resources, cholera vaccine shortages, climatic effects, a lack of supplies and the occurrence of other health emergencies. Herein, the rapid review method was used, with emphasis on availa...
Ethiopian Journal of public health and nutrition, Nov 12, 2020
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of increased morbidity and mortality bot... more Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of increased morbidity and mortality both in hospital and community settings and produces a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from minor skin infections to fatal necrotizing pneumonia. Objective: To determine the prevalence and antibiotic pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus among referred specimens. Materials and Methods: Cross sectional study design of modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration was conducted at Ethiopian Public Health Institute National Referral bacteriology Laboratory. All types of specimens those collected from 2008 to 2014 period were included in the study, and 238 Staphylococci isolates were identified and subject to E-test to determine their MRSA status. Results: A total of 2,768 Staphylococcus isolates were identified from a range of clinical specimens and S. aureus accounted for 75.9% (2102) from all Staphylococcus species and 50.5% from the 4,159 identified bacterial pathogens. The prevalence of Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus was 44.5% (106/238) and that of Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was 55.5 % (132/238). From the total methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n=106), 49 of them showed highest level of resistance with concentration of cefoxitin 24 and above mg/ml. The highest proportion of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was found in age group 19+ years (75.5%) followed by age group 6-18(18.9%). Conclusion and Recommendation Among all bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 50.5% which indicated that the pathogen was the leading cause of clinical infection among the various bacterial agents. The highest prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from clinical specimens which was found to be alarming. Therefore, strengthening and expanding the existing antimicrobial resistance surveillance system is recommended for effective infection prevention and control operations at health facilities.
Back ground: Pneumococcus is a major public health challenge with high frequency of infection and... more Back ground: Pneumococcus is a major public health challenge with high frequency of infection and serotype diversity. Objective: This study aims at serotyping, sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling of pneumococcal isolates circulating in selected health facilities of Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 228 cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from hospitalized patients at University of Gondar Hospital and Black Lion Specialized Hospital during June –December, 2012. Samples were processed using both conventional and modern microbiological techniques. Serotype was determined by Quelung reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using E-test. Real Time –polymerase chain reaction and Multilocus sequence typing was also done for confirmation test and genotyping of isolates, respectively. Results: Sixty eight pneumococcal isolates were recovered (26.3%) from the total 228 processed samples. Of these, 15 serotypes were identified, with serotype 1 (21%) b...
Strained Ge/Si001 self-assembled islands have been investigated extensively by many research grou... more Strained Ge/Si001 self-assembled islands have been investigated extensively by many research groups in recent years due to their potential applications in optoelectronic devices. 1, 2 The optoelectronic properties of such systems are strongly related to the island composition and shape. These features are, in turn, influenced by the intermixing of Si and Ge atoms occurring both during the Ge island growth 3, 4 and the island capping with a silicon layer. 5–8 As a matter of fact, intermixing is a competitive mechanism reducing the ...
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of increased morbidity and mortality bot... more Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of increased morbidity and mortality both in hospital and community settings and produces a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from minor skin infections to fatal necrotizing pneumonia. Objective: To determine the prevalence and antibiotic pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus among referred specimens. Materials and Methods: Cross sectional study design of modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration was conducted at Ethiopian Public Health Institute National Referral bacteriology Laboratory. All types of specimens those collected from 2008 to 2014 period were included in the study, and 238 Staphylococci isolates were identified and subject to E-test to determine their MRSA status. Results: A total of 2,768 Staphylococcus isolates were identified from a range of clinical specimens and S. aureus accounted for 75.9% (2102) from all Staph...
Back ground: Pneumococcus is a major public health challenge with high frequency of infection and... more Back ground: Pneumococcus is a major public health challenge with high frequency of infection and serotype diversity. Objective: This study aims at serotyping, sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling of pneumococcal isolates circulating in selected health facilities of Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 228 cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from hospitalized patients at University of Gondar Hospital and Black Lion Specialized Hospital during June –December, 2012. Samples were processed using both conventional and modern microbiological techniques. Serotype was determined by Quelung reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using E-test. Real Time –polymerase chain reaction and Multilocus sequence typing was also done for confirmation test and genotyping of isolates, respectively. Results: Sixty eight pneumococcal isolates were recovered (26.3%) from the total 228 processed samples. Of these, 15 serotypes were identified, with serotype 1 (21%) b...
Background: The emergence and spread of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enter... more Background: The emergence and spread of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterobacteriaceae are serious and expanding public health problems globally. Rapid and accurate detection of these bacteria facilitates infection prevention efforts in healthcare facilities. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of agreement between double disk synergy test (DDST) and combination disk test (CDT) for the detection of ESBL among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from different clinical specimens. Methods: A total of 426 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were obtained from different clinical specimens from four clinical bacteriology laboratories. Fresh colonies of the isolates were recovered using MacConkey and 5% sheep blood agar plate. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar (MHA). All the isolates were screened for ESBLs production using cefotaxime and ceftazidime as per CLSI guideline. Each ESBLs s...
Background: An important bacterial meningitis causative organism, Neisseria meningitidis, has a h... more Background: An important bacterial meningitis causative organism, Neisseria meningitidis, has a high burden of morbidity and mortality in the African meningitis belt. Identifying meningococcal serotypes circulating in the region is also mandatory for appropriate vaccine introduction. Objective: To investigate and confirm the meningitis outbreak causative agents in Gambela region, Ethiopia. Methods: Cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from Gambela refugee camp were sent to the national microbiology laboratory (Ethiopian Public Health Institute) for etiological culture and sensitivity plus serotype identification. Specimens were cultured on Blood agar and Chocolate agar then further serotyping was done by real time PCR. Multilocus sequence typing was done at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo Norway. Result: Eight specimen were processed and out of these, six of them were positive for N.meningitidis serotype C, one Hib and one pneumococcus were identified. Genomic sequen...
Biennially, trainees and graduates of Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programs (FELTPs... more Biennially, trainees and graduates of Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programs (FELTPs) are presented with a platform to share investigations and projects undertaken during their two-year training in Applied Epidemiology. The African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET) Scientific Conference, is a perfect opportunity for public health professionals from various sectors and organizations to come together to discuss issues that impact on public health in Africa. This year's conference was organized by the Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute in collaboration with the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, Ethiopian Public Health Association (EPHA), Ethiopia Field Epidemiology Training Program (EFETP), Addis Ababa University (AAU), Training Programs in Epidemiology and Public Health Interventions Network (TEPHINET) and AFENET. Participants at this year's conference numbered 400 from over 20 countries including; Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republ...
Background Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) is the etiologic agent for the sexually transmitted... more Background Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) is the etiologic agent for the sexually transmitted Infection gonorrhea, a disease with a significant global public health impact. The treatment regimen for gonorrhea has been changed frequently over the past few decades due to the organism's propensity for developing antibiotic resistance. This study investigated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of quinolones, third-generation cephalosporin, and other relevant antimicrobials found in N. gonorrhoeae isolated from men presenting with urethral discharge at selected healthcare facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with the aim of revising the national treatment regimen based on the information generated from this study. Methods A total of 599 male patients presenting with urethral discharge were included in the current study. Urethral discharge specimens were cultured on Modified Thayer Martín media and suspected gonococcal colonies were confirmed using Oxidase and Superoxol tests followed by identification through a commercial kit (API-NH R). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using ciprofloxacin (5μg), ceftriaxone (30μg), cefixime (5μg), cefoxitin (30 μg), penicillin (10μg) and spectinomycin (100 μg) on enriched GC agar. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was also carried out using concentration gradient strips (E-tests) of the same antimicrobial agents. Results The prevalence of gonococcal isolates in the current study was 69%. Out of the 361 gonococcal isolates, close to 68% were fluoroquinolone non-susceptible, with 60% resistant and
Yellow Fever (YF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by aedes mosquito species. Approxima... more Yellow Fever (YF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by aedes mosquito species. Approximately, 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths occur worldwide every year. In Ethiopia, the last outbreak was reported in 1966 with 2200 cases and 450 deaths. A number of cases with deaths from unknown febrile illness reported from South Ari district starting from November 2012. This investigation was conducted to identify the causative agent, source of the outbreak and recommend appropriate interventions. Medical records were reviewed and Patients and clinicians involved in managing the case were interviewed. Descriptive data analysis was done by time, person and place. Serum samples were collected for serological analysis it was done using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for initial screening and confirmatory tests were done using Plaque Reduction and Neutralization Test. Breteau and container indices were used for the entomological investigation to determine the risk of epidemic. A total of ...
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