Environmental Engineering

Abstrak Penyediaan ruang terbuka hijau (RTH) kota yang cukup dilengkapi kolam retensi berguna untuk pengendalian air larian. Air kolam retensi berguna untuk menjaga muka air tanah, tapi kelemahannya memerlukan lahan yang cukup luas dan lahan di bagian atas kolam tidak dapat dimanfaatkan untuk tempat parkir dan bangunan. Tahun 2011 dilakukan kajian subreservoir air hujan pada RTH. Tujuan mendapatkan kriteria desain subreservoir air hujan pada RTH. Sasaran adalah kriteria desain subreservoir air hujan. Kegiatan menggunakan metode deskriptif, data sekunder dan data primer. Rumusan kriteria didasarkan data primer dan data sekunder divalidasi dengan kriteria desain standar. Selanjutnya disusun matrik data, rumusan konsep kriteria, diksusi dengan tim pakar dan rumusan kriteria desain final. Hasil kajian ini yaitu: (1) desain subresevoir air hujan pada RTH harus memperhatikan sekitar 18 (delapan belas) ketentuan umum, 17 (tujuh belas) ketentuan teknis dan sekitar 10 (sepuluh) ketentuan untuk operasi dan perawatan. (2) Kriteria umum antara lain karateristik RTH dan izin pemanfaatan, intensitas air hujan, karateristik tanah dan air tanah. (3) Kriteria teknis antara lain koefisien limpasan, intensitas hujan, luas bidang tadah, debit puncak dan debit rata-rata, SNI 03–2453–2002, pedoman desain sumur bor dalam, bahan dan konstruksi, operasi-perawatan dan pemanfaatan subreservoir air hujan. Kata kunci : kriteria desain, subreservoir, air hujan, ruang terbuka hijau. Abstract Providing sufficient green open space (GOS) in a city, filled with retention pond is use full for controlling the run off. Besides, Water pond can control surface ground water level, but it's needed the wider space and upper of part of the pond cannot be used as a parking lot and another building. In 2011, research concerning the rain water sub reservoir on a GOS was conducted. Research aimed at obtaining design criteria of such sub reservoir based on secondary and primary data and validated with design standard. Then, it is made the data matrix, concept design criteria, expert discussion and final design criteria. The research result:(1) rain water sub reservoir design has to consider are about 18 (eighteen) general requirements, 17 (seventeen) technical requirements and are about 10 (ten) operation and maintenance. (2) General criteria among others are GOS characteristic and using permit, rain water, soil and ground water. (3) Technical criteria among others are run off coefficient, rain water intensity, size of roof area, maximum and average rate of the rain, INS 03-2453-2002, deep well design standard, material and construction, operation-maintenance and sub reservoir uses.

This research was conducted by means of coprocess of toxic leachate and the unstable and immature compost in evapotranspiration bed with the objectives to determine the composition of the bed and its design criteria. The methods included treatment variations in composition of compost and sand, hourly observation of evapotranspiration and evaporation rates, daily observations within a month and monthly in the year. Results revealed that compost/sand in maximum proportion of 50/50% by weight was an optimum composition for evapotranspiration bed that resulted in an optimum volumetric loading of leachate to maintain the growth of plants on the bed. Intermittent loading of leachate was able to recover evapotranspiration bed for long term processing. The co-process of toxic leachate and the unstable and immature compost increased biodegradability of both materials and achieved stability. Wastewater treatment system configuration was suggested for design, implementation, and research on plants diversity.

This paper proposed a simple method and rapid to carry out for organizing city phytostructure. Carbon dioxide sequestration was addressed and referred to population number instead of city area. The unit storage of carbon dioxide, which was nothing less than greenspace area, was determined using equivalent method of determining unit storage of water. For various population number (P) of city area in Indonesia, the greenspace unit (GU) was 29P-0.3-3.2, and the greenspace area (GA) was 29P 0.7-3.2P. Greenspace distribution was preferably on wetlands, river lines, top ground level, and north south direction.

In this study Mixture of domestic grey water and black water were investigated. This Mixture consists of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), and Nitrate (NO 3). This research investigated the influence of concentration and flow variation parameters to treating the Mixture Grey Water and Black Water. Effluent quality of decreasing concentration varied by the concentration and flow recorded BOD was about 102-544 mg/l, COD was about 287-1.230 mg/l, TSS was about 280-780 mg/l and for treating nitrate the result was fair enough than others was about 4-12 mg/l. According to the flow variation resulted the retention time are 4, 6 and 8 hours. The best effluent quality was happened 878 mg/LCOD, and varied by flow are 0,125. The results of research showed the higher concentration will decrease the value of BOD and Nitrate removal, due to the influence of pH.The higher flow will decrease the value of BOD and increase COD, TSS, and Nitrate removal, and optimum flow condition was 0,125 l/hour.

Salah satu alternatif pengolahan air limbah kegiatan penambangan batubara adalah dengan menggunakan biji kelor (Moringa oleifera) sebagai biokoagulan. Protein dan logam alkali kuat yang terkandung dalam biji kelor (Moringa oleifera) dapat bersifat sebagai poliektrolit dan kutub positif yang dapat mengikat koloid dalam air buangan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan dosis optimum dan efektifitas biji kelor dalam menurunkan TSS, total Fe dan total Mn pada kondisi aktual terhadap perbedaan karakteristik air limbah kegiatan penambangan batubara dengan menggunakan jartest.

The use of groundwater as a source of fresh water to the people would become a problem when it contains of Fe and Mn. This happens because in the ground water there is no directly contact with the air outside and the weathering of rocks, so that Fe and Mn in the ground water is still soluble. Meanwhile the amount of Fe and Mn in the ground is never the same in every location. This case could be some impacts to people's kidney health. In this study, content of Fe and Mn in the ground water will be reduced by using Clay filter media. This study uses 3 wells water samples character with different level of Fe and Mn in sample A is 0.001 mg / l Fe, 0.16 mg / l Mn, sample is B 0.019 mg / l Fe, 0.05 mg / l Mn, and sample C is 3,242 mg / l Fe, 0.27 mg / l Mn. The height level of water influence to the Clay filter becomes the consideration in this study, they are 50 cm, 100 cm and 150 cm. Clay Filter is operated for 12 hours continuously with taking the reuslt of filtration sampling per 2 hours. Based on the research, this study finds the operating time to decrease the concentration of Fe and Mn with Clay Filter optimally from the three height levels in all kinds of different water samples and its categorization has reached 100% at the fourth hours.

This research investigated the influence of flowrate and turbidity and total suspended solids level to detention time in GRF reactor. The difference of flowrate could produce the difference of turbidity and total suspended solids level at certainly detention time. The research objects were rain water in rain water reservoir and GRF on laboratory bench scale. The research concluded that optimum flowrate is 5 mL/s with 78% reduction efficiency of turbidity and 79% reduction efficiency of total suspended solids level which was 100 minutes operating.

The human population growth increased waste productions. The waste reduction and preention need certain treatment. One of newly developed treatment technlogy was microbial fuel cells (MFCs). MFC used organic sibstances which contain in wastewater as substrates and able to produce electric charges as addition from organic material degradation. The electron's current was captured by electrode transmit to the resistor. MFC used dual chamber that consist by anode and chatode. Inside anode chamber, Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) was added to increase organic substances degradation efficiency and also able to increase electricity generations in a role as bacterial medium. GAC were varied 100g, 200g, and 300g. In order to find optimum COD concentraton, COD concentration were varied 400, 800, 1200 mg/L. The reaserch of COD concentration removal and electrical charges optimum on 1200 mg/L COD and 200g GAC with 98,9% efficiency removal and 223,70 mW/m 2 .

Animal wastewater has high organic matter. The highest of this pollute are liquid blood, residual grease, fecal, rumen and intestinal contents that can contaminate environment if not processed first. In this research, using system of microbial fuel cells dual chamber method to treatment animal wastewater to degrade chemical oxygen demand and to produce generation electricity. This system using variation of flow rate, carbon electrode, electrolyte solution of KmnO4 as acceptor electron, and (NaCl) as salt bridges for cation exchanger.

Limbah cair industri elektroplating mengandung logam berat yang berbahaya sehingga pengolahan terhadap limbah hasil elektroplating agar dapat diminimalisir dampaknya terhadap lingkungan.Sebagian besar mengolah air limbah mereka berdasarkan coagulantion-floculantion sistem. Hal ini nyaman dalam pengolahan biaya dan jumlah besar lumpur mengakibatkan, terutama untuk yang di industri berbasis logam. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menemukan teknologi alternatif baru berdasarkan elektrokoagulasi dan flotasi. Percobaan dilakukan secara batch 1 liter untuk 120 menit, arus searah dari 5 A dan tegangan 3 V pada densitas arus 40, 50, 60, dan 70 mA/cm2 dan Aluminium jenis elektroda dan Iron. From percobaan dapat diperoleh nilai efficiency elektrokoagulasi dari contaminan Ni adalah 95% dan Cu adalah 98% pada kepadatan arus 70mA/cm2 dan waktu procees dari 120 menit.

This study used a combination of vertical roughing filter (VRF) and horizontal roughing filter (HRF) to reduce the content of Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and Turbidity in domestic wastewater. Variations study was only performed on the reactor VRF. Variations used of waste water discharge Q 1 = 0.2778 l/hr, Q 2 = 0.1389 l/hr, and Q 3 = 0.0926 l/hr; and types of media used is charcoal and gravel with coarse size (øӨ20-10 mm), medium (Ө15-6 mm), and fine (Ө10-3 mm). Optimum conditions in the reactor decreased TSS and turbidity at small flow rate or Q 3 = 0.0926 l/hr, with a charcoal filter media type, the size of the fine filter media (Ө10-3 mm), with an efficiency of 98,58% and 99,71%.

Domestic wastewater treatment is necessary given the high levels of pollutants such as BOD and COD content. In Indonesia there have been domestic wastewater treatment technology but the application is not yet efficient enough, India and African implement a technology that is roughing filter water treatment using filtration mechanism. This study aims to determine the reduction in BOD, COD and BOD / COD using a combination of vertical roughing filters (VRF) and horizontal roughing filter (HRF) in domestic wastewater. This study uses VRF and HRF series of three variations of flow of 277.7 ml/h, 138.8 ml/h and 92.5 ml/h, three variations of the filter media size, coarse with diametres Ɵ20mm, Ɵ15mm, Ɵ10mm , medium size Ɵ15mm, Ɵ10mm, Ɵ6mm and fine size Ɵ10mm, Ɵ 6mm, Ɵ3mm and two variations of types filter media are gravel and charcoal. From research result obtained a removal parameters of BOD and COD optimum flow variation are 277.7 ml/h for the BOD by 90% eficiency and the variation of flow 138.8 ml/h for removals parameters COD by eficiency 99 %. Variations of filter media types for the removal parameters BOD and COD is gravel, while the optimum filter media size for the parameters BOD is coarse and optimum filter media size for COD is medium.

This research is a wastewater treatment miniature using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) reactor. The purpose of this study to find the optimum flowrate and total electrode to decrease concentration of COD and electricity production in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) reactor can optimum too. The best reactor of this research is reactor 1 where using flowrate 0,1 l/h and total electrode 3. In reactor 1 show that effluent concentration is 56,67 mg/l while for electricity production is 550 mV.

This research is aims to reduce the content of total coliform bacteria in domestic wastewater using a combination of vertical flow roughing filter (VRF) and horizontal flow roughing filter (HRF) for each variation of flow rate, the type and the size of filter media. Domestic wastewater influent is used as an artificial wastewater containing total coliform bacteria sample 2400 MPN/100 ml. The results of the best drop reaches 0 MPN/100 ml sample contained in VRF combination with medium-sized fine charcoal filter (10 mm,6mm and 3mm) on the flow rate 0.0926 liters/hour.Variations in discharge and the size of filter media for total coliform bacteria indicates a decrease inversely proportional relationship, where the smaller size of the discharge and the filter media decreased total coliform bacteria. As for the type of filter media, charcoal filter media types work better than gravel to reduce the content of total coliform bacteria.

Electrocoagulation is selected method to decrease concentration of heavy metal Cr and Zn, because it is easy in operation without using chemical addition that harmful for human. The purpose of this research studied the influence of efficiency toward the loading of concentration and the performance of electrode during electrocoagulation process used on continuous system. This experiment used three types of artificial wastewater, they were waste 1 contained 30.

Environmental pollution that caused by electroplating waste disposal into the environment can cause harmful effects for human life. Before it is discharged into the environment need the method to treatment this waste. Electro coagulation is one of the wastewater treatment methods which are interchangeable to treat the electroplating industrial waste. This electroplating waste contain heavy metals such as chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) and Copper (Cu). Electro coagulation experiments have been conducted with the independent variable which are the type of plate alumunium (Al) and Iron (Fe), and also Current density 40 mA/cm 2 , 50 mA/cm 2 , 60 mA/cm 2 and 70 mA/cm 2. This study uses a powerful current 5 Amperes, time operation 120 minutes, with the sampling time every 15 minutes, number of plate 4 pieces, 2 cm distance between electrodes. Based on experiments have been conducted that obtained best results at the highest current density removal efficiency of chromium allowance 99,60 % for using iron electrodes. Whereas for nickel removal, the best results at the highest current density removal efficiency of nickel allowance 96,20 % for using alumunium electrodes. Other measurements in this study that may affect the process of electro coagulation include pH, temperature, TSS, TDS and turbidity.

Pengelolaan terhadap sampah harus dilakukan secara menyeluruh agar tidak mencemari lingkungan. Banyaknya pepohonan yang ada di sekitar kita menyebabkan banyaknya sampah daun yang dihasilkan. Sampah daun merupakan salah satu sampah organik yang dapat dijadikan kompos. Pengomposan dapat dilakukan dengan memvariasikan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi prosesnya, diantaranya adalah kadar air, ukuran bahan dan metode pengomposan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh kadar air terhadap pengomposan sampah organik yaitu sampah daun kering dan menentukan kadar air optimum untuk pengomposan sampah organik berupa daun kering. Pengomposan dilakukan dengan menggunakan MOL tetes tebu dan memvariasikan kadar air (kadar air 40%, 50%, 60%). Ukuran bahan dicacah menjadi ukuran 1 cm. Waktu pengomposan berlangsung selama 30 hari menggunakan metode composter tub. Pengukuran suhu, pH dan kadar air dilakukan setiap hari. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kadar air yang optimum adalah 50...

Sampah adalah sesuatu bahan atau benda padat yang sudah tidak dipakai lagi oleh manusia, atau benda padat yang sudah digunakan lagi dalam suatu kegiatan manusia dan dibuang. Kegiatan perkuliahan yang memiliki tenaga pengajar, karyawan serta mahasiswa setiap hari berkontribusi menghasilkan sampah. Sampah yang banyak dihasilkan berupa daun kering, cara untuk mengurangi permasalahan sampah adalah melakukan proses pengomposan.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh kadar air terhadap pengomposan sampah daun kering dan menentukan kadar air optimum untuk pengomposan sampah daun kering. Proses pengomposan berlangsung selama 30 hari dengan metode keranjang takakura. Penelitian ini menggunakan variasi kadar air (40%, 50%, dan 60%) dan perlakuan ukuran bahan dicacah menjadi ukuran 1.5cm. Activator berupa mol tetes tebu terlebih dahulu dibuat dengan cara fermentasi. Bahan baku kompos dan mol tetes tebu dilakukan uji pendahuluan untuk mengetahui karakteristik awal. Kadar a...

Penentuan penambahan volume air konstan pada pengomposan sampah daun dilakukan untuk mendapatkan volume air optimum selama 1 siklus. Penambahan secara manual pada proses pengomposan dapat menyebabkan hambatan proses dekomposisi materi, ketidakpraktisan operasional, dan perubahan parameter kualitas kompos. Tujuan penentuan ini adalah untuk mendapatkan penambahan volume air konstan dalam proses pengomposan sampah daun secara kontinyu hingga mencapai persentase kadar air yang diinginkan. Metode grafis reservoir diterapkan dengan urutan tabulasi hasil dalam satuan persentase kadar air ekuivalen dengan volume air yang ditambahkan dan digambarkan dalam bentuk grafis akumulasi persentase kadar air. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah penambahan volume air konstan dengan kadar air yang diinginkan 50% sebesar 334 ml/kg sampah/siklus ≈ 100 ml/l sampah/siklus ≈ 24% penambahan volume air ≈ 17 ml/hari debit input. Sedangkan penambahan volume air konstan dengan kadar air yang diinginkan 60% sebesar 717 ml/kg sampah/siklus ≈ 215 ml/l sampah/siklus ≈ 16% penambahan volume air ≈ 36 ml/hari debit input. Semakin besar kadar air yang diinginkan, maka semakin besar penambahan volume air konstan dan debit input, serta semakin kecilnya persentase penambahan volume air yang mengindikasikan kapasitas tampung reservoir yang semakin kecil.