In May 1897, as the Greek Army was retreating to Lamia, pursued by the troops of Etem Pasha, the ... more In May 1897, as the Greek Army was retreating to Lamia, pursued by the troops of Etem Pasha, the Successor Konstantinos ordered the construction of fortifications in Thermopylae. A number of graves were unearthed during the works, which were identified by the Press as those of the 300 Spartans who fell at Thermopylae in 480 BC, and the tomb of Leonidas was expected to be found in the same area. The Greek State sent A. Skias, who carried out excavations at the site, ascertaining that the graves were later than the battle of 480 BC. Neither did he find archaeological remains related to the events of the Persian wars. However, the writings on the reputed tomb of Leonidas continued not only in the Press, but also in the official State documents, and led, two years later, to the Archaeological Society in sending P. Kastriotis, who carried out extensive excavations on the spot. He would conclude in his final report that nothing survived from the Polyandrion (assumed to be a cenotaph), from the Lion and the place, where the stelae with the epigrams were erected. The insistence of the Press in the years 1897-1899 on the existence of Leonidas’s tomb and that of the 300, which was cauterized by K. Palamas, should be related to the need for revitalization of people’s morale during the war of 1897 and afterwards, as well as to the restoration of both the harmed image of the Successor and the Great Idea (Megali Idea). A connection can also be traced to the presence of the historian G. Kremos as a high school principal in Lamia at the time of the events.
In Pausanias’ tenth book, as well as in modern bibliography, the Roman history and topography of ... more In Pausanias’ tenth book, as well as in modern bibliography, the Roman history and topography of Phocis lie in the shadow of Delphi. Apart from a few lines in general studies on Roman Greece, historical research has largely ignored this area and the valuable information on it offered by Pausanias. On the other hand, archaeological discoveries of the last decades have considerably increased our knowledge about the cities and the countryside. The combination of these results with the evidence provided by ancient literature and epigraphy reveals a picture that, though fragmentary in certain areas, is generally useful for all matters related to Phocian cities: settlement patterns and hierarchies, economy, communication routes, cults, local elites, city politics in the Achaean War and the Late Republic, the attitudes of Roman consuls and emperors
Pausanias, arriving at Amphissa shortly after AD 170, met with Aitolian residents -instead of Loc... more Pausanias, arriving at Amphissa shortly after AD 170, met with Aitolian residents -instead of Locrians- who wanted to renounce the Locrian past of the city. These Aitolians, according to him, had refused to move to Patras or Nicopolis, when Augustus divided Aitolia between the two new colonies. Pausanias also visited Myania, Chaleion and Naupactos and mentions that the rest of the Ozolian Locris, except Amphissa, was “under the control” of the Greeks of Patras. The combination of the ancient sources (Pausanias, Strabo, Pliny and the epigraphic record of West Locris) with the archaeological finds from the region provides some information on the status of the Ozolian cities in the Roman period. The new status quo imposed by Rome in Aitolia and in Epictetos Aitolia fragmented the Hesperians and strongly affected the settlement pattern of the region. As far as Amphissa is concerned, an honorary inscription from the sanctuary of Athena Kranaia in Elateia may shed light on the matter of its new Aitolian population.
Η αναφορά στα Προεπαναστατικά κείμενα στους «ήρωες της αρχαιότητας», όπως και η σύνδεση μορφών το... more Η αναφορά στα Προεπαναστατικά κείμενα στους «ήρωες της αρχαιότητας», όπως και η σύνδεση μορφών του Αγώνα με ορισμένους εξ αυτών στα χρόνια της επανάστασης και μεταεπαναστατικά, είναι κοινός τόπος: οι Μανιάτες της «Δυτικής και Ανατολικής της Σπάρτης Λεγεώνας» στα Ορλωφικά, ο «Ιερός λόχος» στο Ιάσιο, ο Κατσώνης ως Θεμιστοκλής, ο Καραϊσκάκης ως Αχιλλέας της Ρωμιοσύνης. Όταν όμως η Τοπογραφία «συνωμοτεί» με την Ιστοριογραφία, την Λογοτεχνία και την Λαϊκή παράδοση, όπως στην περίπτωση του Διάκου και του Λεωνίδα, η σύνδεση αυτή υπερβαίνει τις λεκτικές αναλογίες: όπως ένας σπαρτιάτης βασιλιάς θυσιάστηκε για την Ελλάδα (αφού θυσίασε στους θεούς), έτσι ένας διάκος από την Δωρίδα θυσιάστηκε (αφού προσευχήθηκε) για «την πίστη την αγία και της πατρίδος την ελευθερία», αμυνόμενοι και οι δύο σε ένα στενό που σχεδόν κανείς δεν εμπόδισε κανέναν (από τους Πέρσες μέχρι την Βέρμαχτ) να το διαβεί, κάτω από το βλέμμα του γενάρχη των Δωριέων (Ηρακλής) που έγινε ολοκαύτωμα στη κορυφή του διπλανού βουνού. Η συσχέτιση του Διάκου με τον Λεωνίδα δεν πραγματοποιείται σε επίπεδο μορφών, αλλά σε επίπεδο συμβολισμών. Το ίδιο εξ άλλου επίπεδο επέλεξε και το ελληνικό κράτος επιλέγοντας να συνεορτάσει τα 200 χρόνια από την έναρξη της Επανάστασης με τα 2500 χρόνια από τις Θερμοπύλες, την Σαλαμίνα και τις Πλαταιές και όχι με την Μάχη του Μαραθώνα. Η σύνδεση των δύο μορφών, μπορεί να φαίνεται προφανής λόγω της τοπογραφικής εγγύτητας των μαχών και του προδιαγεγραμμένου τέλους που σύμφωνα με την παράδοση επέλεξαν οι πρωταγωνιστές τους. Ωστόσο υποκρύπτουν συμβολικά φορτία που στην μεν μορφή του Λεωνίδα επικάθησαν από τον Μεσαίωνα μέχρι τον Διαφωτισμό στη Δύση, στη δε μορφή του Διάκου στις τρεις τελευταίες δεκαετίες του 19ου αι. και μέχρι τα πρώτα μεταεμφυλιακά χρόνια στον ελλαδικό χώρο. Στο τελευταίο αυτό διάστημα, οι δύο αυτές μορφές, ως σύμβολα πλέον, πολλές φορές συναντήθηκαν και ανανοηματοδοτήθηκαν.
In the last part of 19th century, Drachmani, renamed to Elateia, had just acquired a newly design... more In the last part of 19th century, Drachmani, renamed to Elateia, had just acquired a newly designed town plan and tried to be transformed from a village of the Ottoman period in a modern town. It had to resolve basic problems of the community (National Land issue), to organize its structures, despite the lack of public buildings, and at the same time to protect its heritage from looting and plundering. At the same period, the engineer Hector Abel Gotteland who had undertaken the delineation of the railway line from Athens to Thessaly visited the sanctuary of Athena Kranaia and shared his impressions with his friend Pierre Paris, a young promising member of the French School at Athens, who asked the permission of the Ministry to investigate the sanctuary. The excavation started under bad weather conditions in November 1883 and was supervised on behalf of the Greek Archaeological Service initially by Panagiotis Stamatakis and later by Epameinondas Koromantzos. Their reports offer plenty of evidence about the excavations in the sanctuary and later in the city, as well as about the fate of the finds, finally identified almost a century later at the National Museum and at Chaeronea museum. Equally valuable is the information about Drachmani in 19th century and its inhabitants.
Keos Island is closely associated to the mythological tradition of Aristaeus. The pre-Olympian de... more Keos Island is closely associated to the mythological tradition of Aristaeus. The pre-Olympian deity moved to the island and saved its inhabitants from the plague caused by the Dog-Star Sirius. He learned the art of beekeeping by the Nymphs and taught it to the Keians. The archaeological surveys in the northern and south-eastern parts of the island identified a large number of rural sites on 1/3 of which beehive sherds were found. This material is a good opportunity: i) to re-consider the legend of Aristaeus, ii) to draw conclusions about the use of these vessels according to the information provided by the ancient literature (Pseudo-Aristotle, Pliny the Elder, Varro, Columella), and iii) to emphasize the importance of beekeeping for the island's economy, particularly in the 4th century and the beginning of the 3rd century BC, when the production of honey (as well as wax) appears to have been a kind of Keian trademark.
Proceedings of the 1st TIR-FOR Symposium. From Territory Studies to Digital Cartography, 2021
The Tabula Imperii Romani project, as the name indicates, began as a map. However, due to the vas... more The Tabula Imperii Romani project, as the name indicates, began as a map. However, due to the vast amount of archaeological data produced by numerous excavations in the areas of the Roman Empire, TIR volumes were converted into gazetteers. Maps gradually became a mere supplement to this index. More recently, with the aid of GIS mapping and databases, maps have regained importance. The Academy of Athens has participated in the TIR project since 1972. The first volume (Philippi) was published in 1993. Over the last decade, an intense effort has been made to publish volumes devoted to the entire area of Greece. Six new volumes are now available, covering the area from Epirus and Thessaly to Attica and the Aegean Islands. The TIR-Greece research group is currently exploring new ways of presenting and analysing archaeological, historical and spatial data. The first example of this process covers western Greece (Aitolia-Akarnania and Epirus). In this paper, we present changes in settlement patterns in western Greece after the Roman conquest and we attempt to address historical issues, such as the impact of the Roman presence on the area.
Old and new excavations in the sanctuary of Athena Kranaia in Elateia, the Federal Sanctuary of t... more Old and new excavations in the sanctuary of Athena Kranaia in Elateia, the Federal Sanctuary of the Phokian League.
Κατά την ανασκαφή του γάλλου αρχαιολόγου Pierre Paris στην Ελάτεια της αρχαίας Φωκίδας ήρθε στο φ... more Κατά την ανασκαφή του γάλλου αρχαιολόγου Pierre Paris στην Ελάτεια της αρχαίας Φωκίδας ήρθε στο φως λίθος με την επιγραφή "Ούτος εστίν ο λίθος από Κανά της Γαλιλαίας, όπου το ύδωρ οίνο(ν) εποίησεν ο Κ(ύριο)ς ημών Ιησούς Χ(ριστό)ς" . Το εύρημα ταυτίστηκε από τον Ch. Diehl με το ανάκλιντρο στο οποίο ανεκλίθη ο Ιησούς Χριστός στην Κανά. Η ταύτιση αυτή προκάλεσε μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον στην Αθήνα και την ανάμειξη του παλατιού που οδήγησε στην πολιτική εκμετάλλευση του ευρήματος. Λίγο αργότερα ο λίθος θα χρησιμοποιηθεί ως αγία τράπεζα στους γάμους του διαδόχου Κων/νου με την Σοφία (1889). Το κλίμα της εποχής, την μεθόδευση της εκμετάλλευσης και την επιστημονική διαμάχη μπορεί κανείς να παρακολουθήσει μέσα από τα έγγραφα του Αρχείου Μνημείων, τα δημοσιεύματα των εφημερίδων και την ανακίνηση του όλου θέματος από τον Σπ. Λάμπρο 20 χρόνια μετά την εύρεσή του.
The Meliamb of Cercidas on wealth and poverty is included in almost every study related to social... more The Meliamb of Cercidas on wealth and poverty is included in almost every study related to social crisis in the ancient world, or Hellenistic Society, because of the immediacy of the information it provides about the rivalry between the rich and the poor at the beginning of the socio-economic crisis that afflicted southern Greece from the late 3rd to the midd-2nd c. BC. Some scholars tend to believe that this poem was recited before a small circle of people and had no effect on society at large. However, no one can deny the forcefulness of the language chosen by the legislator, and Cynic philosopher from Megalopolis. Is Cercidas’ “brutal” language simply explained by the verbal style of the Cynics? Or is it deliberately chosen to jolt the audience into an understanding of the social rivalry of the time and to capture, in a specifically Cynical way, the animosity of the common people toward those who were monopolizing the wealth?
Although the testimony of ancient writers of the period under consideration (Strabo, Pliny the El... more Although the testimony of ancient writers of the period under consideration (Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Pausanias, Claudius Ptolemy, Orosius) does not offer much in the way of usable information, inscriptions and excavation data, especially over the last 30-35 years, when combined with other older finds indicate that ancient Opous (modern Atalanti) went through a period of prosperity during the Roman period and was transformed into a boom town. This had significant effects on the settlement pattern of the Opountian Lokris, which is completely different from what we find in the neighboring ethnic areas like Epiknemnidian Lokris, Phokis and Boeotia. This essay sets out the details that make up the image of Opous in the Roman period (viz. the topography of the city, its pottery production, numismatic issues, sculpture, and the existence of an elite class, of Roman resident aliens and private associations), in parallel with the changes in the settlement pattern from the Late Hellenistic to the Late Roman period. These changes took place in two phases: a) at the end of the 2nd cent. B.C. and into the next, when Opous flourished - coupled perhaps with the events of the First Mithridatic war, which led to a decline for the smaller settlements in the region, and b) during the Late Roman period, when a series of sites with rural and storage functions appear on the seacoast at Livanates, Scala Atalantis and at Kyparissi - a development that should be associated with the emergence of Skarpheia as the headquarters of the "praepositus horreorum" for the entire region from the Gulf of Euboea to Aetolia.
On the occasion of the reopening of the Elateia Archaeological Collection as well as the returnin... more On the occasion of the reopening of the Elateia Archaeological Collection as well as the returning, after almost a century, of a small number of the inscriptions published in the Inscriptiones Graecae, a retrospective in regard to the discovery and study of the Elateian inscriptions is attempted here, combined with the publication of inscribed grave stelae exposed in the Collection. They were found in the fields in the area of modern Elateia, Panagitsa, Modi, Tithorea and Aghia Marina settlements. They are mainly of the palmette and pedimental type or simply raw stones. One is of the Boeotian beam-like type and another has been reworked on the occasion of a secondary use, so that a triangular tip is created. Finally, one stele bears a relief decoration. The pieces are dated from the 6th to the 2nd century BC, and the style of the first two categories indicates the existence of local or regional workshops. The inscribed names are common in Phocis, Boeotia and Lokris, while some rare or even unknown ones enrich the record of the ancient cities they belonged to (Elateia, Triteis or Pedieis, Tithorea, Ledon or Patronis).
In May 1897, as the Greek Army was retreating to Lamia, pursued by the troops of Etem Pasha, the ... more In May 1897, as the Greek Army was retreating to Lamia, pursued by the troops of Etem Pasha, the Successor Konstantinos ordered the construction of fortifications in Thermopylae. A number of graves were unearthed during the works, which were identified by the Press as those of the 300 Spartans who fell at Thermopylae in 480 BC, and the tomb of Leonidas was expected to be found in the same area. The Greek State sent A. Skias, who carried out excavations at the site, ascertaining that the graves were later than the battle of 480 BC. Neither did he find archaeological remains related to the events of the Persian wars. However, the writings on the reputed tomb of Leonidas continued not only in the Press, but also in the official State documents, and led, two years later, to the Archaeological Society in sending P. Kastriotis, who carried out extensive excavations on the spot. He would conclude in his final report that nothing survived from the Polyandrion (assumed to be a cenotaph), from the Lion and the place, where the stelae with the epigrams were erected. The insistence of the Press in the years 1897-1899 on the existence of Leonidas’s tomb and that of the 300, which was cauterized by K. Palamas, should be related to the need for revitalization of people’s morale during the war of 1897 and afterwards, as well as to the restoration of both the harmed image of the Successor and the Great Idea (Megali Idea). A connection can also be traced to the presence of the historian G. Kremos as a high school principal in Lamia at the time of the events.
In Pausanias’ tenth book, as well as in modern bibliography, the Roman history and topography of ... more In Pausanias’ tenth book, as well as in modern bibliography, the Roman history and topography of Phocis lie in the shadow of Delphi. Apart from a few lines in general studies on Roman Greece, historical research has largely ignored this area and the valuable information on it offered by Pausanias. On the other hand, archaeological discoveries of the last decades have considerably increased our knowledge about the cities and the countryside. The combination of these results with the evidence provided by ancient literature and epigraphy reveals a picture that, though fragmentary in certain areas, is generally useful for all matters related to Phocian cities: settlement patterns and hierarchies, economy, communication routes, cults, local elites, city politics in the Achaean War and the Late Republic, the attitudes of Roman consuls and emperors
Pausanias, arriving at Amphissa shortly after AD 170, met with Aitolian residents -instead of Loc... more Pausanias, arriving at Amphissa shortly after AD 170, met with Aitolian residents -instead of Locrians- who wanted to renounce the Locrian past of the city. These Aitolians, according to him, had refused to move to Patras or Nicopolis, when Augustus divided Aitolia between the two new colonies. Pausanias also visited Myania, Chaleion and Naupactos and mentions that the rest of the Ozolian Locris, except Amphissa, was “under the control” of the Greeks of Patras. The combination of the ancient sources (Pausanias, Strabo, Pliny and the epigraphic record of West Locris) with the archaeological finds from the region provides some information on the status of the Ozolian cities in the Roman period. The new status quo imposed by Rome in Aitolia and in Epictetos Aitolia fragmented the Hesperians and strongly affected the settlement pattern of the region. As far as Amphissa is concerned, an honorary inscription from the sanctuary of Athena Kranaia in Elateia may shed light on the matter of its new Aitolian population.
Η αναφορά στα Προεπαναστατικά κείμενα στους «ήρωες της αρχαιότητας», όπως και η σύνδεση μορφών το... more Η αναφορά στα Προεπαναστατικά κείμενα στους «ήρωες της αρχαιότητας», όπως και η σύνδεση μορφών του Αγώνα με ορισμένους εξ αυτών στα χρόνια της επανάστασης και μεταεπαναστατικά, είναι κοινός τόπος: οι Μανιάτες της «Δυτικής και Ανατολικής της Σπάρτης Λεγεώνας» στα Ορλωφικά, ο «Ιερός λόχος» στο Ιάσιο, ο Κατσώνης ως Θεμιστοκλής, ο Καραϊσκάκης ως Αχιλλέας της Ρωμιοσύνης. Όταν όμως η Τοπογραφία «συνωμοτεί» με την Ιστοριογραφία, την Λογοτεχνία και την Λαϊκή παράδοση, όπως στην περίπτωση του Διάκου και του Λεωνίδα, η σύνδεση αυτή υπερβαίνει τις λεκτικές αναλογίες: όπως ένας σπαρτιάτης βασιλιάς θυσιάστηκε για την Ελλάδα (αφού θυσίασε στους θεούς), έτσι ένας διάκος από την Δωρίδα θυσιάστηκε (αφού προσευχήθηκε) για «την πίστη την αγία και της πατρίδος την ελευθερία», αμυνόμενοι και οι δύο σε ένα στενό που σχεδόν κανείς δεν εμπόδισε κανέναν (από τους Πέρσες μέχρι την Βέρμαχτ) να το διαβεί, κάτω από το βλέμμα του γενάρχη των Δωριέων (Ηρακλής) που έγινε ολοκαύτωμα στη κορυφή του διπλανού βουνού. Η συσχέτιση του Διάκου με τον Λεωνίδα δεν πραγματοποιείται σε επίπεδο μορφών, αλλά σε επίπεδο συμβολισμών. Το ίδιο εξ άλλου επίπεδο επέλεξε και το ελληνικό κράτος επιλέγοντας να συνεορτάσει τα 200 χρόνια από την έναρξη της Επανάστασης με τα 2500 χρόνια από τις Θερμοπύλες, την Σαλαμίνα και τις Πλαταιές και όχι με την Μάχη του Μαραθώνα. Η σύνδεση των δύο μορφών, μπορεί να φαίνεται προφανής λόγω της τοπογραφικής εγγύτητας των μαχών και του προδιαγεγραμμένου τέλους που σύμφωνα με την παράδοση επέλεξαν οι πρωταγωνιστές τους. Ωστόσο υποκρύπτουν συμβολικά φορτία που στην μεν μορφή του Λεωνίδα επικάθησαν από τον Μεσαίωνα μέχρι τον Διαφωτισμό στη Δύση, στη δε μορφή του Διάκου στις τρεις τελευταίες δεκαετίες του 19ου αι. και μέχρι τα πρώτα μεταεμφυλιακά χρόνια στον ελλαδικό χώρο. Στο τελευταίο αυτό διάστημα, οι δύο αυτές μορφές, ως σύμβολα πλέον, πολλές φορές συναντήθηκαν και ανανοηματοδοτήθηκαν.
In the last part of 19th century, Drachmani, renamed to Elateia, had just acquired a newly design... more In the last part of 19th century, Drachmani, renamed to Elateia, had just acquired a newly designed town plan and tried to be transformed from a village of the Ottoman period in a modern town. It had to resolve basic problems of the community (National Land issue), to organize its structures, despite the lack of public buildings, and at the same time to protect its heritage from looting and plundering. At the same period, the engineer Hector Abel Gotteland who had undertaken the delineation of the railway line from Athens to Thessaly visited the sanctuary of Athena Kranaia and shared his impressions with his friend Pierre Paris, a young promising member of the French School at Athens, who asked the permission of the Ministry to investigate the sanctuary. The excavation started under bad weather conditions in November 1883 and was supervised on behalf of the Greek Archaeological Service initially by Panagiotis Stamatakis and later by Epameinondas Koromantzos. Their reports offer plenty of evidence about the excavations in the sanctuary and later in the city, as well as about the fate of the finds, finally identified almost a century later at the National Museum and at Chaeronea museum. Equally valuable is the information about Drachmani in 19th century and its inhabitants.
Keos Island is closely associated to the mythological tradition of Aristaeus. The pre-Olympian de... more Keos Island is closely associated to the mythological tradition of Aristaeus. The pre-Olympian deity moved to the island and saved its inhabitants from the plague caused by the Dog-Star Sirius. He learned the art of beekeeping by the Nymphs and taught it to the Keians. The archaeological surveys in the northern and south-eastern parts of the island identified a large number of rural sites on 1/3 of which beehive sherds were found. This material is a good opportunity: i) to re-consider the legend of Aristaeus, ii) to draw conclusions about the use of these vessels according to the information provided by the ancient literature (Pseudo-Aristotle, Pliny the Elder, Varro, Columella), and iii) to emphasize the importance of beekeeping for the island's economy, particularly in the 4th century and the beginning of the 3rd century BC, when the production of honey (as well as wax) appears to have been a kind of Keian trademark.
Proceedings of the 1st TIR-FOR Symposium. From Territory Studies to Digital Cartography, 2021
The Tabula Imperii Romani project, as the name indicates, began as a map. However, due to the vas... more The Tabula Imperii Romani project, as the name indicates, began as a map. However, due to the vast amount of archaeological data produced by numerous excavations in the areas of the Roman Empire, TIR volumes were converted into gazetteers. Maps gradually became a mere supplement to this index. More recently, with the aid of GIS mapping and databases, maps have regained importance. The Academy of Athens has participated in the TIR project since 1972. The first volume (Philippi) was published in 1993. Over the last decade, an intense effort has been made to publish volumes devoted to the entire area of Greece. Six new volumes are now available, covering the area from Epirus and Thessaly to Attica and the Aegean Islands. The TIR-Greece research group is currently exploring new ways of presenting and analysing archaeological, historical and spatial data. The first example of this process covers western Greece (Aitolia-Akarnania and Epirus). In this paper, we present changes in settlement patterns in western Greece after the Roman conquest and we attempt to address historical issues, such as the impact of the Roman presence on the area.
Old and new excavations in the sanctuary of Athena Kranaia in Elateia, the Federal Sanctuary of t... more Old and new excavations in the sanctuary of Athena Kranaia in Elateia, the Federal Sanctuary of the Phokian League.
Κατά την ανασκαφή του γάλλου αρχαιολόγου Pierre Paris στην Ελάτεια της αρχαίας Φωκίδας ήρθε στο φ... more Κατά την ανασκαφή του γάλλου αρχαιολόγου Pierre Paris στην Ελάτεια της αρχαίας Φωκίδας ήρθε στο φως λίθος με την επιγραφή "Ούτος εστίν ο λίθος από Κανά της Γαλιλαίας, όπου το ύδωρ οίνο(ν) εποίησεν ο Κ(ύριο)ς ημών Ιησούς Χ(ριστό)ς" . Το εύρημα ταυτίστηκε από τον Ch. Diehl με το ανάκλιντρο στο οποίο ανεκλίθη ο Ιησούς Χριστός στην Κανά. Η ταύτιση αυτή προκάλεσε μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον στην Αθήνα και την ανάμειξη του παλατιού που οδήγησε στην πολιτική εκμετάλλευση του ευρήματος. Λίγο αργότερα ο λίθος θα χρησιμοποιηθεί ως αγία τράπεζα στους γάμους του διαδόχου Κων/νου με την Σοφία (1889). Το κλίμα της εποχής, την μεθόδευση της εκμετάλλευσης και την επιστημονική διαμάχη μπορεί κανείς να παρακολουθήσει μέσα από τα έγγραφα του Αρχείου Μνημείων, τα δημοσιεύματα των εφημερίδων και την ανακίνηση του όλου θέματος από τον Σπ. Λάμπρο 20 χρόνια μετά την εύρεσή του.
The Meliamb of Cercidas on wealth and poverty is included in almost every study related to social... more The Meliamb of Cercidas on wealth and poverty is included in almost every study related to social crisis in the ancient world, or Hellenistic Society, because of the immediacy of the information it provides about the rivalry between the rich and the poor at the beginning of the socio-economic crisis that afflicted southern Greece from the late 3rd to the midd-2nd c. BC. Some scholars tend to believe that this poem was recited before a small circle of people and had no effect on society at large. However, no one can deny the forcefulness of the language chosen by the legislator, and Cynic philosopher from Megalopolis. Is Cercidas’ “brutal” language simply explained by the verbal style of the Cynics? Or is it deliberately chosen to jolt the audience into an understanding of the social rivalry of the time and to capture, in a specifically Cynical way, the animosity of the common people toward those who were monopolizing the wealth?
Although the testimony of ancient writers of the period under consideration (Strabo, Pliny the El... more Although the testimony of ancient writers of the period under consideration (Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Pausanias, Claudius Ptolemy, Orosius) does not offer much in the way of usable information, inscriptions and excavation data, especially over the last 30-35 years, when combined with other older finds indicate that ancient Opous (modern Atalanti) went through a period of prosperity during the Roman period and was transformed into a boom town. This had significant effects on the settlement pattern of the Opountian Lokris, which is completely different from what we find in the neighboring ethnic areas like Epiknemnidian Lokris, Phokis and Boeotia. This essay sets out the details that make up the image of Opous in the Roman period (viz. the topography of the city, its pottery production, numismatic issues, sculpture, and the existence of an elite class, of Roman resident aliens and private associations), in parallel with the changes in the settlement pattern from the Late Hellenistic to the Late Roman period. These changes took place in two phases: a) at the end of the 2nd cent. B.C. and into the next, when Opous flourished - coupled perhaps with the events of the First Mithridatic war, which led to a decline for the smaller settlements in the region, and b) during the Late Roman period, when a series of sites with rural and storage functions appear on the seacoast at Livanates, Scala Atalantis and at Kyparissi - a development that should be associated with the emergence of Skarpheia as the headquarters of the "praepositus horreorum" for the entire region from the Gulf of Euboea to Aetolia.
On the occasion of the reopening of the Elateia Archaeological Collection as well as the returnin... more On the occasion of the reopening of the Elateia Archaeological Collection as well as the returning, after almost a century, of a small number of the inscriptions published in the Inscriptiones Graecae, a retrospective in regard to the discovery and study of the Elateian inscriptions is attempted here, combined with the publication of inscribed grave stelae exposed in the Collection. They were found in the fields in the area of modern Elateia, Panagitsa, Modi, Tithorea and Aghia Marina settlements. They are mainly of the palmette and pedimental type or simply raw stones. One is of the Boeotian beam-like type and another has been reworked on the occasion of a secondary use, so that a triangular tip is created. Finally, one stele bears a relief decoration. The pieces are dated from the 6th to the 2nd century BC, and the style of the first two categories indicates the existence of local or regional workshops. The inscribed names are common in Phocis, Boeotia and Lokris, while some rare or even unknown ones enrich the record of the ancient cities they belonged to (Elateia, Triteis or Pedieis, Tithorea, Ledon or Patronis).
Pierre Paris, a young promising member of the French School at Athens, excavated the sanctuary of... more Pierre Paris, a young promising member of the French School at Athens, excavated the sanctuary of Athena Kranaia and the asty of Elateia in 1883-1884. Thirteen years later (1897), he published in the French magazine 'La Revue hebdomadaire' his memories from his stay in the village. His descriptive writing offers a vivid picture of the life in Drachmani (the turkish name of Elateia) of 19th century.
More than 210 sites of the Roman-Late Roman period are included in the Index and depicted on the ... more More than 210 sites of the Roman-Late Roman period are included in the Index and depicted on the Maps. The volume opens with a general introduction to Thessaly encompasses evidence for a range of subjects on the Roman period (Sources, Geography, History, Thessalian League, Panthessalian Cults-Federal Sanctuaries, Imperial Cult, Settlement Pattern, Coinage-Economy, Society).
More than 750 place-names and 390 sites are included in the index and depicted on the maps coveri... more More than 750 place-names and 390 sites are included in the index and depicted on the maps covering the area from Pagasitic Gulf to Ionian sea
Elateia had the means to become a powerful city of the region and at the same time, it had the di... more Elateia had the means to become a powerful city of the region and at the same time, it had the disadvantages that make second-class cities reluctant allies of major powers at best, or subjugated at worst.
FROM MAP TO GAZETTEER AND BACK AGAIN
Tabula Imperii Romani, as the name indicates, begun as a m... more FROM MAP TO GAZETTEER AND BACK AGAIN
Tabula Imperii Romani, as the name indicates, begun as a map. This was one of the first attempts to visualise a database in geographic terms. However, due to the vast amount of archaeological date, Tabula was converted to a gazetteer. Maps became a mere supplement to this index. With the GIS mapping and online databases (in the future), maps have regained importance in the TIR project.
The Academy of Athens participates in the TIR project since 1972. The first volume (Philippi) was published in 1993 and covers part of the eastern Macedonia and the Greek part of Thrace. Over the last decade an effort has been made to publish the entire area of Greece. Four new volumes are now available (Aegean Islands, Epirus, Central Greece from Pagasetic Gulf to Ionian Sea, Attica), two in press (Boiotia, Thessaly) and one is under preparation (Macedonia).
The research group and authors of TIR volumes in the Academy of Athens are currently exploring new ways for presenting and analysing the data of the published books. The first example of this process is Western Greece (Aitolia-Akarnania and Epirus) in the forthcoming conference. With a series of interactive density maps, we will present the changes in the settlement pattern and we will try to give answers to historical issues like the impact of the Roman presence in the area. This case study can serve as a model for the rest of Greece.
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Papers by George Zachos
The insistence of the Press in the years 1897-1899 on the existence of Leonidas’s tomb and that of the 300, which was cauterized by K. Palamas, should be related to the need for revitalization of people’s morale during the war of 1897 and afterwards, as well as to the restoration of both the harmed image of the Successor and the Great Idea (Megali Idea). A connection can also be traced to the presence of the historian G. Kremos as a high school principal in Lamia at the time of the events.
ένας σπαρτιάτης βασιλιάς θυσιάστηκε για την Ελλάδα (αφού θυσίασε στους θεούς), έτσι ένας διάκος από την Δωρίδα θυσιάστηκε (αφού προσευχήθηκε) για «την πίστη την αγία και της πατρίδος την ελευθερία», αμυνόμενοι και οι δύο σε ένα στενό που σχεδόν κανείς δεν εμπόδισε κανέναν (από τους Πέρσες μέχρι την Βέρμαχτ) να το διαβεί, κάτω από το βλέμμα του γενάρχη των Δωριέων (Ηρακλής) που έγινε ολοκαύτωμα στη κορυφή του διπλανού βουνού. Η συσχέτιση του Διάκου με τον Λεωνίδα δεν πραγματοποιείται σε επίπεδο μορφών, αλλά σε επίπεδο συμβολισμών. Το ίδιο εξ άλλου επίπεδο επέλεξε και το ελληνικό κράτος επιλέγοντας να συνεορτάσει τα 200 χρόνια από την έναρξη της Επανάστασης με τα 2500 χρόνια από τις Θερμοπύλες, την Σαλαμίνα και τις Πλαταιές και όχι με την Μάχη του Μαραθώνα.
Η σύνδεση των δύο μορφών, μπορεί να φαίνεται προφανής λόγω της τοπογραφικής εγγύτητας των μαχών και του προδιαγεγραμμένου τέλους που σύμφωνα με την παράδοση επέλεξαν οι πρωταγωνιστές τους. Ωστόσο υποκρύπτουν συμβολικά φορτία που στην μεν μορφή του Λεωνίδα επικάθησαν από τον Μεσαίωνα μέχρι τον Διαφωτισμό στη Δύση, στη δε μορφή του Διάκου στις τρεις τελευταίες δεκαετίες του 19ου αι. και μέχρι τα πρώτα μεταεμφυλιακά χρόνια στον ελλαδικό χώρο. Στο τελευταίο αυτό διάστημα, οι δύο αυτές μορφές, ως σύμβολα πλέον, πολλές φορές συναντήθηκαν και ανανοηματοδοτήθηκαν.
engineer Hector Abel Gotteland who had undertaken the delineation of the railway line from Athens to Thessaly visited the sanctuary of Athena Kranaia and shared his impressions with his friend Pierre Paris,
a young promising member of the French School at Athens, who asked the permission of the Ministry to investigate the sanctuary. The excavation started under bad weather conditions in November 1883 and was
supervised on behalf of the Greek Archaeological Service initially by Panagiotis Stamatakis and later by Epameinondas Koromantzos. Their reports offer plenty of evidence about the excavations in the sanctuary
and later in the city, as well as about the fate of the finds, finally identified almost a century later at the National Museum and at Chaeronea museum. Equally valuable is the information about Drachmani in 19th
century and its inhabitants.
The archaeological surveys in the northern and south-eastern parts of the island identified a large number of rural sites on 1/3 of which beehive sherds were found. This material is a good opportunity: i) to re-consider the legend of Aristaeus, ii) to draw conclusions about the use of these vessels according to the information provided by the ancient literature (Pseudo-Aristotle, Pliny the Elder, Varro, Columella), and iii) to emphasize the importance of beekeeping for the island's economy, particularly in the 4th century and the beginning of the 3rd century BC, when the production of honey (as well as wax) appears to have been a kind of Keian trademark.
were converted into gazetteers. Maps gradually became a mere supplement to this index. More recently, with the aid of GIS mapping and databases, maps have regained importance.
The Academy of Athens has participated in the TIR project since 1972. The first volume (Philippi) was published in 1993. Over the last decade, an intense effort has been made to publish volumes devoted to the
entire area of Greece. Six new volumes are now available, covering the area from Epirus and Thessaly to Attica and the Aegean Islands.
The TIR-Greece research group is currently exploring new ways of presenting and analysing archaeological, historical and spatial data. The first example of this process covers western Greece (Aitolia-Akarnania and Epirus). In this paper, we present changes in settlement patterns in western Greece after the Roman conquest and we attempt to address historical issues, such as the impact of the Roman presence on the area.
This essay sets out the details that make up the image of Opous in the Roman period (viz. the topography of the city, its pottery production, numismatic issues, sculpture, and the existence of an elite class, of Roman resident aliens and private associations), in parallel with the changes in the settlement pattern from the Late Hellenistic to the Late Roman period.
These changes took place in two phases: a) at the end of the 2nd cent. B.C. and into the next, when Opous flourished - coupled perhaps with the events of the First Mithridatic war, which led to a decline for the smaller settlements in the region, and b) during the Late Roman period, when a series of sites with rural and storage functions appear on the seacoast at Livanates, Scala Atalantis and at Kyparissi - a development that should be associated with the emergence of Skarpheia as the headquarters of the "praepositus horreorum" for the entire region from the Gulf of Euboea to Aetolia.
They were found in the fields in the area of modern Elateia, Panagitsa, Modi, Tithorea and Aghia Marina settlements. They are mainly of the palmette and pedimental type or simply raw stones. One is of the Boeotian beam-like type and another has been reworked on the occasion of a secondary use, so that a triangular tip is created. Finally, one stele bears a relief decoration. The pieces are dated from the 6th to the 2nd century BC, and the style of the first two categories indicates the existence of local or regional workshops. The inscribed names are
common in Phocis, Boeotia and Lokris, while some rare or even unknown ones enrich the record of the ancient cities they belonged to (Elateia, Triteis or Pedieis, Tithorea, Ledon or Patronis).
The insistence of the Press in the years 1897-1899 on the existence of Leonidas’s tomb and that of the 300, which was cauterized by K. Palamas, should be related to the need for revitalization of people’s morale during the war of 1897 and afterwards, as well as to the restoration of both the harmed image of the Successor and the Great Idea (Megali Idea). A connection can also be traced to the presence of the historian G. Kremos as a high school principal in Lamia at the time of the events.
ένας σπαρτιάτης βασιλιάς θυσιάστηκε για την Ελλάδα (αφού θυσίασε στους θεούς), έτσι ένας διάκος από την Δωρίδα θυσιάστηκε (αφού προσευχήθηκε) για «την πίστη την αγία και της πατρίδος την ελευθερία», αμυνόμενοι και οι δύο σε ένα στενό που σχεδόν κανείς δεν εμπόδισε κανέναν (από τους Πέρσες μέχρι την Βέρμαχτ) να το διαβεί, κάτω από το βλέμμα του γενάρχη των Δωριέων (Ηρακλής) που έγινε ολοκαύτωμα στη κορυφή του διπλανού βουνού. Η συσχέτιση του Διάκου με τον Λεωνίδα δεν πραγματοποιείται σε επίπεδο μορφών, αλλά σε επίπεδο συμβολισμών. Το ίδιο εξ άλλου επίπεδο επέλεξε και το ελληνικό κράτος επιλέγοντας να συνεορτάσει τα 200 χρόνια από την έναρξη της Επανάστασης με τα 2500 χρόνια από τις Θερμοπύλες, την Σαλαμίνα και τις Πλαταιές και όχι με την Μάχη του Μαραθώνα.
Η σύνδεση των δύο μορφών, μπορεί να φαίνεται προφανής λόγω της τοπογραφικής εγγύτητας των μαχών και του προδιαγεγραμμένου τέλους που σύμφωνα με την παράδοση επέλεξαν οι πρωταγωνιστές τους. Ωστόσο υποκρύπτουν συμβολικά φορτία που στην μεν μορφή του Λεωνίδα επικάθησαν από τον Μεσαίωνα μέχρι τον Διαφωτισμό στη Δύση, στη δε μορφή του Διάκου στις τρεις τελευταίες δεκαετίες του 19ου αι. και μέχρι τα πρώτα μεταεμφυλιακά χρόνια στον ελλαδικό χώρο. Στο τελευταίο αυτό διάστημα, οι δύο αυτές μορφές, ως σύμβολα πλέον, πολλές φορές συναντήθηκαν και ανανοηματοδοτήθηκαν.
engineer Hector Abel Gotteland who had undertaken the delineation of the railway line from Athens to Thessaly visited the sanctuary of Athena Kranaia and shared his impressions with his friend Pierre Paris,
a young promising member of the French School at Athens, who asked the permission of the Ministry to investigate the sanctuary. The excavation started under bad weather conditions in November 1883 and was
supervised on behalf of the Greek Archaeological Service initially by Panagiotis Stamatakis and later by Epameinondas Koromantzos. Their reports offer plenty of evidence about the excavations in the sanctuary
and later in the city, as well as about the fate of the finds, finally identified almost a century later at the National Museum and at Chaeronea museum. Equally valuable is the information about Drachmani in 19th
century and its inhabitants.
The archaeological surveys in the northern and south-eastern parts of the island identified a large number of rural sites on 1/3 of which beehive sherds were found. This material is a good opportunity: i) to re-consider the legend of Aristaeus, ii) to draw conclusions about the use of these vessels according to the information provided by the ancient literature (Pseudo-Aristotle, Pliny the Elder, Varro, Columella), and iii) to emphasize the importance of beekeeping for the island's economy, particularly in the 4th century and the beginning of the 3rd century BC, when the production of honey (as well as wax) appears to have been a kind of Keian trademark.
were converted into gazetteers. Maps gradually became a mere supplement to this index. More recently, with the aid of GIS mapping and databases, maps have regained importance.
The Academy of Athens has participated in the TIR project since 1972. The first volume (Philippi) was published in 1993. Over the last decade, an intense effort has been made to publish volumes devoted to the
entire area of Greece. Six new volumes are now available, covering the area from Epirus and Thessaly to Attica and the Aegean Islands.
The TIR-Greece research group is currently exploring new ways of presenting and analysing archaeological, historical and spatial data. The first example of this process covers western Greece (Aitolia-Akarnania and Epirus). In this paper, we present changes in settlement patterns in western Greece after the Roman conquest and we attempt to address historical issues, such as the impact of the Roman presence on the area.
This essay sets out the details that make up the image of Opous in the Roman period (viz. the topography of the city, its pottery production, numismatic issues, sculpture, and the existence of an elite class, of Roman resident aliens and private associations), in parallel with the changes in the settlement pattern from the Late Hellenistic to the Late Roman period.
These changes took place in two phases: a) at the end of the 2nd cent. B.C. and into the next, when Opous flourished - coupled perhaps with the events of the First Mithridatic war, which led to a decline for the smaller settlements in the region, and b) during the Late Roman period, when a series of sites with rural and storage functions appear on the seacoast at Livanates, Scala Atalantis and at Kyparissi - a development that should be associated with the emergence of Skarpheia as the headquarters of the "praepositus horreorum" for the entire region from the Gulf of Euboea to Aetolia.
They were found in the fields in the area of modern Elateia, Panagitsa, Modi, Tithorea and Aghia Marina settlements. They are mainly of the palmette and pedimental type or simply raw stones. One is of the Boeotian beam-like type and another has been reworked on the occasion of a secondary use, so that a triangular tip is created. Finally, one stele bears a relief decoration. The pieces are dated from the 6th to the 2nd century BC, and the style of the first two categories indicates the existence of local or regional workshops. The inscribed names are
common in Phocis, Boeotia and Lokris, while some rare or even unknown ones enrich the record of the ancient cities they belonged to (Elateia, Triteis or Pedieis, Tithorea, Ledon or Patronis).
Tabula Imperii Romani, as the name indicates, begun as a map. This was one of the first attempts to visualise a database in geographic terms. However, due to the vast amount of archaeological date, Tabula was converted to a gazetteer. Maps became a mere supplement to this index. With the GIS mapping and online databases (in the future), maps have regained importance in the TIR project.
The Academy of Athens participates in the TIR project since 1972. The first volume (Philippi) was published in 1993 and covers part of the eastern Macedonia and the Greek part of Thrace. Over the last decade an effort has been made to publish the entire area of Greece. Four new volumes are now available (Aegean Islands, Epirus, Central Greece from Pagasetic Gulf to Ionian Sea, Attica), two in press (Boiotia, Thessaly) and one is under preparation (Macedonia).
The research group and authors of TIR volumes in the Academy of Athens are currently exploring new ways for presenting and analysing the data of the published books. The first example of this process is Western Greece (Aitolia-Akarnania and Epirus) in the forthcoming conference. With a series of interactive density maps, we will present the changes in the settlement pattern and we will try to give answers to historical issues like the impact of the Roman presence in the area. This case study can serve as a model for the rest of Greece.
Georgios Zachos – Vyron Antoniadis