Indo-European Etymological Dictionary - Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch (JPokorny)

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A Proto-Indo-European Language Lexicon, and an Etymological Dictionary of Early Indo-European Languages

The database represents the updated text of J. Pokorny's “Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch”, scanned and recognized by George Starostin (Moscow), who has also added the meanings. The database was further refurnished and corrected by A. Lubotsky. Pokorny's text is given practically unchanged (only a few obvious typos were corrected), except for some rearrangement of the material. The numbers in the lemmata are given after the root (e.g. Pokorny's 1. bher- appears as bher-1) because automatic alphabetization would otherwise too much affect the order of the lemmata.

Root / lemma: abhro- (*hebhro-)

English meaning: strong, mighty

German meaning: 'stark, heftig'

Note: The Root / lemma: apelo- : `strength' seems related to Root / lemma: abhro- (*hebhro-): `strong, mighty' [the shift l > r].

Material: to Mir. Prefix abor-, cymr. afr- `very much'; got. abrs `get strong, violent', adv. abraba `very much', bi-abrjan `before were astonished beside oneself', aisl. Prefix afar- `very much'; ill. VN Α῎βροι, thrak. PN Α᾽βρο-.

Maybe illyr. VN Α῎βροι, thrak. PN Α᾽βρο - : alb. (*Α῎βροι) afronj `bring close, squeeze', afër `near' similar to formations of lett. blaîzît `squeeze, clash, hit' : Old Church Slavic blizь, blizъ Adv. `nigh, near' (eigentl. `adjacent').

Here maybe got. aba (n- stem) `husband'.

Note:

The root abhro- :'strong, mighty' is related to the cult of fertility hence the goddess of love, beauty and sexual rapture' Αφροδίτη Aphrodite'. The name of Aphrodite derived from Gr. ἀφρός `sea foam' + Τι ̄ τα ̃ νες `titaness'. The name of Aphrodite is also related to Root / lemma: abō(n) : (ape, aquatic demon) and to Root / lemma: ab- : (water, river) [see below].

In Greek mythology, Aphrodite is the goddess of love, beauty and sexual rapture. According to Hesiod, she was born when Uranus (the father of the gods) was castrated by his son Cronus. Cronus threw the severed genitals into the ocean which began to churn and foam about them. From the ἀφρός `aphros ("sea foam")' arose Aphrodite, and the sea carried her to either Cyprus or Cythera. Hence she is often referred to as Kypris and Cytherea.

The name of Aphrodite is related to PIE Root / lemma: (enebh-2): nebh-, embh-, m̥bh- : (wet, damp; water; clouds) Old Indian abhrá- m. (*m̥bhros), av. awra- n.

References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.

See also: abh-

Page(s): 2

Root / lemma: abh- (*hebh-)

English meaning: quick, abrupt

German meaning: `rasch, heftig'

Note: alter r/n- stem

Material: Gr. ἄφαρ `straightway, forthwith, at once, quickly, presently' (old abstract noun `quickness'), for what, nevertheless, probably at first ἄφνω, ἄφνως `suddenly'.

Here at most Old Church Slavic abьje `straight away, directly', but uncertainly Old Indian ahnāya `directly, straight away, instantly, speedily' (rather to áhar, áhan- `day' p. 7).

References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.

See also: abhro-

Page(s): 2

Root / lemma: abō(n) (*hebō-)

English meaning: ape, *water demon

German meaning: `Affe'

Note: (kelt. neologism). The animal introduced by traveling merchants can have been named by the Celts with the name of her aquatic demon (see above ab-).

Material: Hes. ἀβράνας Κελτοὶ τοὺς κερκοπιθήκους is maybe ἀββάνας (Akk. Pl.) to read and still before the consonatic mutation in Germ. stubby; hence, in. api m. `Monkey, gate', as. apo, ahd. affo m., affa, affin f., ags. apa m. `Monkey', ačech. opice comes aruss. opica from the Germ.

References: WP. I 51 f.

See also: compare ab-`water' and Schrader Reallex., Hoops Reallex. s. v. ape.

Page(s): 2-3

Root / lemma: ab-

English meaning: water, river

German meaning: `Wasser, Fluß'

Note:

From Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : `water, river' [through the shift -gʷ- > -b-, -kʷ- > -p- attested in Greek, Illyrian and Celtic languages] derived Root / lemma: ab- : (water, river) and Root / lemma: ā̆p-2 : `water, river'.

Material: Lat. amnis f., late m. c (*abnis); air. ab (*aba) Gen. abae `river', besides abann, cymr. afon, orn. bret. auon, gall. brit. FlN Abona, derived cymr. afanc `beaver, water demon, dwarf', to mir. abac (*abankos) `beaver, dwarf', schweiz.-frz. avañ `pasture' (*abanko-); lett. FlN Abava.

The West German FlN in -apa, nhd.-affa, probably go back partly to usually lost westgerm. *ap-(idg. *ab-), partly in ven.-ill. ap- (idg. *ap-).

rum. apă `water'

References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, Feist 19a, 579a, GIPatSR. II 134.

See also: compare also āp-2 `water, river' and abō(n) `ape'.

Page(s): 1

Root / lemma: ades-, ados- (*heĝh-)

English meaning: sort of cereal

German meaning: `Getreideart, Spelt'

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Lat. ador, -ō̆ris n. `a kind of grain, spelt', maybe in got. atisk (*ades-ko-) `sowing field', probably m. as ahd. ezzisca Pl. `sowing', mhd. dial. Esch, schweiz. dial. Aesch, `field entrance of a village'; toch. AB āti `grass' [ B atiyo (f.pl.) `grass' (Adams 9)] (differently Pedersen Toch. 641). about gr. ἀθήρ `an ear of corn' see under andh-.

Perhaps Armenian: hat `grain', Hittite: hattar n. `cereal'

Note:

It seems Root / lemma: ades-, ados- : `sort of cereal' evolved from an older root *heĝh- `a kind of grain'. This root was suffixed with common -ska formant in germ. branch Germanic: *at-isk-a-, while in Anatolian branch the root was suffixed with common PIE -tar formant. The old laryngeal (centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s-) was lost except in hitt. and arm. Clearly germ. tongues borrowed the cognate from a reduced lat. (*hattar-) adŏris > Germanic: *at-isk-a-.

Finally zero grade in alb. (*adō̆ris) *dris, drizë `thorny plant', (*dris) drithë `grain' where the lat. -is ending has been solidified.

The surprise is the phonetic mutation -ĝh- > -d- found only in av. - illyr.- balt. languages.

References: WP. I 45, Feist 61 a, anders WH. I 14.

Page(s): 3

Root / lemma: ad-1 (*hed-)

English meaning: to, by, at

German meaning: `zu, bei, an'

Material: Phryg. αδ-δακετ `he does'; maked. ἄδ-δαι ῥυμοί (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 69); lat. ad `to, with, in', preverb and preposition m. Akk., also Gen. atque, ac `and in addition, and also, and' (*ad-que; not at + que; also umbr. ap `in which place, in what place, where, when, after, since, although' chronologically, with extended - ī in ape), umbr. ař- preverb, -ař ̌ postposition m. Akk., osk. adpúd `as far as', otherwise with s- extension osk. az `to, toward' preposition m. Akk .; air. ad- preverb (e.g., ad-glādur `call upon, appeal to'), cymr. add-, gall. ad- prefix (e.g., MN Ad-iantū: cymr. addiant `longing', Admārus: air. már `large'); cymr. â, with vowel ag `with' (ad + ĝhe, Old Indian ha, not = lat. atque `and, as well as, together with'); germ. *at preverb and preposition mostly with `dative' = Lok., rare m. Akk. (got. westgerm. from the time, ags. also from the place), aisl. also with Gen.: got. at `to, by', aisl. at `to, by, against, after', ags. æt, as. at, ahd. az `to, by, in'.

zero grade: ved. t-sárati `creeps, creeps up', ahd. zagēn (: got. *-agan `fear'), ahd. z-ougen, mhd. zōugen, as. t-ōgian compared with got. at-augjan `with raised up eyes, point, show'.

References: WP.I 44 f., WH.I 11 f.

See also: Perhaps to ad-2.

Page(s): 3

Root / lemma: ad-2

English meaning: to establish, put in order

German meaning: `festsetzen, ordnen'

Material: Umbr. arsie (*adio-) `venerable, august, divine, sacred, pure, holy (very freq. and class.); of a divinity, and of things in any way belonging to one', arsmor (*admon) `a form of religious observance, religious usage, ceremony, rite', arsmatiam (*admatio-) `relating to religious rites or ceremonies, ritual', armamu `you shall be ordered, set in order, arranged, adjusted, disposed, regulated', Ařmune epithet of Jupiter, to *ad- `settle, order'; air. ad n. `law', Pl. ada `ceremonious customs', from it Adj. `lawful', adas `proper', cymr. addas `suitable', eddyl (*adilo-) `duty, purpose'; probably also germ. *tila- `suitable opportunity' in got. til n., ga-tils `suitably', ags. til `suitable, useful' as n. `goodness, suitability' = ahd. zil `purpose', preposition ags. aisl. til `to, for'.

References: WE. I 12, Devoto Mél. Pedersen 224.

Page(s): 3

Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- (*heĝhero)

English meaning: water current

German meaning: `Wasserlauf'

Note:

From Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-

: `water, river'; Root / lemma: eĝhero- : `lake, inner sea'; Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- : `water current': Illyr. pannon. VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες [common alb.-illyr.-balt. -ĝh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation].

From Root / lemma: akʷā- `water, river' nasalized in *aku̯ent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- : `to flow, to wet; water, etc. `

Material: Avest. aδu `water run, brook, canal', ven.-ill. FlN Ad(d)ua (for Po), *Aduli̯a> Attel (to Danube in Bavaria), Mons of Adula `St. Gotthard' (probably named after the rivers streaming there), oberösterr. FlN *Adra> Attersee, Attergau, FlN Adrana > Eder (Hessen), maybe also PN Adria in Venetien (afterwards mare Adriaticum), sizil. FlN Α᾽δρανός and ven.-ill. name of Oder Οὐι-αδούας; further lett. FlN Adula.

Note:

The name of the primordial hill in Egyptian mythology, the first mountain that raised from the ocean. The mountain god was borrowed by Hitties who called the dreaming god Upelluri. Greeks received Atlas from Hittites. Atlas `*mountain probably named after the rivers streaming there': Α῎τλας, -αντος m. `Atlas' (Od., Hes., Hdt., A. etc.), name of a God who carries the columns of the sky; originally probably name of Arcadian mountains which were spread then by the epic in general and especially (by Ionic seafarers) was transferred to the Atlas Mountains in West Africa, see Solmsen Wortforsch. 24; about Atlas as a personification of the world axis Tièche Mus. Helv. 2, 65ff. Berber ádrār `mountain'.

Derivatives: Of it `Ατλαντίς f. (Hes. etc.), name of a mythical island, according to Brandenstein Atlantis (Wien 1951, = Arb. Inst. Sprachw. 3) = Crete; further `Ατλαντικός (E., Pl., Arist. etc.) and `Ατλάντειος (Kritias).

References: Vasmer ZslPh. 8, 114 f., Pokorny Urill. 4, 70, 93, 109, 124.

Page(s): 4

Root / lemma: agh-(lo-)

English meaning: disgusting

German meaning: `widerwärtig'

Note:

Root / lemma: agh-(lo-) : `disgusting' derived from an extended Root / lemma: agos- : `fault, sin' produced.

Material: Got. agls `opprobrious, ignominious', agliÞa, aglō `hardship', us-agljan `press', ags. eg(e)le `offensive, unwieldy, unfortunate', eglan add `pain' (engl. ail `hurt; indisposed his'), eglian `to be felt painfully', mnd. egelen `cause grief', got. aglus Adv. agluba `δύσκολος, difficult'; also (with puzzling suffix) got. aglaitei f. -i n. `licentiousness, wanton violence, insolence, sexual offense', ahd. agaleizi f.,-i n. `discomfort; zeal', agaleizo, as. aglēto, agalēto Adv. `sedulous, keen'.

Possibly here ow. aghá- (=av. aɣō-) `nasty', n. `horrible, damage', aghalá- ` bad'.

Here maybe to mir. ālad n. `wound' (*agloton), mcymr. aele(u) `painful', aeleu m. `pain' (*aglou̯-).

References: WP. I 41, Feist 15 a, Specht Dekl. 136, Loth RC. 38, 56.

Page(s): 8

Root / lemma: aghl(u)- (*heghel-)

English meaning: rainy weather

German meaning: etwa `dunkle Wolke, regnerisches Wetter'

Material: Gr. ἀχλύ̄ς `fog, darkness'

Maybe alb. agull `bad vision'

Old Prussian aglo n. `rain' (u- stem), arm. *alj- in aɫjaɫj, aɫjamuɫjkh `darkness' (Meillet MSL. 10, 279).

References: WP. I 41. compare Petersen Ar. and Arm. Stud. 126.

Page(s): 8

Root / lemma: agh- (*hegh-)

English meaning: to fear

German meaning: `seelisch bedrückt sein, sich fürchten'

Material: Gr. ἄχος n. `fear, pain, grief', ἄχνυμαι, ἄχομαι `grieving, sorrowing, mourning' (Aor. ἥκαχε, ἠκαχόμην, Perf. ἀκάχημαι), ἀχεύων, ἀχέων `mourning, groaning', ἀκαχίζω `sadden'; here probably ἄχθος `load, grief' (*ἀχτος), thereof ἀχθεσθαι `to be loaded, be depressed'.

Maybe nasalized alb. (*aghos) ankth `fear' [common alb. -s > -th phonetic mutation].

Ags. ege m. `fear', egisi-grima gl. `ghost, spectre, evil spirit', n. es- stem *agiz = gr. ἄχος `get a fright';

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - χ - phonetic mutation

compare ahd. egis-līh `dreadful', egisōn `get a fright' and to o- and en stems extended got. agis n. `fear, anxiety, fright', ahd. agiso, egiso m., egisa f. `fear, fright figure', ags. egesa m. `fear'; anord. agi m. (-en- stem)'Fear', ahd. egī; mhd. ege f. `fear, fright, punishment'; got. -agan in unḫagands `are not afraid', af-agjan `frighten', us-agjan `frighten somebody', `inḫagjan `snub somebody'; preterit present got. ōg (ōgum) `fears me', ni ōgs `fear nothing' (old short vocal subjunctive *ōgiz), anord. ōa-sk `be afraid'; got. ōgjan `snub somebody' = anord. ægja `get a fright'; anord. ōgn f. `fright', ōtti m. `fear', ags. ōga f. `fright'.

Air. ad-agor,-agur `fear' (because of the ablaut equality with got. ōg supposes Brugmann Grdr. II² 3, 484 origins from older Perf.), verbal noun āigthiunder

References: WP. I 40, Feist 14, 380.

See also: hereupon belongs probably also: agh-(lo-)

Page(s): 7-8

Root / lemma: agos- (*hege-)

English meaning: fault, sin, *blood guilt

German meaning: `Fehl, Schuld, Sünde'

Material: Old Indian ā́gas- n. `offence, injury, sin, fault', change by ablaut with gr. ἄγος `heavy guilt, blood guilt'; Old Indian ánāgas-, gr. ἀναγής `innocent, guiltless' ; ἀγής, ἐναγής `curses', ἄγιος μιαρός.

ags. acan, ōc `hurt' (engl. ache), ndd. äken `hurt, fester, dent, blow', mndl. akel `grief, wrong, pity', nfries. akelig, aeklig `wretched, vehement'.

Maybe nasalized alb. (*ángas) nëkónj, geg. angój `groan, sigh, complain of pain, evil' (*enq-); prove the link between Root / lemma: agos- : [fault, guilt, blame, sin (damage, injury, sacrilege, evil)] and Root / lemma: enq-, onq- : (to sigh, groan) [see below]

Note: It is possible Root / lemma: agos- (*hege-): `fault, sin, *blood guilt' is a zero grade of lat. sangue `blood', alb. gjak `blood' see Root / lemma: s(u̯)ekʷo-s : `sap, pitch, *blood'.

References: WP. I 38.

Page(s): 8

Root / lemma: agro- (egro-) (*hekuro-)

English meaning: top, first, beginning

German meaning: `Spitze, oberstes, erstes, Anfang'

Material: Old Indian ágra- n. `point', agrē (Lok.) `at the top', also timewise `in the beginning, first', agrimá- `first', av. aɣra- `first, uppermost after time space etc. `, n. `beginning; the uppermost, point'; lett. agrs (Adj.) `early', agri Adv. `early, early on', agrums `the early morning'.

maybe alb. agu `dawn, morning, beginning of the day'.

Whether here lat. MN Agrippa from *agri-p(e)d- `breech birth (one who causes great pain at his birth', W. Schulze KZ. 32, 172¹, in 1721, doubting Lat. Eig. 230⁵

If Old Indian ágra on *ogro- or *egro- retrograde, one could compare hitt. ḫé-kur, ḫé-gur 'cliff summit, rock, crag'.

Maybe Agrianes Illyr. TN, Agron `Illyrian king'.

References: WP. I 38 f., Pedersen Hitt. 183.

Page(s): 8-9

Root / lemma: agu̯(e)sī, aksī

English meaning: axe

German meaning: `Axt'

Material: Got. aqizi, anord. øx, ags. acus, æx, as. acus, accus, ahd. achhus, accus, aches, nhd. Axt (germ. forms *aqwizi and *akusi have maybe derived according to Zupitza GG. 89 from a gradating *agu̯ésī : *agusi̯ā́s), gr. ἰξός `ax, hatchet'

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation

lat. ascia `ax of the carpenters' (from *acsiā like viscus: ἰξός, vespa from *vepsā).

maybe alb. (*asca) ashka `shavings, wood splinter', (*viscus) vishk, fishk `make thin, wither'.

References: WP. I 39, WH. I 71, Feist 54 b, Specht Dekl. 150, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 465⁴.

Page(s): 9

Root / lemma: aĝh-

English meaning: plough animal

German meaning: `trächtiges Tier'

Material: Old Indian ahī `cow', av. azī f. Adj. `pregnant' (from cows and mares), mir. ag (s- stem) m., f. `bovine animal, cow', ag allaid `deer' (actually, `wild ox'), ál `brood, throw' (*aglo-), cymr. ael ds., mcymr. aelaw `abundance, fertility', eilion (*agliones) `fallow deer, horses'; here with e- vocalism arm. ezn `bovine animal'

References: WP. I 38, Loth RC. 38, 55.

Page(s): 7

Root / lemma: aĝro-s

See also: s. aĝ-

Page(s): 9

Root / lemma: aĝ- (*heĝ-)

English meaning: to lead, *drive cattle

German meaning: `treiben' (actually probably `mit geschwungenen Armen treiben'), `schwingen', in Bewegung setzen, führen'

Grammatical information: originally limited to the present stem.

Note:

old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- ;

Material: aĝō: Old Indian ájati `drive', ajá- m. `a drove, troop; a driver'; ājí- m./f. `running match, combat', av. azaiti `drive, lead away', arm. acem `lead, bring';

maybe alb. geg. (*ἄγω), ago `leader, chief'; ag- `dawn, beginning of the day', agon `to dawn, start the day' : lat. ago agere egi actum `to set in motion, drive; of animals, to drive or hunt', agon -onis m. `a contest in the public games', agonalia -ium and -orum n. `a festival of Janus'.

gr. ἄγω'lead' (Aor. Aor. ἤγαγον, ἤξα are new), lat. agō `to set in motion, drive, lead, negotiate' (Pf. ēg ī with ablaut innovation), osk. Imper. actud = umbr. aitu `agito', osk. acum `agere', air. ad-aig (*aget) `adigit', acymr. agit, hegit, more recently ëyt (*agīti), besides the strong inflection in cymr. corn. bret. a (*aget) `goes'; t- Preterit air. ro-da-acht `driven away', cymr. aeth (*ag-t) `to put in motion' etc., see Pedersen KG. II 451 following, air. āin `activity, play' (from *agnis), gallo-rom. *and-agnis `big step', frz. andain `swath, scythe slash', afrz. `wide step', anord. aka `driving' (Preterit ōk like Old Indian Gram. āja); ags. ac `however, but, yet' (wörtl. `go!' like lat. age); toch. B ak-, AB āk- `travel, lead';

Maybe alb. ec- `walk, travel on foot', vocative hec, eja `come!'.

to- participle: ἀκτός, lat. āctus ' put in motion, moved, driven, tended, conducted', *amb (i)-aktos, actually, `sent around (: air. imm-aig) messenger, servant' in gall. (-lat.) ambactus `vassal, slave', cymr. amaeth `servus arans' (from Kelt. derives got. andbahts, ahd. ambaht `servant', from which the kinship with nhd. Amt).

As idg. Instrumental noun in-trā here Old Indian aṣ̌ṭrā `goad to drive the livestock', av. aštrā `whip, scourge'.

Maybe Tokharian: B āk n. `zeal' (Adams 35), AB āk- `lead, guide, drive' (36).

lengthened grade formations: Old Indian ājí-ḥ m. f. `race, fight', mir. āg (Gen. āga, u- stem) `fight', āga, āige `leaders' (cf also gall. PN Ago-mārus = air. ágmar `warlike'; Com-āgius), lat. only in compounds: ambāgēs, around `a roundabout way, winding. Hence, in speech, etc., either circumlocution or obscurity' (conservative stem like Old Indian áj-ē `to lead' = lat. agī Inf. Pass., and like Old Indian aj- in pr̥tanā́j- `in the fight pulling', however, with stretch in the composition), indāgēs and indāgo,-inis `surrounding and driving of game', co-āgulum `a means of coagulation, a coagulum or coagulator (the curdled milk in the stomach of a sucking animal, the stomach itself, etc.), rennet or runnet; the curdled milk; that which holds or binds together, a bond, tie', Old Indian samāja-ḥ `meeting, society', gr. ἀγωγός `leading, leadingly', ἀγωγή `guidance, management, freight', Hes. ὤγανα `spokes', στρατ-ηγός (see under). about dor. ἆγον (Old Indian ājam) `I lead' see, nevertheless, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 654, 4.

o- stem: ved. ajá-ḥ ̣ `activity, train; driver', gr. ἀγός `leader, military leader', στρατ-ᾱγός, att. ion. στρατ-ηγός'military leader', λοχᾱγός (originally Doric) `leader', lat. prōdigo -igere -egi -actum `to drive forth; to spend, waste', prōd-igus `profuse, extravagant; rich, abounding in. Adv. prodige' (from prōd-igere), abiga `plant which has the power of producing abortion; ground-pine' (`close to miscarriage' from ab-igere = ἀπάγω, Old Indian apa-ájati `to drive away, drive off').

i̯o- stem: ir. aige `race', Old Indian in pr̥tanājyam `competition'.

aĝmn̥, aĝmos: Old Indian ájman- n. `road, train', ájma-ḥ ds. (however, about jman, pari-jman-, pr̥thu-jman-, jma-yā́- s. ĝhÞem- `earth'): lat. agmen `a driving movement or a mass in (orderly) movement, a stream, band, train; esp. milit., an army on the march' (to neologism agō for *ammen), exāmen `a swarm; a throng, crowd, shoal. (2) the tongue of a balance; testing, consideration'; then `to check, to weigh; to consider' (from *agsmen), ammentum (*agmen-to-m) `in loop form - possibly in the middle of the spear - fixed with throw straps'; maybe (Schw. Gr. Gr. I 492¹⁰) with o- graduation gr. ὄγμος `field furrow, road of heavenly bodies; swath by mowing'.

lo- stem: Old Indian ajirá- `quick, nimble' (however, lat. agilis `flexible, nimble' is a neologism); gr. ἀγέλη `herd, crowd', lat. agolum `shepherd's stick'.

Gr. ἀγών `race, competition'; ἄγυια'street' (part. Perf.), from which about newer *ἄγεια lat. agēa `a gangway in a ship'; lak. kret. ätol. ἀγνέω `leads, brings', ep. ion. ἀγῑνέμεναι, ἀγῑνέω ds. (:ἀγνέω and ἄγω, like ὀρῑ-νω towards ὄρ-νυ-μι and ὠρ-όμην, also from an ī̆ ending root form; cf Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, 696). about ἡγεμών see Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 522⁷ and under sāg-.

Lat. rēmex, rēmigāre, rēmigium, lītigāre `a rower, oarsman' and other verbs in -(i)gāre. - Presumably lat. indigitēs `the local divinities and heroes' (indigitāre `a divinity call', indigitāmenta `invocation formulae'), as *end(o)-aget- ` the indigenous, native'.

formation development to'to weigh' (from `bring in oscillation') in lat. exagium `a weighing, weight; a balance', exigere [ex + ago]'to drive out, push forth, thrust out, take out, expel: -- To weigh, try, prove, measure, examine, adjust, estimate, consider': among other things `weigh, measure', exāctus `precise, accurate, exact', exiguus `strict, exact, scanty, small, little, petty, short, poor, mean, inadequate, inconsiderable, paltry', exīlis (*ex-ag-slis) `strict, narrow, thin, slender, lank, small, meagre, poor', exāmen (see above), agīna `the opening in the upper part of a balance, in which the tongue moves' (formation as for example coquīna), gr. ἄγειν also `weigh' (with Akk. of the weight), ἄξιος `weighing as much, of like value, worth as much as' (from *ἄκτιος, on the grounds of *ag-ti-s `weight', actually:) `from suitable weight', hence, `worth, solemnly', ἀντάξιος'worth just as much as, equally'.

still cf WH. I 9, 10, 24 about acnua, āctus quadrātus `a field measure of 120 feet in the square', and actūtum `straight away, immediately, forthwith', agāsō `footman, driver, hostler', agō, -ōnis `of the priests killing the sacrificial animal' (from agere in meaning `sacrifice'), agōnium `a victim, beast for sacrifice' below likewise

Here maybe gall. exacum `the herb centaury' if prescribed for *exagum (= *exago-`pure-craving'). But better to *ak̂- `sharp', see there.

Further belong here:

aĝes-, ak̂s . . . `(fulcrum, pivot:) axis - shoulder':

Old Indian ákṣ̌aḫḥ `axis', gr. ἅξων ds., ἅμ-αξα `carriage, wagon' Gl. 12, 217; KZ. 40, 217 f.);

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation

lat. axis `axis' = lit. ašìs, Old Prussian assis, Old Church Slavic osъ f. ds .; ahd. ahsa, nhd. Achse, ags. eax ds .; in. ǫxull (from urg. *ahsulaz)'axis'; mir. ais `axis' (*aksiḫlā in cymr. echel f. `axis', bret. ahel).

Lat. āla `shoulder', from which the usual meaning `wing', from *agslā (cf Demin. axilla `armpit') = in. ǫxl, ags. eaxl, ahd. ahsala, nhd. Achsel, where near lengthened grade ndl. oksel ds., and without l- formant: ahd. uochisa, mhd. uohse, üehse and ahd. uochsana, ags. ōxn `armpit', in. ōst f., ōstr m. `Cervical pit', ags. ōcusta, ōxta m., engl. oxter `armpit'; av ašayạ̄ Gen. Du. `of both shoulders', arm. anut `shoulder pit' (at first from *asnut `).

maybe zero grade in alb. geg. (*aksla-të) sqetla `armpit'.

aĝḫrā `rush, hunt', aĝḫroḫs `driving, rushing':

Old Indian in ghasēḫajra- `to drive consuming, exciting appetite', av. (vehr-kąm) azrō-daiδīm `doing the hunt, outgoing on prey (she-wolf)'; gr. ἄγρᾱ, ion. ἄγρη `hunt, catch', πάναγρος `catching everything, catching', κρεάγρα `meat tongs', πυράγρα `tongs', ποδάγρα `prostration, enuflection', Μελέαγρος originally name of a `demon which as a quick-tempered fever seizes the limbs' (?), ἀγρεύς `hunter', ἀγρεύω `catch'; but ἀγρέω `take' according to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 727¹ from *ἁ-γρο-; ir. ār n. `defeat' (*agron) `battle, fight' (*agrā), actually, `rush', acorn. hair `destruction, injury, mischief, harm, misfortune, disaster, loss, detriment, calamity', abret. airou PI. `an overthrow, destruction, ruin, defeat, slaughter, massacre, butchery, carnage', gall. VN Veragri `the immense combatants'.

maybe alb. Agron `appellation of an Illyrian king'.

aĝḫroḫs `field, camp' (to *agō as herd to drive wie, also originally `place where the cattle is being driven, pasture').

Old Indian ájraḫḥ `surface, camp, fields' (without respect on agriculture), gr. ἀγρός `field, land' (in contrast to town), lat. umbr. ager `field', got. (etc.) akrs, ahd. ackar, ahhar, nhd. Acker (Acker and ags. æcer also a certain land measure, `so much a bottom plate can oxen plow during one day'), arm. art `field' (with puzzling t about *atgr-, *atr-, see Pedersen KZ. 39, 352; thereof artak `s `out', prefix arta-` from').

Old Indian ajríya- `located in the plain' = gr. ἄγριος `on the field, outside growing or living, wildly'; ἀγρότερος `wildly living', lat. agrestis `a countryman, peasant, rustic, rural, crude'. (about got. akran, dt. Eckern, however, see under *ōg- `grow'.)

maybe alb. egër `wild, rural, crude', ager `donkey (pulling a wagon)', illyr. TN Agrianes.

References: WP. I 35 f., WH. I 22 f., 89, H. Reichelt WuS. 12, 112.

Page(s): 4-6

Root / lemma: agʷh-no-s (*hegʷh-no-s)

English meaning: `lamb'

German meaning: `Lamm'

Note: (z. T. also *agʷnos)

It seems that from Root / lemma: aĝ- : `to lead, *drive cattle' derived Root / lemma: agʷh-no-s : `lamb'.

Material:

Note:

The old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- in PIE; only alb. and umbr. and Slavic preserved the old laryngeal through alb. ḫ- > k- phonetic mutation.

alb. geg. kinxh, tosk (*ḫegh-) qengj `lamb' : umbr. habina(f) `of a lamb' : lat. haedīnus `of a kid' : Old Church Slavic: (j)agnę `lamb' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].

Gr. (*agʷnos, abnos) ἀμνός derived from an earlier *abnos `lamb' [common gr. kʷ > p, gʷ > b phonetic mutation, later b > mb > m common illyr.-gr. phonetic mutation]

gr. ἀμνός m. f., ἀμνή f. `lamb';

lat. agnus, - ī, fem.-a `lamb' (agnīle `sheep stable', lacking suffix affinity with Old Church Slavic jagnilo `place where the sheep lamb', a derivative of the verb jagniti `to lamb'); air. ūan cymr. oen, acorn. oin, bret. oan `lamb' (urk. *ognos with -gn- would have derived from *-gʷhn-, not-*gʷn-, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 109-bn-;

o- probably influence from *ou̯is `sheep'); ags. ēanian, engl. to yean `to lamb', ndl. oonen ds. (from *aunōn from *auna- = idg. *agʷhno-); Old Church Slavic (j)agne ̨ `lamb' (with formants -et- broadened around popular names of young animals), (j)agnьcь `lambkins' contain full gradation. Or is placed idg. *ōgʷ(h)no- : to *ǝgʷ(h)no-

Through the Germ. and Kelt. presumed voiced-aspirated also would underlie the basis of lat. and slav. forms, so that gr. ἀμνός (at first from *ἀβνός) remains the only dependable indication in voiced-nonaspirated gʷ. If umbr. habina(f) `of a lamb' could be explained from intersection from *hēdīno- = lat. haedīnus `of a kid' and *abnīno- = lat. agninus `of a lamb; f. as subst., lamb's flesh', however, would point umbr. b to voiced-nonaspirated. But maybe it has become gʷh in Osk.-Umbr. to b.

Note:

Celtic Illyrian concordances: common illyr. -gʷ- > -b-, -d- : alb. -gʷ- > -d- phonetic mutation.

Lat. avillus `lambkin' because of the suffix formation not to ovis, but from *agʷhnelos.

Note:

[common lat. - Italic gw- > v- phonetic mutation] Lat. avillus (*abillus) `lambkin' : rum. (*agʷenus) ageamiu `lamb'.

References: WP. I 39, WH. I. 23.

Page(s): 9

Root / lemma: ai-dh-, i-dh-, nas. i-n-dh- (*heu̯i-ĝh-)

English meaning: to burn

Note:

Common illyr. -ĝh- > -dh- phonetic mutation

German meaning: `brennen, leuchten'

Material: Old Indian inddhḗ `inflamed, is aroused' (pass. idhyáte, Perf. īdhḗ, part. Perf. Pass iddhá-ḥ), indhana-m `lighting'.

Gr. αἴθω `lights, burns' (αἰθόμενος), αἴθων, αἶθοψ `igneously, sparkling', ἰθαίνεσθαι θερμαίνεσθαι Hes., hylleisch αἰδῶσσα αἴθουσα'loggia'; changing by ablaut κακ-ιθής Hes. `ravenously' (W. Schulze KZ. 29, 269 = Kl. Schr. 329). common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation

o-St.:gr. αἶθος m. `fire' (αἰθός `burntly') = Old Indian ēdha-ḥ ̣m. `Firewood' = ags. ād, ahd. mhd. eit m. `Glow, pyre': zero grade probably norw. schwed. id `leuciscus idus' (a bright carp kind), cf nhd. dial. aitel `leuciscus cephalus' as the `shining'; besides u- stem *aidhu- in gall. VN Aedui, air. áed `fire', also as MN; lat. aedēs `a dwelling of the gods, a sanctuary, a temple', ursprüngl. `the domestic stove', also aedis = maked. ἄδις ἐσχάρα Hes.

From the verbal adjective in -to- derived probably lat. aestās, - ātis `warm season, summer' (from *aisto-tāt-, idg. *aidh-to-); aestus, - ūs (from *aidh-tu-) `heat, glow, surf', aestuāre `cook, surge, roar';

Maybe alb. (*aestā-, *vesna, *vièsientá) vjeshta `autumn, harvest time (long summer)': Go. asans `harvest time, summer' [common alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels] hence Vesta `goddess of hearth and its sacred fire' was an Illyrian goddess, also alb. vatra (*vas-tra) `hearth' with -tre suffix.

agerm. MN Aistomōdius (`with quick-tempered courage'), ags. āst f. `dried stove', engl. oast `drying room, drying loft'.

r- formants: gr. αἰθήρ `the upper air' (maked. ἀδῆ), αἴθρα `the cheerful sky' (maked. ἀδραιά), αἴθριος `brightly, cheerfully (from the weather)', for what changing by ablaut ἰθαρός'cheerfully', Old Indian vīdhrá- (=vi-idh-rá́-) ds.

l- formants: gr. αἰθάλη, αἴθαλος `soot', maked. ἄδαλος; under acceptance of a development from `shining, appearing' `too apparently' one puts a little bit constrainedly here ags. īdel `vain, pointless, trifling', ahd. ītal, nhd. eitel.

In idg. *aidh-lo- is based germ. ail- in ags. ǣlan `burn' to āl n. `Flame', and in ags. ǣled m., aisl. eldr (Gen. elds) `fire, flame'. From different development-grading ags. ǣled are borrowed cymr. aelwyd, bret. oaled `from fire, stove' (M. Förster Themse 487²). Mir. āel `lime' could have originated from *aidhḫlo-. However, could germ. and kelt. words be formed also directly by the root 4. 4. ā̆i- with -lo-suffix.

s-formants: es-St. gr. αἴθος n. `Glow, fire' = Old Indian ḗdhas- n. `Firewood'.

Continuing formation: aisl eisa f. (*aidhḫsḫōn) `fire', norw. `Hearth', mnd. ēse f. `chimney, fire stove' (however, ahd. essa `chimney, hearth' see under ā̆s- `burn'); av. aēsma m. `Firewood' (*aidh-s-mo-, cf without s Old Indian idhmáḫḥ m. ds.); in addition balt. *aismiā in lit. íesmė `firewood'; lit. aistrà f. `passion'; ačech. niestějě (fem. Pl.) `stove', later nístěj (with n- suggestion by wrong decomposition of the connections *vъnḫěstěję, vъn-ěstějachъ, Berneker 275) from *aidh-s-to; in addition zro grades *idh-s-to- in slov. istė́je, stė́je Pl. `stove hole'; to Johansson IF. 19, 136 also Old Indian iṣ̌ṭakā `of burnt bricks', av. ištya- n. `brick, (backed brick)'.

In *indh- goes back: alb. geg. idhunɛ, tosk. idhëtë `bitter', tosk. idhɛrím `bitterness, anger, irritation', hį̄dhitë Pl. `nettle' (Jokl studies 29).

Note:

Alb. and gr. are the only IE languages to preserve the old laryngeal ḫ- in : alb. geg. hidhun `bitter', hithra `nettle';

References: WP. I 5, WH. 15, 20, 843, Trautmann 3, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 347.

Probably to ā̆i-4.

Here also belongs aisk-, if originated from aidh-s-k- .

Page(s): 11-12

Root / lemma: aid-

English meaning: `swell'

German meaning: `schwellen'

See also: s. oid-.

Page(s): 11

Root / lemma: aig-1, nas. ing-

English meaning: disspirited, sick, ill

German meaning: `verstimmt, unwirsch, krank'

Material: Alb. kë-ék `nasty, bad, evil' (from kë + *aigi̯o-);

Note:

Alb. solidified the old laryngeal ḫ- > k- (*ḫeigi̯o-) kë-ék, keq `nasty, bad, evil' similar to abbreviated alb. (*ḫabeō) kam `hold, possess, have', common alb. ḫ- > k- ; -b- > -mb- > -m- phonetic mutations found in corn. caf(f)os, cafes, mbret. caf(f)out, bret. kavout `have'; also zero grade in alb. preterite (ha)pata `I held, possessed, had', see Root / lemma: ghabh- : to grab, take

lat. aeger, aegra, -um, aegrotus `unwell, ill, sick, diseased, suffering, feeble'; anord. eikenn dismays `wild, furious', ags. ācol `excited, dismayed', nnorw. eikja, eikla `continually with attacks, contradictions, assertions torment', eikjen `argumentative'; toch. В aik(a)re (= lat. *aegro-), A ekro `ill';

nasalized: *ing-: lit. ìngis `lounger, idler', ìngas and angùs `idle, sluggish';

lett. îgstu, îgt `have internal pain, be sullen, morose', îgnêt `have disgust', îgnis `sullen person' (lit. éngti `choke, torment' probably stays away); Old Church Slavic jędza `illness', nslov. jeza `rage', poln. jędza `fury, witch' ('gruff, sullen'), čech. jezinka `forest woman' (etc., see Berneker 268 f. ; in *jęga, not *aigā, is consequently to be led back also:) russ. bába jagá 'witch' (s. Brückner KZ. 45, 318);

aisl. ekki `pain, grief' = ags. inca `pain, suspicion, quarrel', afries. inc (d. i. jinc)'angry', also nengl. inkle `anticipate, foresee', inkling `whispering, notion, indication, sign'.

References: WP. I 9, WH. I 16, 843, Trautmann 70.

Page(s): 13

Root / lemma: aig-2

English meaning: oak

German meaning: `Eiche'

Material: Gr. αἰγίλωψ `an oaken kind' (see under), presumably also κράτ-αιγος, κρατ-αιγών `an uncertain type of tree' (possibly `hard oak').

The outcome from αἰγίλωψ appears λώψ λώψ χλαμύς Hes., cf . λωπίον, λώπη, λοπός `bowl, bark' and Plin. n. h. 16, 6, 13 aegilops fert pannos arentes ...non in cortice modo, verum et e ramis dependentes, Kretschmer Gl. 3, 335.

Anord. eik (conservative stem) f. `oak', as. ēk, ags. āc (engl. oak), ahd. eih, mhd. eich, eiche, nhd. Eiche;

All other cognates are dubious: gr. ἄιγῑρος (more properly than αἴγειρος, s. Fick BB. 30, 273) possibly'aspen' could be created as' tree trembler, (*oak shaker)' also derivative like οἰκτί̄ρω from *αἰγί̄ρω `swing, tremble' (: *aig- `move violently');

lat. aesculus `(mountain oak), the winter or Italian oak' (*aig-sklos) is still unclear after its formation, maybe Mediterranean word.

Maybe alb. geg. (*asi) ahi `*oak, beech' [the common alb. s > h phonetic mutation in the middle of the word (See Root / lemma: su̯ekrū́- Meaning: `mother-in law or father-in-law' shift s > h in alb. (*śváśura-) vjehërr `father-in-law').

Root / lemma: *ōs, ōs-i-s, ō̆s-en-, os-k- : `ash tree (alb. ahi `beech')' must have derived from Root / lemma: aig-2 : `oak (alb. ahu `oak')'.

References: WP. 110, WH. I 20, 844, Specht KZ. 68, 195 f. S. unten S. 18 Z. 1/2.

Page(s): 13

Root / lemma: aig-3

English meaning: to move swiftly, swing, vibrate

German meaning: `(sich) heftig bewegen, schwingen, vibrieren'

Material: Old Indian ējati `stirs, moves, trembles', ējathuḫḥ ̣ `the quake of the earth', vic̨vamējaya- `making everything shake', nasal present iŋgati, iŋgate `stirs, moves', Kaus. iŋgáyati `sets in motion, touches, shakes', udiŋgayati `swings', samiŋgayati `sets in shaking movement' (form relation like between αἴθω: Old Indian indhate);

from Gr. here very probably αἶγες τα κύματα. Δωριεῖς Hes. (also Artemidor Oneirokrit. 2, 12: και γὰρ τὰ μεγάλα κύματα αἶγας ἐν τῇ συνηθείᾳ λέγομεν), αἰγιαλός'strands' (probably from arise the connection ἐν αἰγι ἁλόs `in the surf of the sea'; differently Bechtel Lexil. 16), αἰγίς `gale, storm cloud;

the shield of Zeus' (probably originally understood as the storm cloud shaken by Zeus,'thunderstorm shield'), καταιγίς `gust of wind moving down suddenly' from καταιγίζειν `storm, attack down, drive off' (from πνοαὶ ῎Αρεος, ἄνεμοι, θάλασσα), ἐπαιγίζειν `attack near, thrust near'; probably also αἰγανέη'lance' (on the grounds of *αἴγανον `the catapults' or'projectile'); presumably also αἴγλη'shine', from the flickerof the light and the warm air to the south; common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation

The very name of the root lemma for goat derived from the shield of Zeus which after the crash with clouds created thunderstorm. Since the shield of Zeus was covered with goat's skin the very name of the goat was stamped with the name of the cloud shaker.

Hence Root / lemma: aiĝ- : (goat) is identical with Root / lemma: aig-3 : (to move swiftly, move violently, swing, vibrate).

in addition germ. name of the squirrel: ahd. eihhurno, eihhorn, mhd. eichorn (nhd. Eichhorn with support of Eiche `oak' and Horn `horn', ags. ācweorna,-wern, mnd. ēkeren, ēkhorn, anord. īkorne (īk old ablaut or impairment from aik- in addition), neunorw. also eikorne, aschwed. ēkorne (was based on the concept `flexible, swinging itself from branch to branch'; in earliest with one to *u̯er-, u̯ēu̯er- `squirrel, weasel' the belonging second limb: *aik-werna); aksl Old Church Slavic igrъ, igra `play', igrati, perfective vъzigrati `σκιρτα̃ν, hop, jump, dance' (from *ьgrа; lit. with Berneker 422).

References: WP. I 11, Trautmann 103.

Page(s): 13-14

Root / lemma: aiĝ-

English meaning: goat

Note:

Root / lemma: digh- : `goat' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: deiĝh- : `to prick; tick'. From the older root Root / lemma: deiĝh- : `to prick; tick' derived Root / lemma: aiĝ- : `goat' and Root / lemma: ā̆ĝ- : `goat' [common balt. - illyr. - alb. de-, da- > zero phonetic mutation]. Hence the gr. cognate derived from proto illyr.

German meaning: `Ziege'

Material: Gr. αἴξ, - γός'nanny goat', arm. aic `nanny goat'; zero grade av. izaēna- `from leather' (actually, `from goatskin' as gr. αἴγειος, cf the same importance relations with *aĝo- `goat').

References: WP. I 8, Specht KZ. 66, 13.

Page(s): 13

Root / lemma: aigʷh-

English meaning: to be ashamed

German meaning: `sich schämen'

Material: Directly from the root word: ags. ǣwan `despise','be disgusted' also mnd.eichelen, ēchelen, ēgelen (from *aiwilōn) (from it borrows mhd. ekeln `be disgusted').

Gr. αἶσχος n. `disgrace' (from *aigʷh-s-kos, k- derivative of a s-St. *aigʷhes-, as:) got. aiwiski n. `disgrace, embarrassment'; cf further αἰσχύνη `shame, sense of honor, disgrace', αἰσχύνω `dishonors, violates, disfigures', med. `avoids me, is ashamed of me', αἰσχρός `ignominious, full of disgrace; rebarbative'; got. unaiwisks `unharmed', aiwiskōn act `shameful', ags. ǣwisc(e) n. `disgrace, offense', Adj. `shameless', mnd. eisch `nasty, hideous', nnd. eisk, aisch `revolting, rebarbative'.

References: WP. I 7, Feist 30.

Page(s): 14

Root / lemma: aik-

English meaning: to call (?)

German meaning: `anrufen' (?)

Material: Gr. αἰκάζει καλεῖ Hes., lett. aîcinât `load, shout'.

But καλεῖ can be prescribed for αἰκάλλει `flatters', and aîcinât a derivative from aĩ `hears!' explain (cf vaicāt `ask' to vai).

References: WP. I 8, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 12.

Page(s): 15

Root / lemma: ai-2

English meaning: to drive, to overwhelm, harm

German meaning: `worauf eindringen, treiben, überwältigen, kränken'

Material: present *(a)iḫneuḫmi : Old Indian inóti, ínvati, Imper. inuhí, participle -inita- (úpenita- `pushed, cut into'), `penetrate into something, master', av. inaoiti, Inf. aēnaŋhe `violate, hurt', ainita (from *an-inita by haplology) `not violated, not painedly' (from ai énas- n. `Crime, sin, misfortune' = av. aēnah- `act of violence, crime', in addition m. `evildoer'?), av. intay-` rape, injury; torture', Old Indian iná- `strong; m. master', maybe also ītiḫḥ f. `plague, need'; gr. αἰνός `tremendous';

maybe alb. inati `anger; ire; rage; dander; dudgeon; rampage; down; disappointment; malice; blood; rancour; rancor; pique; spunk; miff; temper; must'.

maybe here-in- in got. faír-ina `guilt, reproach', ahd. firinōn `sin', aisl. firn n. Pl. `the extraordinary' (cf Weisweiler IF. 41, 29 f.), if original meaning (as in the Heliand) `act of violence'.

References: WP. I 1, Feist 139/140.

Page(s): 10

Root / lemma: ai-3, (*hei-, heiu̯ā)

English meaning: to give

German meaning: `geben, zuteilen', about mediales `sich geben lassen' dann also `nehmen'

Note:

From the reduced Root / lemma: ghabh- : `to grab, take', derived Root / lemma: ap-1 (exact ǝp-) : ēp- : `to take, grab, reach, *give' > Root / lemma: ēpi- : `comrade' > Root / lemma: ai-3 : `to give'.

Maybe alb. tosk. (*ḫeḫipḫmi) ep, jap, geg. nep (*na `us' + ep `give') `give us (*take)' : hitt. eḫipḫmi (ē̆pmi) `take', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : gr. ἅπτω `give a hand.

Material: Gr. αἴνυμαι `take, pack, touch', only present and imperfect tense.

Note:

Gr. αἴνυμαι derived from a reduced (*heiu̯ān-); compare the formation gr. οἴη, ὄη, ὄα `service-tree, rowan tree' (*oiu̯ā) = lat. ūva `a grape, berry of the vine'; [see Root / lemma: ei-3 : `multicoloured; reddish']

Also illyr. (*avetor) Aetor : Ven. (*avimos) Aimos suffixed with the common satem -tar formant as IE roots are suffixed with -tar or -ska formants. Tocharian cognate belongs to the (-ts <*-tska) suffixed roots.

Ven. MN Aimos, illyr. MN Aetor.

Maybe alb. (*ḫ-eip) geg. ep, tosk. jap `I give' : Lycian pije, pibije `to give' : Hittite pai, pija `to give' alb. j- stands for the lost laryngeal ḫ-.

hett. pí(-ia)-an-`they give' : mess. pi-do `to give' are zero grades of Root / lemma: ai-3 : `to give'

Note:

The old laryngeal ḫ- could have been created from balt.-illyr. d- > zero phonetic mutation.

Root / lemma: dō- : dǝ-, also dō-u- : dǝu- : du- : `to give' > Root / lemma: ai-3, (*hei-) : `to give'

Lat. (*ave-mulus) ae-mulus `emulous, rivalling; in bad sense, jealous. M. or f. as subst., a rival, esp. in love', probably as `reaches for something' (Frisk Eranos 41, 53).

Toch. В ai-, А е-, infinitive В aitsi, А essi `give'; hett. paḫaḫi `he gives', 3. Pl. pí(-ia)-anḫzi with preverb pe `there'.

Note:

Toch. В ai-, А е -, infinitive В aitsi, А essi `give' display the common Toch. ts > ss mutations.

References: Pedersen Groupement 20, Hittitisch 115, Tocharisch 227; Frisk Indo-germ. 10 f.

See also: Here belongs certainly: ai-ti-, ai-to-

Page(s): 10-11

Root / lemma: ai-5 : oi-

English meaning: important speech

German meaning: `bedeutsame Rede' (?)

Material: Gr. αἴνημι, αἰνέω `praises', αἴνος m., αἴνη f. `significant speech, praise'; αἰνίσσομαι `talks in riddles', common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation; αἰνιγμα n. `dark speech' (however, ἀν-αίνομαι `says no, deny' -i̯o- appears derivative of the negation ἀν-);

ablaut, mir. ōeth m. `oath' (acymr. anutonou Pl., gl. `the perjured, the perfidious', ncymr. anudon `perjury, act of lying under oath') = got. aiÞs m., aisl. eiðr, ags. āÞ, as. ēđ, ahd. eid m. `oath' (probably kelt. Lw.).

References: WP. I 2, 103, Osthoff ВB. 24, 208 f.

Page(s): 11

Root / lemma: ai-rā

English meaning: a k. of grass

German meaning: `Grasart'

Note:

Root / lemma: ai-rā : `a k. of grass' is a reduced root *ai-tra from which derived also Root / lemma: ai-tro- : `bitter, sharp'.

Material: Old Indian ērakā `a grass kind', gr. αἶρα `weed in the wheat, ryegrass, darnel' αἰρικός, αἴρινος `from ryegrass, darnel'), lett. aĩres, aĩrenes `ryegrass, darnel'.

maybe through metathesis alb. (*aĩres > ēser) egjër `Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel' [common alb. -s- > -gj- shift].

References: WP. I 12, Specht Dekl. 206¹.

Page(s): 16

Root / lemma: aisk-

English meaning: bright, shining

German meaning: `klar, hell, leuchtend'

Material: Awnord. eiskra `rage before hot excitement', nisl. iskra also from burning pain.

Lit. áiškus, where beside zero grade alit. iškùs `clear, bright'.

Russ. dial. jáska, demin. jásočka `bright star', beside it abg. jasno Adv. `clear, bright, distinct', russ. jásnyj `light, clear, bright' from *aiskno-; poln. jaskry, jaskrawy `blinding, dazzling, brilliant' from *aiskro-; abg. iskra `spark' etc. from *iskrā.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*aiskno-) shkëndijë `spark' [common alb. n > nd phonetic mutation].

Also alb. zero grade (*jaskry), shkrinj `melt, burn', participle *scrum > shkrumb `ashes' [common alb. m > mb shift] loaned in rum. scrum `ashes'.

Russ. dial. jáska, demin. jásočka `bright star', besides abg. jasno Adv. `clear, distinct', russ. jásnyj `bright, clear' from *aiskno; poln. jaskry, jaskrawy `brilliant, sparkling' from *aiskro; abg. iskra `spark' etc. from *iskrā.

Here the FlN nhd. Aisch (Bavaria), Eysch(en) (Luxembourg), nengl. Axe from kelt. or ven.-ill. *Aiskā.

Maybe alb. (*aiskā) eshkë `mushroom (when dried used to kindle the fire)' related to lat. esca -ae f. `food, victuals, esp. as bait',

References: WP. I 2, Trautmann 4, Pokorny Urill. 70, 113, M. Förster Themse 839.

See also: perhaps originated from *aidh-sk-, or from *ai-sk- in ā̆i-4.

Page(s): 16-17

Root / lemma: ais-1

English meaning: to wish for, search for

German meaning: `wünschen, begehren, aufsuchen'

Note:

The Root / lemma: ais-1 : `to wish for, search for' is a truncated root of ai-ska. The formant -ska is a common Germanic suffix added to Root / lemma: ai-2 : `to drive, to overwhelm, harm'

Material: Old Indian ḗšati `looks', ēṣ̌áḫḥ m. `wish, choice', anv-iṣ̌áti `looks for = av. išaiti `wishes', Old Indian iccháti (*is-sk̂ō) `looks, wishes' = av. isaiti ds., Old Indian icchā `wish', iš ̣ (2. compound part) `searching, striving after' = av. iš ds., f. `Wish, the object of the wish', Old Indian iṣ̌ta- ` desiredly' ī̆ṣ̌má- m. `Love God';

arm. aic ̣ (*ais-sk̂ā) `investigation'; umbr. eiscurent (Bugge KZ. 30, 40) `they will have caused to come, called, sent for, invited, summoned, fetched' (probably as *eh-iscurent `they will have driven out, pushed forth, thrusted out, taken out, expelled');

Maybe zero form in alb. (*assa-) shanj `curse, blame'.

lat. aeruscāre `to beg, to get money by going about and exhibiting tricks of legerdemain, to play the juggler' as *aisos-k̂o- `demanding' to av. Imp. išasā `longs for' (-esk̂o- besides -sk̂o-: isaiti `wishes'); ahd. eiscōn `research, ask, demand, (nhd. heischen `demand' with h after heissen `hot'), as. ēscōn, ēscian `demand', ags. āscian, āxian `try, demand, ask', ahd. eisca `demand', ags. æsce f. `investigation';

in Balt.-Slav. with non-palatal k of the present suffix-skō (towards ar. arm. -sk̂-), what is not to be explained by borrowing from the Germ.; lit. íeškau, ieškóti `look', lett. iẽskât `to delouse', Old Church Slavic iskǫ (and ištǫ), iskati `look', iska `wish'.

References: WP. I 12, WH. 19, Trautmann 67.

Page(s): 16

Root / lemma: ais-2

English meaning: to be in awe, to worship

German meaning: `ehrfürchtig sein, verehren'

Note:

The Root / lemma: ais-2 : `to be in awe, to worship' is a truncated root of ai-ska. The formant -ska is a common Germanic suffix added to Root / lemma: ai-3 : `to give'

Material: Ahd. ēra, nhd. Ehre, ags. ār `Relief, considerate treatment, honour, luck', anord. eir `considerate treatment, peace, also name of the medicine goddess'; of it ahd. ērēn, ērōn `honor, spare, betake', ags. ārian `honor, spare, betake', anord. eira `spare'.

Osk. aisusis Abl. Pl. `sacrifices', marruc. aisos D. Pl. `gods', pälign. aisis `gods', volsk. esaristrom `sacrifice', umbr. esono- `divine, sacred', come from Etruscan. Differently Devoto St. Etr. 5, 299 f.

d- extension: gr. αἴδομαι (from *aiz-d-) `shies, reveres', αἰδώς, -οῦς `reverence, shyness, shame', αἰδέομαι (*αἰδέσ-ομαι) `αἴδομαι'; got. aistan, -aida `avoid, pay attention'; zero grade Old Indian īḍḗ `reveres, praises, implores'.

References: WP. I 13, WH. I 20, 419, 844; Feist 28 a, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 88².

Page(s): 16

Root / lemma: ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-to-

English meaning: part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock, proportion, cut, contribution

German meaning: `Anteil'

Coments:

Root / lemma: ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-to- : `part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock, proportion, cut, contribution' is a truncated root *ai-tra into the suffixed Root / lemma: ai-2 : `to drive, to overwhelm, harm' with the formant -tra.

Material: Av. aēta- `the proper part'(' punishment'; dual `guilt and punishment').

Gr. αἶσα (*αἰτι̯α) `interest, destiny', hom. ἴσα, better ἴσσα `the proper interest', common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation; ἰσσασθαι κληροῦσθαι. Λέσβιοι Hes.; αἴσιος `promising good talent, favorabe', αἴσιος `certain from the destiny, proper', ἀναισιμόω `apply, use, consume', αἰσυμνάω `dispenses justice, it rules';

διαιτάω (maybe dissimilated from *διαιτιάω) `be a referee, leads; divide (the way of) life = leads a certain way of life; prescribe a certain measure in food and drinking', hence, δίαιτα' referee's office' and `life-style, life arrangement', ἔξαιτος `well-chosen, particular'.

Osk. Gen. aeteis `partis', aíttíúm `portionum'.

From Gr. here probably also αἴτιος `responsible, guilty' (τ after αἰτέω), from which later αἰτία `guilt, cause'; also αἰτέω, αἰτίζω'demands' as `requires his interest'; ablaut. οἶτος m. `Destiny'.

Air. āes n., cymr. oes f. `period, age' from *aitḫto-, air. āes m. `People' from *ait-tu-, cymr. oed m. `Age' from *aito.

References: WP. I 2, Hirt Idg. Gr. II, 82 f. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 421³, 696⁹, 705⁷.

Page(s): 11

Root / lemma: ai-tro-

English meaning: [bitter, sharp]

German meaning: [bitter, scharf]

Coments:

Root / lemma: ai-tro- : `bitter, sharp' is a truncated root *ai-tra into the suffixed Root / lemma: ai-2 : `to drive, to overwhelm, harm' with the formant -tra.

Material: lit. aitrùs `bitterly, harsh', aitrà f. `sharpness' (also figurative); the nasal formation *intro- perhaps in abg. ob-ętriti `set on fire', o. sę `burn, be quick-tempered', wru. zajátřič `anger', klr. roz-jatrýti ša `fester'.

Maybe alb. hithrë `nettle, throny plant'. Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

References: WP. I 3, Berneker 269.

See also: perhaps in ā̆i-4.

Page(s): 17

Root / lemma: aiu̯-, ai̯u-

English meaning: `vital energy, vitality'

Material: Old Indian ā́yu- n., a nominalized adjective to āуú- `flexibe, active'; āyú-ḥ m. `Genius of the vitality', thereof derived s-stem ā́yuḥ n., Gen. āyušaḥ `vitality' (*ā́iu̯os, Gen. *ai̯usḫés); n-stem in the locative. āyuni, Instr. āyunā; yúh ̣`vitality';

av. āyū n. `Life span', Gen. yaoš, dat. yavōi, Instr. yavā, of it yavaētāt- `duration', yavaējī- `living always'; yuš m. `Life span';

Gr. s-stem: kypr. υFαις ζαν (= διὰ βίου); locative without suffix. lakon. αἰές'always'; hom. αἰεί, att. ἀεί (*αιFεσι), Akk. att. αἰῶ (*αιFοσα); Dat.-Lok. without extension in ion. αἰί, lesb. ἄι (*αιFι) (afterwards ἀί̄διος'forever', δην-αιός'long-living'); n-stem: αἰών m. (and f. after αἰώς) `vitality, life span', αἰέν'always';

alb. eshë `period of time; span; space; stretch; lapse' from *aiu̯esi̯ā (Jokl L.-k. U. 34);

lat. o-stem aevus m. and aevum n. `eternity, age, time, lifetime, or time of life, a period of life'; however, are based aetas f. `age: of human life, either a lifetime or time of life, age, a period of time, epoch', old aevitas (from it osk. Gen. aítateís, Akk. aítatúm, päl. Abl. aetatu) `age, time of life', aeternus `of an age, lasting, enduring, permanent, endless, forever' in adverbial *aiu̯i.

maybe zero grade in alb. (*aetas), jetë `life, lifespan'.

Got. o-stem aiws m. `time, eternity, world'; i- stem adverbial aiw (*aiu̯i) = aisl. æ, ei (also in ei-gi `not'), ags. ā, ō, ahd. io `ever, always', got. ni aiw `never', ahd. neo, nio, nhd. nie; ags. n-ā, engl. no `not, no';

maybe alb. (*nio) jo `not, no'.

aisl. lang-ǣr = lat. longaevus `of great age, aged, ancient'; i-stem also in aisl. ǣfi, ǣvi f. (*aiu̯i-) `life, age'; ā-stem in ahd. ēwa f. `time, eternity', thereof ahd. ēwidō `eternity', ēwīg `forever'; got. aju-k-dūÞs f. `eternity' from *ajuki- (= ags. ēce `forever'), with idg. g-suffix + idg.-tūti;

toch. A āym- `mind, life' which m attributed to āñm- `life'.

References: WP. I 6, WH. I 21, EM. 21, Feist 30, 32, Benveniste BSL 38, 103 ff, Dumézil BSL 39, 193, Specht KZ. 68, 196, Dekl. 88 ff., Van Windekens 15.

See also: From this derived *i̯uu̯en- (i̯eu̯-3) 'young'; Specht also wants very much risquely be put in addition *aig-, oak' (= `vitality'?).

Page(s): 17-18

Root / lemma: ai 1

English meaning: `exclamation'

German meaning: Ausruf

Material: Old Indian ē exclamation of remembering, address, compassion;

Old Indian ai the same; ayi interjection with the vocative;

av. āi interjection of the phone call (before the vocative);

gr. αἴ, αἶ, αἰαἶ exclamation of the surprise, of astonishment or pain (thereof αἰάζω `sighs, deplores', αἴαγμα'Sigh');

lit. aĩ and ái `oh! blows!' and before vocatives.

References: WP. I 1, WH. I 396, Benveniste Origines 130 f.

See also: see also *aik-.

Page(s): 10

Root / lemma: ai̯os-

English meaning: `metal (copper; iron)'

German meaning: `Metall', under zw. probably `Kupfer ('brandfarbig'?), Bronze'; im Arischen also `Eisen'

Note:

Root / lemma: ai̯os- : `metal (copper; iron)' derived from Root / lemma: eis-1 : `to move rapidly, *weapon, iron'.

Material:

Old Indian áyas- n., av. ayaŋh- n. `metal, iron';

lat. aes, g. aeris; got. aiz (proto germ. *a(i̯)iz- = idg. *ai̯es-) `copper ore, and the alloy of copper, bronze. Transf., anything made of bronze; a vessel, statue, trumpet, kettle', ahd. ēr `ore', anord. eir n. `ore, copper'.

thereof av. ayaŋhaēna- `metallic, iron', lat. aēnus (*ai̯es-no- = umbr. ahesnes `of copper, of bronze'), aēneus, ags. ǣren, as. ahd. mhd. ērīn, nhd. ēren (ehern). despite Pokorny KZ. 46, 292 f. is not idg. ai̯os old borrowing from Ajasja, older Aɫas(ja), the old name of Cyprus, as lat. cuprum : Κύπρος, there according to D. Davis (BSA. 30, 74-86, 1932) the copper pits were tackled in Cyprus only in late Mycenaean time.

Note:

Ajasja, older Aɫas(ja) (Cyprus) : Hittite PN Wilusa (gr. reading Ilios) [common phonetic mutation of the old laryngeal ḫ- > a-, i-] : gall. Isarno- PN, ven. FlN'I σάρας, later Īsarcus, nhd. Eisack (Tirol); urir. PN I(s)aros, air. Īär, balkanillyr. iser, messap. isareti (Krahe IF. 46, 184 f.); kelt. FlN Isarā, nhd. Isar, Iser, frz. Isère; *Isiā, frz. Oise; *Isurā, engl. Ure, etc. (Pokorny Urillyrier 114 f., 161); nhd. FlN Ill, Illach, Iller, lett. FlN Isline, Islīcis, wruss. Isɫa, alb. VN Illyrii.

Here lat. aestimō, old aestumō `to appraise, rate, estimate the value of; to assess the damages in a lawsuit; in a wider sense, to value a thing or person; hence, in gen., to judge', Denomin. from *ais-temos `he cuts the ore' (to temnō).

References: WP. I 4, WH. I, 19, 20, Feist 31.

See also: To ā̆i-4 `burn'?

Page(s): 15-16

Root / lemma: akkā

English meaning: `mother (children's speech)'

German meaning: `Mutter' (Lallwort)

Material: Old Indian akkā `mother' (gram.), gr. ᾽Ακκώ `nurse of Demeter', ἀκκώ' ghost', ἀκκίζεσθαι `be coy, position oneself stupidly', lat. Acca Lārentia `Laren mother, Roman hall goddess' (probably Etruscan); also into Small-Asian languages; compare lapp. Madder-akka `earth mother'.

Maybe alb. Ajkuna `great mother' in alb. epos.

References: WP. I 34, WH. I 5. about toch. ammaki see under am(m)a.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-)

English meaning: `sharp; stone'

German meaning: `scharf, spitz, kantig' and `Stein'

Material: 1. e/o- and ā-St:

Npers. ās (lengthened-grade form) `millstone, grindstone'; gr. ἀκή `point', lengthened-grade form ion. ἠκή ἀκωκή, ἐπιδορατίς, ἠκμή Hes., redupl. ἀκωκή `point, edge' (as ἀγωγή : ἄγω); after Kretschmer KZ. 33, 567 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 348 belongs ἀκούω `hears' as *ἀκ-ους- `having sharp ear' here, see, however, 1. keu-; alb. athëtë `sharp, sour',

Note:

In alb. athëtë (*ake-) `sharp, sour' + common alb. suffix -të [common alb. -k > -th phonetic mutation as in alb. (*mag-) math `big'].

lat. acēre `sharp, cutting, keen. Hence, to taste, biting; to touch, sharp; of sounds, shrill; of smells, penetrating; of sight, keen; of emotions, painful; of understanding, quick, vigorous, energetic', acidus `sour, acid, tart', acētum `vinegar';

maybe alb. acar `frost, sharp steel'.

with o: mbr. convoc ar vilin `sharpen the millstone', cymr. hogi `sharpen', acymr. ocoluin, ncymr. hogalen, mbret. hygo(u)len, nbret. higolenn `whetstone' (with the unclear second component; to explain bret. vocalism of the initial sound by the pretone); mc. cyfogi `vomit, fight', with secondary i̯o-suffix acymr. cemecid, ncymr. cyfegydd (*k̂om-ok̂íi̯o-)' pickaxe';

with zero grade: acymr. diauc, ncymr. diog, mbr. dieuc (*dēḫāk̂o-)'decayed, spoiled', mcymr. ym-am-ogawr (*-āk̂āḫr) `one stirs, is active' (Loth RC. 45, 191) and mbr. eaug, nbret. eok `ripe, made soft' (*eks-āk̂o-), to gall. exācum `centaurion lepton' (Ernault Gloss. MBret. 201); compare also above S. 5;

schwed. ag m. `marsh grass, Cladium mariscus, edge, blade' (*ak̂o ́-), mhd. ag `perch', egle, eglinc ds., nhd. schweiz. egel, Demin. egli, aschwed. agh-borre ds., maybe also schwed. agg `rancor, hatred', agga `sting, torment', norw. dial. agge `tooth, point' (*ak̂uko- or expressive Gemination?), as well as (with secondary germ. vowel gradation a : u or from *ak̂uko- with assimilation a in u?) norw. dial. ugg `sting, frightening', schwed. dial. ugg `point, tooth', anord. uggr `fear', norw. dial. ugge `fin'; lit. akúotas^* `awn', ãšaka (*ak̂o-kā) `fish bone, bran' = wruss. osoka `sedge', аpr. ackons (*ak̂ōno-) ds.

maybe (*esel), egjër `Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel' [common alb. -s- > -gj- phonetic mutation], zero grade in alb. (*osoka-) shqirë `sedge'.

----------------------

*baltoslav. forms with k prove none idg. beside the form ak-, but is partially loanword from Veneto-Illyrian, whose area would be occupied by people from the Baltic and Slavs (Kretschmer Gl. 21, 115). Also g in Church Slavic igla explains itself on top S. 15.

----------------------

2. i- and j- stems:

Arm. aseɫn `needle' (from *asiɫn, Meillet Esquisse 43); gr. ἀκίς, -ίδος `point, sting'; lat. aciēs `keenness, edge; of the mind, penetration, insight; of the eye, a piercing look or keen vision; sometimes the pupil of the eye, or the eye itself. Milit., battle line; hence battle, battlefield'; as. eggja f., ahd. etc ekka `point, sword edge', nhd. Ecke (proto germ. *aʒi̯ō, anord. egg `edge, cliff backs', eggja `sharpen, spur on', ags. ecg `edge, blade, sword' (from it borrows mir. ecg `edge', nbret. ek `point'), egle Pl. `awns', engl. ails; Old Church Slavic osla (*osъla), russ. osëɫok m. `whetstone', čech. osina f. `awn'.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*askel), halë `needle, fishbone, awn', [common alb. sk- > h- phonetic mutation], older alb. (*haskel) hakël `needle, fishbone' : lat. aculeus -i m. `sting, point; fig., esp. in plur., painful thoughts, cutting remarks'. It seems alb. [together with cymr. hogi `sharpen', ncymr. hogalen, mbret. hygo(u)len, nbret. higolenn `whetstone'] has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

about ags. eher `ear' see under s- formant.

3. u-stem:

Gr. ἄχυρον `chaff' see under s-formant; lat. acus, - ūs f. `needle; fish name', acuere `sharpen', acūmen `sharp point; hence the point of remarks, etc.; sharpness of intellect; cunning, trickery', acia (*acu-i̯ā) `thread to the sewed', aquifolium (beside ācrifolium) `holly', aculeus `sting', accipiter `hawk, falcon' (*acu-peter `quick-flying');

Maybe alb. (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-) akull `ice, sharp ice', (*accipiter) skifter `falcon, hawk', skip(ë)tar `eagle-man', truncated skipe, shkabë `eagle', suffixed geg. Shkipni `land of the eagles'.

From lat. aquila -ae f. `an eagle; milit., an eagle as the standard of a Roman legion; architect., gable or pediment'. aquilo -onis m. `the north wind; the north'. aqua -ae f. `water' it seems that Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : (water, river) derived from Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : (sharp; stone).

gall. acaunum (*akounon) `rock'; ill. ONAcumincum today Szlankamen `salt stone' (Banat);

Note: ill. PN Acu-mincum `salt stone' : alb. (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-) akull `ice, sharp ice'.

nhd. Achel f. `ear point, awn' from ndd. aggel (with spirant. g) from idg. *ak̂uḫlā; ags. āwel m. `fork', anord. soð-āll `meat fork' (germ. *ahwala-, idg. *ák̂u̯ḫolo-); if here gallo-lat. opulus `common maple' (Marstrander, Corr. germ.-celt. 18), would be placed idg. *ok̂u̯-olo- ; about anord. uggr etc. see e/o-stem, about ags. éar see s-formant; cymr. ebill `drill', mbr. ebil `peg, nail' (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-);

Note:

The mutation kw > p, b in Celtic tongues, lat. and gr.

balt. *ašus in lett. ass `sharp, pointed', lit. ašutaĩ m. Pl. `coarse horse hair' = slav. *ošuta m. `Thistle' in Church Slavic оsъtъ, russ. osót. On account of here toch. A āc̨āwe `rough' (Van Windekens Lexique 15)?

see under *ōk̂u-s `fast (sharp in the movement)'.

4. With m-formant:

ak̂mo-/-ā

Gr. ἀκμή `point, edge, sharpness; the highest point, climax, decisive point' (ἀκμήν Adv., ἀκμαῖος, ἀκμάζω); schwed. dial. åm `marsh grass, Cladium mariscus' (germ. *ahma-, compare finn. Lw. ahma `equisetum').

ak̂-men-/-mer-

Old Indian aśman- n. `Stone, sky' (as a stone vault, Reichelt IF. 32, 23 ff.), aśmará- `stone', av. asman-`stone, sky' (Old Indian Gen. áśnaḥ, Instr. áśnā, av. Gen. ašnō, Abl. ašnāat̃ with -n- from -mn-; Instr. Pl. Old Indian aśnāih ̣ after o-stem); phryg. PN ᾽Ακμονία; gr. ἄκμων' anvil', ἄκμων ὁ οὐρανός; lit. ãšmens m. Pl. `Edge', akmuõ, -eñs m. `stone'.

5. With n-formant:

ak̂en-

Old Indian aśáni-ḥ `head of the arrow, missile'; av. аsǝŋgа-, Old pers. aϑanga- `stone' (*akḫenḫgo, Benveniste Orig. 28); gr. ἄκαινα `point, sting; longitudinal dimension' (however, about lat. acuna `a cavity, hollow, dip; esp. a pool, pond. Transf., gap, deficiency, loss' see WH. I 9), ἀκόνη `whetstone', ἄκων, - οντος `spear' (for older ἄκων, *-ονος after the participles), ἀκοντίζω `throw the spear', ἄκανος `thistle kind, prickly head plant', ἀκανίζειν `fruit carry prickly heads', ἄκανθος `thistle' (from *ἀκαν-ανθος `sting flower'), ἄκανθα `thistle, sting, thorn, spine, esp. of the fish', ἀκαλανθίς' goldfinch' (from *ἀκανθαλίς), ἄκαθος `barque', ἀκάτη, ἀκάτιον `woman's shoe' (*ak̂nṭo-, probably from the pointed form); lat. agna `ear of grain' (from *ak̂nā); got. ahana f. `chaff', anord. ǫgn, ags. egenu f. and äegnan Pl., ahd. agana ds., nhd. Ahne, dial. Agen `stalk splinter of the flax or hemp' (germ. *ag-, *ahanō, idg. *ak̂ǝnā); lit. žem. ašnìs `edge, sprouting, germinating, sowing', lett. asns m. `germ bursting out'.

6. With r-formant:

ak̂er-, ok̂er-

Note:

Many Germanic cognates prove that the real roots were the labiovelars: ak̂ʷer-, ok̂ʷer-

Air. a(i)cher `sharp (from the hoist)', because of the Gen. Sg. Akeras (PN in the Ogham) not lat. Lw .; abret. acer-uission `with sharp fingers' (biss), ocerou Pl. `sharpened', acymr. ar-ocrion gl. atrocia; lit. ašerỹs, ešerỹs `river perch'; pol. dial. jesiora (from *aserā); anord. ǫgr ds. (from proto germ. *agura-, idg. *ok̂r̥-o-), westnorw. augur (from *ǫ̣gurr, newer development from ǫgr), influenced from auga `eye',

From the extension of Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-): `sharp; stone' with r-formant derived the labiovelars: ak̂ʷer-, ok̂ʷer- whose zero grade produced alb. (*k̂ʷerna), gurrë `stream' [common alb. rn > rr shift], (*k̂ʷer-) gur `stone';

Here also maybe the name of the maple (due to the pointed leaf sections):

lat. acer, -eris n. `the maple tree or maple wood' (from acer arbor became vlat. acerabulus, Meyer-Lübke REW. 93), dän. ær ds. (germ. *ahira-); nhd. dial. Acher ds. (germ. *ahura-);

gr. ἄκαστος ἡ σφένδαμνος Hes. (*ἄκαρστος, meaning as πλατάνιστος beside πλάτανος; to stem compare also ἄκαρνα δάφνη Hes.); gallo Rome. *akaros, *akarnos `maple' (Hubschmied RC. 50, 263 f.); ahd. ahorn `maple'

(from schweiz. and other oral kinds would devop certainly ā -, however, ā -would have arisen also of people's etymological distortion, like mnd. ānhorn, ālhorn;ahorn (idg. *ak̂rno-) is up to the declension class = ἄκαρνα, while lat. acernus `of maple' is syncopated from *acer-inos; however, that n has probably also arisen from the former adjective material developing formants -no- and not from r/n-stem by accumulation of both elements.

Rather that counts for gr. ἄκορνα (*-ι̯α) `yellow thistle kind' ἄκανος ds., maybe here also ἄκορος `Kalmus', ἄκορον `his spicy root', compare with other forms still ἄκινος f. `odoriferous flower', ὤκιμον `basil' (if here suitablly, named after the sharp smell?).

ak̂ri-, ak̂ro-

Old Indian áśrih ̣ `corner, edge, border', catur-aśra-ḥ ̣ `square'; gr. ἄκρος `sharply', ἄκρον, ἄκρα, ἄκρις `point, mountaintops' (also in ἀκροάομαι as `have sharp hearing, sharpen the ear', and ἀκρίς, -ίδος `grasshopper', short form for ἀκροβατοῦσα `tiptoe', ἀκρίζουσα; ἀκρεμών `point of the boughs', see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II² 1, 241);

lat. (to ā see Frisk IF. 56, 113 f.) ācer, ācris,-e (alat. ācra, -um) `sharp, piercing, penetrating, cutting, irritating, pungent', osk. akrid `sharply, fiercely, keenly', umbr. peracri- `fat, plump, corpulent' (= lat. perācer `very sharp', compare to meaning gr. ἄκρος, also `uppermost, excellent', and ἀκμαῖoς), lat. acerbus `acidic, sad, harsh, bitter, unripe' (from *ăcri-bho-s); compare gall. AXPOTALVS `with high forehead', air. ēr `high' (from *akros); lit. ašrùs, aštrùs, alit. aštras, Old Church Slavic ostrъ `sharp' (t - interpolated wording).

Maybe alb. geg. (*akri) hakërronj `threaten, frighten'.

ok̂ri-, ok̂ro-

With shading o-: gr. ὄκρις f. `sharp' mountain point, corner, edge', alat. ocris m. `rough mountain', lat. mediocris `average, mediocre, of middling size, medium, middling, moderate, ordinary', actually `to be found halfway up' (here ablaut could be displayed in the compound like in extorris: terra, meditullium: tellūs), Ocriculum, Interocrea, ocrea `splint, a greave, legging', umbr. ocar, ukar, Gen. ocrer `mountain, castle mountain', marr. ocres `a mountain, mount, range of mountains', mir. och(a)ir `corner, edge', from it borrows cymr. ochr `edge'.

To the heteroclite paradigm *ak̂-r-(g), *ak̂-n-es (also the i- stem *ak̂i- can have combined with it) compare above ak̂men/mer-, Pedersen KZ. 32, 247, Johansson Beitr. 9, Petersson IF. 24, 269 ff.; as notable the apposition appears thereof from gr. Κράγος `name of different mountains', ᾽Ακράγ-ας the'Agrigentum' which might have signified originally `rocks, stones'.

7. With s-formant:

ak̂es- : ak̂s-

Gr. ἄχνη `chaff' from *ak̂-sḫnā, afterwards reshuffled ἄχυρον ds. instead of *ἄκυρον; gr. ἀκοσ-τή'Barley' (`awned, bristly', formation like lat onus-tus, venus-tus); gr. ἠκές ὀξύ, Hes. πυρι-ήκης `with igneous point', ἀμφήκης `two-edged', τανύηκης `with long point' (maybe only with stretch in the compound, after which the length also in simple ἠκές; however, lies lengthened grade *āk- also before in ion. ἠκή ἀκωκή, ἐπιδορατίς, ἀκμή Hes., ἠκάδα ἠνδρωμένην γυναῖκα Hes., compare to meaning ἀκμή `climax of life').

maybe zero grade in alb. (*ἀκοσ - τή) kash-të `chaff (*barley)' where -të is the neuter ending, (*ἄχνη), sanë `chaff'.

additional formations in gr. ὀξύς `sharp', compare to formation lit. tamsùs to Old Indian tāmas-, lit. tamsa ̀ (in addition ὀξίνη `harrow' Hes.), ὄξος `wine vinegar'. - Also *ἀκαχμένος `sharpened' seems to be *ἀκ-ακσ-μένος, Hirt IF. 12, 225.

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation

Lat. acus,-eris `a needle' acervus (*aces-vo-s) `a heap, mass; in logic, argument by accumulation'; got. ahs Gen. *ahsis n., aisl. ax n., ahd. ahir, ehir n. (germ. *ahiz), from the Pl. nhd. `ear of corn' f., but ags. ear (*ahuz), dat. Sg. nordhumbr. æhher, eher ds. (about the coexistence from i-, u- and s-stems, partly already idg., but esp. in Germanic, compare Brugmann compare Gr. II 1, 522, under Specht Idg. Dekl. 152. On account of originally idg. -es- or -is-, or-us-stem display, is difficult in the isolated case to decide. compare also Sievers-Brunner Aengl. Gr. pp. 128, 2 under 288 f.)

ak̂-sti-

Cymr. eithin m. Pl. `gorse, furze' (*akstīno-), from it borrows mir. aittenn ds. (with unclear sound gradation); lit. akstìs following'smoked spit' (= russ. ostъ `point, ear, spike'), ãkstinas m. `Sting, spur' = Old Church Slavic ostъnъ m. `Sting', čech. osten ds.

maybe alb. (*osten) hosten `stick for driving cattle' [alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ- so this cognate is not a Slavic loanword], zero grade (*ak̂-sti-) heshtë `spear', [lat. hasta `spear, sting']. alb. suggests that Root / lemma: ĝhasto-1, ĝhazdho- : (twig; pole) derived from Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂-, (ak̂-sti-): (sharp; stone)

8. With t- formant:

Old Indian apāṣ̌ṭhá- m. (from *apaḫaśḫtha) `barb in the arrow'; gr. ἀκτή `gruff coast with breaker; headland, elevation'; toch. В āc ̨-, āc̨c̨e-` head, beginning' (from *ak̂ḫt-).

Note:

Again there has been the shift gr. kw > p in Old Indian

ok̂etā `harrow, device with points':

Lat. occa `harrow' from *otika by rearrangement from *okitā (Hirt IF. 37, 230) compare different formations gr. ὀξίνη `harrow';

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation

acymr. ocet, corn. ocet, bret. oguet: ahd. egida, mhd. eg(e)de, ags. eg(e)de f. (nhd. Egge renewed from the verb eggen from ahd. egen, ecken, proto germ. *agjan, on its part only from the Subst. *agiđō revert formation);

lit. akė́čios, ekė́čios `harrow', Old Prussian aketes `harrows', ē instead of e derives from the verb *akēi̯ō in lit. akė́ju, akė́ti, besides akė́ju, ekė́ti; the anlaut (initial sound) a- frequently has become e in an unstressed position a before palatal vowel (Endzelin Lett. Gr. 36).

References: WP. I 28 ff., WH. I 6 ff., Specht Dekl. 24, 69, 125, 271, 331. Specht KZ. 62, 210 ff. (unglaubhaft).

See also: S. under *ok̂-tōu `eight', actually `both points of the hands (without thumb)'.

zero grades k̂- stuck probably in stems k̂emen-, k̂emel-, k̂ōmen- `stone, skies', k̂omor- `stone hammer', k̂ēi-, k̂ōi-, k̂ǝi- `sharpen, whet', k̂ū̆- `sharp, spit, spear'.

Page(s): 18-22

Root / lemma: ak̂-1, ak̂ō- (*hek-)

English meaning: `to eat'

German meaning: `essen'

Note:

From Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-): `sharp; stone' derived Root / lemma: ak̂-1, ak̂ō- (*hek-): `to eat'

Material: Old Indian aśnāti (inserted Inf. aśi-tum etc.) `eats, consumes', áśanam n. `food', áśna-ḥ `greedy', lengthened grade āśayati `allows to dine', prātar-āśa-ḥ `breakfast'; av. kahrk-āsa `chicken eater = vulture' etc.;

gr. ἄκυλος f. `acorn' (as `food', compare formally Old Indian aśú-ṣa-ḥ `greedy'), ἄκολος `bite';

Maybe alb. ha `eat, bite, consume' : ἄκολος `bite';

Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-): `sharp; stone' : Root / lemma: ak̂-1, ak̂ō- (*ḫek-): `to eat'.

Note:

Only gr. and alb. have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-

an. agn n. `bait for fish' (*ak̂ǝ-nó-), ǣja `allow to graze' (*ahjan).

References: WP. I 112 f., WH. I 210 f.

Page(s): 18

Root / lemma: ak̂ru

English meaning: `tear'

German meaning: `Träne'

Material: Ved. áśru n., later also áśram `tear', av. asrū- n., lit. ašara ̀ and ãšara f., toch. А ākör Pl. ākrunt ds., compare Old Indian aśrāyāmi, lit. ãšaroju `cries'. The relationship to idg. *dak̂ru `tear' is unsettled. compare Meillet BSL. 32, 141.

Note:

Root / lemma: ak̂ru : `tear' derived from Root / lemma: dak̂ru- : `tears'. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic Illyrian phonetic mutation. Compare Root / lemma: del-5 : `long': balt. with unexplained d-loss (see under): lit. ìlgas, f. ilgà, lett. il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : hitt. Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.

References: WP. I 33, WH. I 746.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-

English meaning: `water, river'

German meaning: `Wasser, Fluß'

Note:

From Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-

From Root / lemma: akʷā- `water, river' nasalized in *aku̯ent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- : `to flow, to wet; water, etc. `

Material:

Lat. aqua `water, water pipe' (thereof aquilus `dark', aquila `eagle', eigentl. `the swarthy', aquilō `north wind', eigentl. `the darkening sky') = got. aƕa f. `river, body of water', aisl. ǫ́, ags. ēa, as. ahd. aha, nhd. Ache ds. (germ. *ahwō, thereof derived *ahwjō, *awjō `surrounded by the water' in aisl. ey f. `island, pasture, grassland', ags. íeg, ahd. -ouwa, -awa, mhd. ouwe f. `water, peninsula in the river, grassland rich in water';

maybe alb. (*aquilō) akull `frozen water, ice'

It seems that Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : (water, river) derived from Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : (sharp; stone).

nhd. Aue, compare afries. ei-land `island', Sca(n)din-avia Kretschmer Gl. 17, 148 ff.), russ. FlN Oká, pannon. PN Aquincum `stove (*cooking stove where water boils making bubbles)', apul. FlN Aquilō, ven. PN Aquileia (also in South Germany); with ablaut (idg. ē) in addition aisl. ǽgir (*ēkʷi̯ós) `God of the sea', ags. ǽg-weard `watch at the sea', éagor `sea, flood' (the initial sound after ēa); maybe here Old Indian kām `water', dak. plant N κοαδάμα ποταμογείτων `water colonist' (*kʷa-dhēmn̥), poln. (nordill.) FlN Kwa.

The affiliation from hitt. e-ku-uz-zi (ekuzi) `drinks', 3. Pl. a-ku-wa-an-zi, seems not unlikely. Moreover also toch. AB yok-tsi `drink'. Air. oiche `water' does not exist; cymr. aig `sea' is neologism to eigion from lat. oceanus.

alb. (*oceanus) oqean `ocean'.

From PIE the root for water, ocean, passed to Altaic:

Protoform: *ōk`e (˜ -k-)

Meaning: `deep place, place far from the shore'

Turkic protoform: *ȫkö

Tungus protoform: *(x)uK-

Japanese protoform: *ǝki

Note: The parallel seems plausible; the common meaning here may be formulated as "a place (in the sea or river) distant from the shore".

References: WP. I 34 f., WH. I 60, 848, Feist 18 f., Pedersen Hittitisch 128, Tocharisch 190.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: akʷ-

English meaning: `to hurt'

German meaning: `schädigen'?

Material: Old Indian áka m `grief, pain', av. akō `nasty, bad', axtis ̀ `grief, pain, illness'; gr. noun *ἄπαρ, *ἀπνός, thereof ἠπανεῖ ἀπορεῖ, ἠπανία ἀπορία, ἠπεροπεύς'swindler'; Verbalst. ἀπ- in ἀπάτη'deception' (*apn̥tā), redupl. Present ἰάπτω'damage'.

Note: common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation

References: Kuiper Gl. 21, 282 f.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: albhi-

English meaning: `barley'

German meaning: `Gerste'

Note:

Root / lemma: albhi- : `barley' derived from a truncated Root / lemma: eregʷ(h)o-, erogʷ(h)o- : `pea' [common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation].

Material: Gr. ἄλφι, ἄλφιτον `barley, pearl barley, barley flour', lakon. ἀλίφατα ἄλφιτα ἤ ἄλευρα Hes. (with gradual growth vowel ι; Ehrlich KZ. 38, 55, in ἄλφι : ἄλφατα from which by intersection with ἄλφι then ἄλφιτ-α, -ον - sees a relation as between Old Indian ásthḫi : asth-n-áḥ, what would guarante older proto idg. of the word); alb. elp (elbi) `barley' (N. Pl. *albhī-). Iran. *arbhi- conclusions Vasmer Stud. z. alb.Wortf. I (Dorpat 1921) S. 16 ff. from turko-tatar. etc arba `barley'.

relationship to *albh- `white' assumes Specht Dekl. 68 an.

From Iranian branch the name for barley passed to Altaic family:

Protoform: *àrp`á

English meaning: `barley, millet'

Turkic protoform: *arpa

Mongolian protoform: *arbaj

Tungus protoform: *arpa

Japanese protoform: *àpá

Note: EAS 90, KW 15, Poppe 87. АПиПЯЯ 67. The Mong. form cannot be explained as a Turkism (despite TMN 2, 24, Щербак 1997, 100). The Turkic form is sometimes compared with Proto-Iran. *arba- (corresponding to Gr. alphi), cf. East Iranian forms going back to *arpasyā- (or *arbasyā) (Стеблин-Каменский 1982, 23), but it is not identical (loss of the final syllable is hard to explain); on the other hand, the Jpn. parallel is a strong argument in favour of the Altaic origin of the Turkic form.

References: WP. I 92, Jokl Festschrift Kretschmer 78 f., Kieckers IE. 41, 184, Wahrmann Gl. 17, 253.

Page(s): 29

Root / lemma: albho- (*hele-bho-)

English meaning: `white'

German meaning: `weiß'

Note:

Root / lemma: albho- (*helba-): `white' derived from Root / lemma: el-1, ol-, _el- : red, brown (in names of trees and animals) extended in -kʷho-, -bho- formants. see lat. olor `swan' (*elōs); gr. ἔλαφος m. f. `stag (white spotted)'.

Material:

Maybe alb. geg. alka, alkë (*alkʷha) `white cream, dirt, spot, fat of wool'.

Gr. ἀλφός `white rash', ἀλφούς λευκούς Hes. (also ἀλωφός λευκός Hes., s. below), FlN ᾽Αλφειός; common illyr.- gr. -kʷ- > -p- phonetic mutation.

lat. albus `white, dead white; hence pale or bright; sometimes making bright; fig., fortunate', umbr. alfu `white', osk. Alafaternum Alafaternum `Alfaternorum', prälig. Alafis `Albius' (and many other names partly Etruscan coinage due to osk.-umbr. root alf-, as lat. alb-, s. Schulze Lat. Eig. 119 f.; etr. Pronunciation from lat. albus also must be that of Paul. Diac. 4 L. as Sabine called alpum); in addition albula, alburnus `whitefish', albarus `white poplar', albūcus `asphodel plant' etc.;

Maybe lat. albulus -a -um `whitish; f. as subst. Albula -ae (sc. aqua), old name of the Tiber'.

cymr. elfydd m. `earth, world' from *albíi̯o- (compare Old Church Slavic světъ `light, world');

ahd. albiz, elbiz, ags. aelbitu, ielfetu, anord. elptr, ǫlpt f. (germ. *alƀ-it-, -ut-) `swan', (forms -d- in animal names: s. Brugmann Grdr. II² 1, 467, Charpentier KZ. 40, 433 f., Specht Dekl. 229; also:) Old Church Slavic lebedь, russ. lebedь lebjadь, in the ablaut to poln. ɫabędź, serb. lȁbud, čech. labud ``swan' (proto slav. *olbḫedь, -ędь, -ǫdь, compare to the latter suffix form lit. bal-añdis `pigeon, dove', actually `white';

Maybe through rhyme effect alb. (*m'elmë) mjellmë `swan' similar to alb. ját(ë)rë, t'jetër `other' see Root / lemma: e-3, ei-, i-, fem. ī- : `this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one' [rhyme of m- the same as rhyme of t-] common alb. -mb- > -m- phonetic mutation; [illyr. names ending in -m- suffix like alb. delmë `sheep', VN Dalmatae, Delmatae (see Root / lemma: dhē(i)- (dh-ei-?): to suck); therefore an early Slavic loanword in Illyrian .

see Meillet Et. 322, MSL. 14, 377, Schulze SBprAk. 1910, 800 = Kl. Schr. 122 f.; named after the color russ. lebedá, poln. lebioda, ɫoboda `atriplex, goosefoot', Lidén Stud. 97); ndl. alft, elft `whitefish' (formally = ahd. etc albiz `swan'; to loanword from lat. albula `whitish' in contrast to it Falk-Torp 189 f. are against, mhd. albel `whitefish', nhd. Albe, nd. alf, albe `whitefish'), compare lat. alburnus `a white fish, bleak' ds .;

nhd mdartl. Albums `hard sand under the fertile earth', schwed. mdartl. alf ds .;

probably also anord. alfr, ags. ælf, engl. elf (from which nhd. Elf m., Elfe f. borrowed), mnd. alf `Аlp, grand, evil spirit', mhd. nhd. Alp, Pl. the Alben (originally probably `whitish nebulous figures'), as well as ahd. alba `insect larva, locusta quae nondum volavit', ndl. elften f. Pl. `cock chafer grubs', norw. alma ds. (m from the Gen. Pl. *albna, from which *almna).

Note:

The Illyr. TN Albanoi is the plural form mhd. nhd. Alp, Pl. the Alben (originally probably `whitish nebulous figures') a primitive Indo European people who believed in evil spirits before an elaborate mythology developed later.

Arbën `name of alb. during Middle Ages'

see to these germ. words esp. Falk-Torp under aame (4, 1428), al (19, 1431), alv (22, 1431), elv I (188 f., 1454), emd (189, 1454); as `white water' also the name of Elbe (lat. Albis, Albia, from germ. *Alƀī, Gen. Alƀiōz =), anord. elfr `river' and river name (in addition probably also mnd. elve `riverbed'), compare gall. FlN Albis, Albā (now Aube; contrast Dubis, Dubā, i.e. `black, deep water'), lat. Albula, gr. ᾽Αλφειός (see esp. Schulze SBprAk.1910, 797 = Kl. Schr. 120).

Note: common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation

In contrast to this assumption, it is doubtful from or in which circumference names like gall.-lat. Albiōn, mir. Albbu, Gen. Albban (stem *Albḫi̯en-) `Britain' (to cymr. elfydd or from the white chalk rocks), lat. Alpēs, ῎Αλπεις (high mountains?) and in ital., ligur. and kelt. areas frequent local name like Alba, Albium likewise below go back or, however, are not idg. derivation of the concept `white' (Bertoldi BSL. 32, 148, ZrP. 56, 179 f.).

Arm. aɫauni `pigeon, dove', barely for *alabh-n- (Bugge KZ. 32, 1, Pedersen KZ. 38, 313), see below. About the affiliation of *albhi- *albhi- `barley' s. d.

Maybe here belongs Hett. al-pa-áš (alpas) `cloud' in spite of Couvreur (H ̯ 106, 149) here.

To the ablaut: beside *albho-s seems to be two-syllable root form in gr. ἀλωφός (also ἐλεφιτίς?) and arm. aɫauni, and in addition tuned slav. intonation (serb. lȁbūd), s. Osthoff IF. 8, 64 f., Pedersen aaO.

This additional -bho- one syllable is in color names frequent suffix (e.g. lat. galbus lit. raĩbas `in different colors, multicolored, dappled' beside raĩnas; Brugmann Grdr. II² 1, 388 f), *albhos is obtainable in monosyllabic root *al- and on the other hand ἀλωφός is possible according to Brugmann aaO.

to lit. al̃vas `tin' (`white metal'), Old Prussian alwis `lead, plumbum', russ. ólovo `tin' (from idg. *alǝu̯o-? Balt. correspondences are borrowed according to Niedermann from the Slav.) stand in a similar relation, as gr. κορω-νός to lat. curv-us `crooked, curved, bent', Old Indian palāḫlaḫḥ (: palāvḫaḥ) to Old Prussian pelwo, also go back to a word root *alō[u]-: *alǝu-: *alu- (in arm. aɫawni and slav. words);

Note:

From balt. - slav. the notion for `white metals, white color, sick white' passed to Altaic family:

Protoform: *ni̯ā̀lpá

Meaning: `tin, lead'

Tungus protoform: *ńālban

Japanese protoform: *nàmári

Note: An interesting TM-Jpn. isogloss; cf. also Old Koguryo *naimul (see Miller 1979, 8). Jpn. *nàmá-ri < *nàpan-(r)i, with usual regressive nasalization.

Earlier:

Protoform: *ălpa

Meaning: `unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms'

Turkic protoform: *ălp-

Mongolian protoform: *alba-n

Tungus protoform: *alba-

Korean protoform: *àrphằ-

Japanese protoform: *apar-

Note: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110-111.

gr. ἐλεφιτίς is sufficient by the reshuffle to which animal names and plant names are exposed everywhere, in order to ensure in addition still *aleḫbh-;

here as `the shining one' gall. alausa `European shad, twaite shad' (frz. alose, span. alosa), compare also gall. GN Alaunos, Alounae, brit. FlN Alaunos (nengl. Aln), cymr. PN Alun as well as arm. aɫauni `pigeon, dove' from *alǝu-n-.

A stem form ali- `white' is not provabe, in spite of Specht Dekl. 114, because hett. ali- `white' appears very uncertain (Couvreur H̯ 149 f., Friedrich IF. 58, 94) and gr. ἀλίφαλος, ἀλίφατα, ἄλiξ are to be explained differently.

Here, however, probably (as a `pale yellow plant') hisp.-lat. ala `elecampane' (Isid.), span.-portug. ala ds., furthermore with -nt-suffix ahd. alant ds., with it etymological identically the fish name ahd. alunt (newer alant), as. alund `whitefish, Alant' = (with gramm. alteration) aisl. - ǫlunn `a fish', idg. basic form *al-n̥t-/*al-ont-. The original meaning of al- is probably`white, shining', hence, then also `pale yellow' etc.

A precise separation of the meanings of al- and el- is not always possible, which is why Specht (Idg. Dekl. 59, 160) explained both stems as originally identical, thus al- as _el- leads back to el-, with which he associates further (aaO. 114) the color root ar- (see below areĝ-), er- .

References: WP. I 92 ff., WH. I 26 f.

Page(s): 30-31

Root / lemma: aldh-

English meaning: `trough'

German meaning: `Trog'

Material: Altn. alda f. `wave, upsurge, hostility, warfare'; norw. dial. olda f. `trough'; schwed. dial. ålla `deep cavity'. compare ags. ealdoÞ, aldot, aldaht `trough, tub, container', nhd. bair. alden `field furrow'.

In addition baltoslav. *aldii̯ā- in Church Slavic ladiji, alъdiji f. `small boat', lit. aldijà, eldijà f. `river small boat', also lit. eldijė̃lė `smoking frying pan'.

Norw. lodje `Russian vessel, boat', schwed. lodja, mnd. lod(d)ie, loddige are borrowed from russ. ɫodьjá (= asl. ladiji). Falk-Torp 652 (see also 789 under`olde').

References: WP. I 92, WH. I 35, Trautmann 6.

Page(s): 31-32

Root / lemma: aleq-

English meaning: `to hit back, shoot'

German meaning: `abwehren, schätzen', presumably actually `abschließen and dadurch schätzen'

Material: Old Indian rákṣ̌ati `defended, protected, preserved', arm. aracel `graze, protect, watch, guard' (Pisani KZ. 68, 157), gr. ἀλέξω `prevent, protect, fight off' (so- present; rakṣ̌ati because of this correspondence not more probably to equally meaning root areq-), ᾽Αλέκτωρ, ᾽Αλεκτρυών the epic proper names, after becoming known as the cock were used for the name of this contentious bird (Fick Cstem 9, 169, Kretschmer KZ. 33, 559 ff., Boisacq 1091 f.); ἀλαλκεῖν' defend, refuse, fend', ἀλκάθω `defends, helps', ἄλκαρ `Protection, defense, help', ἔπαλξις `Protection, parapet, (esp.) battlement of the walls; help' (*αλκ-τι-ς), ἀλκή `defense, help' and `thickness, strength' (latter meaning, although in itself from `vigorous defense' understandable, maybe by flowing together with another, mpers. ark `work, effort, trouble' to suitable words, see Bartholomae Heidelbg. SB. 1916, IX 10); ἀλκὶ πεποιθώς Hom.; ἄλκιμος `strong, hard, potent; from weapons: `resistable, suited to the fight';

ags. ealgian `protect, defend' (*algōjan); got. alhs (f., conservative stem) `temple', ags. ealh, as. alah m. ds., urnord.-run. aluh `amulet' (?), alit. elkas, al̃kas m. `holy grove, place on a hill where one has made of early victims', lett. èlks m. `Idol, god' (germ. and balt. words originally `holier, seclusive or the usufruct deprived grove');

maybe alb. alka `protective layer of milk, cream, isolating layer of milk'.

toch. В alāsk `remove'.

References: WP. I 89 f.

See also: S. similar root areq-`close, protect'.

Page(s): 32

Root / lemma: algh- (*helgh-)

English meaning: `frost, cold'

German meaning: `Frost, Kälte'

Material:

Maybe alb. geg. alka, alkë `white (cold white), cream, wool' fat';

Lat. algor `frost, cold', algeō, -ēre `freeze, to be cold', belong algidus `cold' according to Lidén, studies z. Old Indian and compare Sprachgesch. 66, to aisl. Gen. Sg. elgiar, nisl. elgur m. `snow flurry with strong frost, half-molten snow'. Germ. s-stem *alʒiz- disguised itself with lat. algor, idg. *alghes-.

References: WP. I 91, WH. I 29. compare Petersson Ar. under Arm. Stud. 126.

Page(s): 32

Root / lemma: algʷh-

English meaning: `to earn, price, value, *precious bright metal'

German meaning: `verdienen, Gegenwert'

Material: Old Indian árhati `is worth, earns, is obliged, debit,', argháḫḥ `value, validity, price' (=osset. arɣ `price, value'), av. arǝjaiti `is worth, amounts for value' (npers. arzīdan `earn'), arǝjah- (es- stem) n. `value, price'.

maybe alb. (*árhati) argat `worker, serf', argëtoj `entertain, reward, please, become lazy', argomë `barren, unproductive'.

Gr. ἀλφή `acquisition, purchase' = lit. algà, Old Prussian Gen. Sg. ālgas `wage', gr. ἀλφάνω, ἀλφεῖν `profit, earn' (ἀλφεῖν = Old Indian árhati, but by the more complete present ἀλφάνω in the validity embedded as an Aorist), ἀλφεσίβοιος `cattle earned'.

Note:

Common gr. gʷ> b, kʷ > p phonetic mutation

maybe alb. geg. (*ἀλφή) ble- `to buy, purchase'.

An additional form on voiced-nonaspirated is Old Indian arjati `acquires, earns, fetches'.

References: WP. I 91.

Page(s): 32-33

Root / lemma: al-1, ol-

English meaning: `besides; other'

German meaning: Pron.-stem `darüber hinaus'

Note:

Root / lemma: al-1, ol- : `besides; other' derived from Root / lemma: alā : interjection.

Material: Lat. uls `beyond', *ulter, -tra, -trum `ulterior, situated beyond' (ultrō, ultra), compounds ulterior, Sup. ultimus = osk. últiumam `the utmost, extreme, the highest, first, greatest, lowest, meanest';

Maybe alb. ultë, ulët `low', ul `to low, sit below' : lat. ulterior -ius `compar. as from ulter, farther, more distant, more advanced, more remote'.

alat. ollus `that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)' (*ol-no-s, compare below ir. ind-oll and slav. *olnī), newer olle, ollī `then, next', ollīc `he, she, that, in that place, yonder, there'; lengthened grade ōlim `in the distant past, once' (probably after im, exim reshaped and with Old Indian par-āri `third-last year' [compare πέρ-υσι] to be equated *ōli, Lok. adverb, also the glosses olitana `the aged, old, ancient, of long standing', olitinata `old, inveterate, ancient, former, of old times' can reject - ō or ŏ-?), umbr. ulo, ulu `that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, he, she, it yonder, that'; influenced by is, iste etc. the cognates ollus, olle would be uncolored to ille `that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)'.

Slav. *olnī (idg. *olnḫei) = Old Church Slavic lani, čech. loni, poln. loni `in the last summer, last year' (`that year', compare lat. ollī `at that time, then').

The meaning from ir. alltar, allaid (see below) also allows that the relationship of Old Indian áraṇa- `far, strange' (= av. auruna- `wild'?), árād `from a distance', ārḗ `far' seems possible. Moreover also maybe Old Indian arí `of strangers, stranger', ar(i)yá- `suitable, proper to the stranger' (compare ahd. eli-lenti `foreign land'), then Subst. `hospitable, lord, master, ruler, man', in addition ā́r(i)ya- `to ar(i)yá-, suitable, hospitable', hence, VN' Arier = Aryan', āryaka- `venerable man', aryamáṇ- n. `Hospitality', m. `Guest's friend';

maybe Arrianes Illyr. TN.

av. airyō (= ārya), Old pers. āriya (= ariya), `Aryan', av. airyaman `guest, friend', npers. ērmān `guest', in addition sarmat. VN ᾽Αλανοί (osset. *alan), osset. ir `Ossete', iron `Ossetic' `Ossetic' (P. Thieme*), the stranger in the Rigveda, fig. f. d. client d. Morgenl. XXIII 2, 1938; Specht KZ. 68, 42 ff.);

air. aire (*arios) and airech `nobleman, of noble people, suitor' can belong to preposition air- `in front of', thus `standing in the first place', (Thurneysen ZCP. 20, 354); mythical ir. ancestor Е́remón is scholar neologism to Ériu `Ireland'. see under ari̯o- `lord, god, master'.

---------------------

*) Thus Thieme (aaO. 159 f.) properly puts here reinforcing prefix gr. ἐρι-(reduced grade ἀρι-), e.g. ἀρί-γνωτος `easily (the stranger) recognizable', Old Indian arí- etc surely must lead back to idg. *er- . Thieme puts further here Old Indian sūrí- `master, ruler, lord' as su-ri- `hospitable' and ri-śā́das `worry for sustaining the stranger'.

----------------------

Air. oll Adj. `honorable, large, extensive', actually `above (the ordinary) going out' (formally = lat. ollus, idg. *olnos), compounds (h)uilliu `farther, more', Adv. ind-oll `ultra, extreme', from which maybe also innonn, innunn `over, beyond' (with assimilation in collaboration with inonn `the same, identical';

Thurneysen KZ. 43, 55 f.; Pedersen KG. II 195), ol-chen(a)e `in addition, but', actually `on the other side (and) therefrom on this side'; ol-foirbthe `pluperfect, past perfect', oldāu, oldaas `when I, when he', actually `about (the) outside, what I am, what he is', inaill `certain, sure', actually `situated on the other side' (of it inoillus `confidence, security';

inuilligud `protection, safety'; with ol(l) `ultra, beyond' maybe corresponds ol `says' as `ultra, beyond, further', originally in the report in a continuous speech). The conjunction ol `because, sice' keeps Thurneysen Grammar 559 against it for related with cymr. ol `footprint'.

Besides with a: air. al (with Akk.) `on the other side, over - beyond' (simplification from *all in the pretone), Adv. tall (*to-al-nā) `on the other side, there', anall `from on the other side, from there, over here', with suffixed Pron. of the 3rd person all, allae, newer alla `beyond, on the other side' (proves original dissyllabic old formation also of the prepositional form is not provided with pronominal suffix, see Thurneysen KZ. 48, 55 f., thus not from without ending idg. *ol or *al); derivatives: alltar `the world of the dead, the other world, hereafter', also from `to savage areas situated on the other side', alltarach `otherworld, ulterior, thithertho'.

Gall. alla `another, other, different', allos `second' (Thurneysen ZCP. 16, 299), VN Alloḫbroges = mcymr. all-fro `exiled, ostracized, banished' (to bro `land'), all-tud `foreigner', acymr. allann, ncymr. allan `outdoors, outside'; air. all-slige `the second cutting out'.

Got. alls, aisl. allr, ags. eall, ahd. all `all', besides in the compound germ. ala- (without -no-suffix) in agerm. matron's names Ala-teivia, Ala-gabiae etc, got. ala-mans `all people, humanity', ahd. ala-wāri `totally true' (nhd. albern); compare air. oll-athair (epithet of ir. God's father Dagdae `the good God') = anord. al-fǫðr (epithet of Odin),' all father'.

Lat. alers, allers `taught; learned, instructed, well-informed; experienced, clever, shrewd, skilful' according to Landgraf ALL. 9, 362, Ernout Él. dial. lat. 104 from *ad-ers, *allers (contrast to iners).

From an adverb *ali `there, in a specific place, in each case' (differently Debrunner REtIE. 3, 10 f.) have derived:

ali̯os `other':

arm. ail `other';

gr. ἄλλος `other' (kypr. αἴλος), n. ἄλλο, compare ἀλλοδ-απός `from elsewhere, from another place, strange' (= lat. aliud, forms as in lat. longinquus `far removed, far off, remote, distant'), in addition ἀλλήλων etc `each other', ἀλλάττω `makes different, changes', ἀλλαγή `variation, change, exchange, trade': ἀλλότριος `becoming another, strange', from Old Indian anyátra `somewhere else' corresponding adverb;

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*nyátra) tjetër `other' [common alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation] : Old Indian anyátra `somewhere else'.

lat. alius = osk. allo `other things', n. aliud = gr. ἄλλο, in addition from the adverb ali: aliēnus `strange' (from *ali-i̯es-nos), ali-quis, ali-cubi etc; Comparative alter, -era, -erum `one from two' = osk. alttram `alteram' (from *aliteros-), by Plautus also altro-; in altrinsecus, altrōvorsum the syncope is caused by the length of the whole word; here also alterāre, adulter, alternus, altercāri;

gall. alios (Loth RC. 41, 35), air. aile (*ali̯os), n. aill (from adverbial all from *alḫnā; palat. l comes from aile), cymr. ail, bret. eil (from *eliüs, Comparative *alii̯ōs), doubled air. alaile, araile, n. alaill, araill, mcymr. etc arall, Pl. ereill (ll from the adverb all);

got. aljis `other', but only in compositions, as as. eli-lendi n. `foreign land', ahd. eli-lenti ds. = nhd. `woefulness', got. alja-leikō `other, different', aisl. elligar, ellar, ags. ellicor, elcor `other, otherwise,', ahd. elichōr `further', and in adverbs, like ags. elles, engl. else `other, different', anord. alla `otherwise' etc.; a comparative formation *alira is ags. elra `other';

toch. A ālya-k^ǝ, В alye-k^ǝ `ἄλλος τις' (*ali̯e-k^ǝ, Pedersen Groupement 26, Tocharisch 117); unclear is the absence of palatalization in A ā̆lak^ǝ `other', ālam^ǝ `each other', В āläm `somewhere else', aletste `strangers';

ostiran. etc hal-ci `any (thing) available, etc'.

References: WP. I 84 ff., WH. I 30, 32 f., Feist 33 b, 39 a, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 614.

About the sound change from *ani̯os to *ali̯os see Debrunner REtIE. 3, 1 ff., about angebl. pejorative character of a see Specht KZ. 68, 52, Die alten Sprachen 5, 115.

See also: About ani̯os s. under S. 37 (an2).

Page(s): 24-26

Root / lemma: al-2

English meaning: `to grow; to bear'

German meaning: `wachsen; wachsen machen, nähren'

Material: Old Indian an-ala- `fire' (' the glutton', W. Schulze KZ. 45, 306 = Kl. Schr. 216);

gr. νεᾱλής `cheerful, strong' (νέος + al-; about φυταλιή see below);

lat. alō, -ere, -ul, -itum `to nourish, support, rear, feed, bring up'; alēscere `grow up, prosper', coalēscere `grow together', adolēscere `grow up' (adultus `grown up, adult, mature'), abolēscere `to perish' (in addition appears aboleō, -ēre `destroy, exterminate' as a Transitive to be newly shaped, partly after (ad)augēscō : (ad)augeō, esp., however, after synonymous dēlēvī, dēleō;

the reminiscence in ὄλλυμι, ἀπόλλυμι would be then deceptive; (differently WH. I 4), lat. indolēs `native constitution or quality; nature, disposition, character, talents', subolēs `a sprout, shoot, offspring, progeny', prōles (*pro-olēs) `offspring, descendants, posterity; the young men of a race; of plants, fruit' (of it prōlētārius `a citizen of the lowest class, serving the state only by begetting children'; these three with o from a before dark l, not with idg. o- ablaut, wie Hirt Abl. 162 accepts); alimentum `food, nourishment', alimōnia,-ium `food, maintenance';

air. alim `be nourishing'; here probably also cymr. alu, mbret. halaff, nbret. ala `bear, give birth to', cymr. al f. `act of giving birth, progeny, people', alaf m. `wealth' = air. alam f. `herd', of it almae ds .;

got. ags. alan (ōl) `grow up' (intr. like lat. adoleō), aisl. ala (ōl) `be nourishing, produce', got. aliÞs `fattened' (participle of a Kaus. *aljan = norw. dial. elja); aisl. elskr `inspired by love', elska `love' (see to the meaning-development Falk-Torp below elske).

With t- formant:

Gr. ἄν-αλτος `insatiable, gluttonous'; ῎Αλτις, ἄλσος (*αλτι̯-ος) n. `holy grove', lat. altus `high' (i.e. `large-scale grown'), mir. old `height; shores, coast', cymr. allt `side of a hill, wooded hills', acorn. as, bret. aot, aod `coast', as. ald, ahd. (etc.) alt `old' (actually' grown tall'), ahd. altôn `put off, delay' (`make old');

maybe alb. geg (*n'alt) nalt `high' > alb. tosk (*nalt, lant) lart `high' [n/r rhotacism].

*alti also in got. alds f. `period, lifetime', ags. ield `period, lifetime, age, old age' (Pl. ielde, as. eldi `people, humans'), anord.ǫld f. `time, age, Pl. people'; *alti̯o in osk. altinúm, thus `food, provisions, aliment' = lat. *altiōnum; air. comaltae `foster brother' = mcymr. cyfeillt `serf, slave', ncymr. cyfaill `friend' (*komal-ti̯os), mcymr. eillt (*alti̯os) `pupil, hero', air. inailt (*eni-altī) `servant', got. alÞeis (*alti̯os) `old' = air. alt(a)e `brought up';

*altro- in air. altram `food', altru `nursing father' (cymr. athraw `teacher' etc., see Pedersen KG. I 137); anord. aldr m. (Gen. aldrs) `age, lifetime, old age', ags. ealdor `life', as. aldar, ahd. altar `old age, age'.

With m- formant:

Gr. ἄλμα n. `grove', φυτάλμιος epithet of Zeus and Poseidon (also Φυτάλιος, name of Poseidon in isthmian Troy, Φύταλος, for what hom. φυταλιή `tree nursery' as an abstract noun, see Bechtel Lexil. 331); lat. almus `nourishing, feeding (ager), blessing-donating, sweet, kind, sublime'. Maybe here FlN thrak. Almus, illyr. (?) Almō (Rom), Almā (Etruria), abrit. *Almā, engl. Yealm.

mabe alb. helm `healing drug, posion, medicine, herb' similar to Sanskrit āla- `poison'. obviously alb. and gr. have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

clearly alb. shows that from Root / lemma: al-2 : `to grow; to bear; grove' derived Root / lemma: el-3 : ol-: `to rot, poison'.

Maybe illyr. Amalthea `the goat that nourished Zeus'.

Toch. А ālym- `life, mind'.

d- extensions: Old Indian íḍ-, íḍā `refreshment, donation, oblation, gift'; gr. ἀλδαίνω `allows to grow, strengthens', ἀλδήσκω'grows', ἀναλδής `not thriving; growth restraining', ἄλδομαι `brings forth, produce, create' (καρπούς).

Maybe alb. geg. ardh- [dh- extension as in satem languages] `come, (*climax), be born', ardhuna Pl. `yields, profits'.

dh- extensions: Old Indian r̥dhnóti, r̥náddhi, r̥dháti, ŕ̥dhyati `prospers, succeeds, does succeed, manages', av. arǝdat̃ `he allows to prosper', ǝrǝdāt- `cause prospering', Old Indian árdhuka- `thriving' (Specht KZ. 64, 64 f.);

gr. ἀλθαίνω, ἄλθω `heals', ἄλθομαι `grows, heals'; aschwed. alda `fruit-carrying oak', aisl. aldin `tree fruit, esp. eatable (fruit or seed of the oak tree, acorn)'.

References: WP. I 86 f., WH. I 4, 31 f.

Page(s): 26-27

Root / lemma: al-4

English meaning: `to burn'

German meaning: `brennen'

Material: Old Indian alātam n. `fire, blaze, coal' (also úlmukam `fire'); lat. adoleō `to worship, offer sacrifice, burn a sacrifice; to sacrifice on an altar; in gen., to burn; to smell', adolēscō, -ere `flare up (from altars), to grow up, come to maturity, to be heaped up, or perhaps to burn' (o from a as in etymological-different adolēscere `to grow up, come to maturity, to be heaped up, or perhaps to burn' to alō, see under *al-2 `grow'), altāre `fire altar' (with difficult o ablaut umbr. uṙetu `toward turning to vapor');

nschwed. ala `blaze, flame' (Johannsson ZfdtPh. 31, 285 following ms. Lit.); but in question gr. ἀλάβη ἄνθρακες Hes.; view also from lat. alacer `quick, lively, animated', got. aljan n. `zeal' etc. was possible as `igneous, quick-tempered' (Johansson aaO.); about ags. ǣlan `burn' see *aidh-.

Maybe belongs here gall. MS Alatus, mir. alad `multicolored, dappled, striped' (if originally'burnt') = nir. aladh `trout' (alā̆to-).

Maybe alb. alle `red color'.

References: WP. I 88, WH. I 13, EM. 88.

Page(s): 28

Root / lemma: al-5 (*hel-)

English meaning: `to grind'

German meaning: `mahlen, zermalmen'

Material: Old Indian áṇu- `fine, thin, very small' (*alḫnu-), Hindi and Bengali āṭā `flour' (below likewise; Kuhn KZ. 30, 355; different Specht Dekl. 125).

Av. aša (*arta-) `crushed, ground' (Hübschmann ZdMG. 38, 428, Spiegel BB. 9, 178 A. 1).

Arm. aɫam `grinds', aɫauri (*alatrio-) `mill', aleur- `flour' (in spite of l instead of ɫ not borrowed from ἄλευρον, Hübschmann Arm. Gr. I 414), aɫaxin `servant', aɫij `young girl' (Meillet BSL. 37, 72).

Gr. ἀλε: ἀλέω `grinds, crushes' *, ἀλέται λίθοι `millstone, grindstone', ἄλετος and ἀλετός `the milling, the grinding', ἀλετών `mill', ἀλετρεύω `grind', ἄλε[F]αρ, Pl. ἀλείατα (stretched from ἀλέατα; Schulze Qunder ep. 225) `flour' (from it contracted *ἀλῆτα called out of the new sg. ἄλητον ἄλευρον Hes.; ἀλητο-ειδής Hippokr., ἀλήτων ἀλεύρων Rhinthon), ἄλευρον (*ἀλε-Fρ-ον) `wheat flour', ἀλῑνός `flimsy' ( `pulverized, crushed, ground'), ἄλιξ `miller who grinds the spelt, wheat' (from it lat. alica `spelt, or a drink prepared from spelt' ds).

----------------

*) Also ἔλυμος `millet', ὄλυρα `spelt', οὐλαί, att. ὀλαί `ground coarse grain' (*ολF-, not after J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 382 from *αλF-) would be compatible, perhaps, phonetically (then word root would be *el-, *ol-, *_el-).

maybe alb. (*hol-) hollë `flimsy, thin'

Note:

Only gr. and alb. preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

References: WP. I 89.

Page(s): 28-29

Root / lemma: al-6, alōu- : alǝu-

German meaning: Farbadjektiv `weiß, glänzend'

See also: s. albho- and Farbadjektiv el-.

Page(s): 29

Root / lemma: alā

English meaning: interjection

German meaning: under likewise `hallo!'

Material: Old Indian alalā(bhavant-) `alert, awake, smart becoming' (mind. arē, rē `du da!' rather to arí `foreigner, stranger', Thieme Der stranger in Rigveda 1 ff., see above S. 24).

Gr. ἀλαλά, ἀλαλαί `hallo, hurra!', ἀλαλητός, ἀλαλητύς `Schlachtruf', ἀλαλάζω `stoße den Schlachtruf from' (similarly ἐλελεῦ `Kriegsruf, Schmerzensruf', ἐλελίζω `stoße den Kriegsruf from'); lit. aluoti `hallo cry' (borrowing from dem Deutschen not provable) besides alióti `through Geschrei aufscheuchen'; Old Church Slavic ole, bulg. olele interjection; e.g. Fick I⁴ 356 (nhd. hallo, holla are against it from dem Imperativ from ahd. halón, holón `get, fetch' entwickelte Rufworte).

Auf ähnlichem al- seems to based on lit. nu-aldė́ti `ring out; sound', uldúoti `coo' (Bezzenberger BB. 21, 315).

References: WP. I 89.

See also: S. die similar onomatopoeic words lā-.

Page(s): 29

Root / lemma: alp-

English meaning: `small, weak'

German meaning: `klein, schwach' ?

Material: Old Indian álpa-, alpaca ` small, slight, flimsy' (alpēna, alpāt `light, fast'); to unite heavily in the definition with lit. alpstù, alpaũ, al̃pti `become unconscious', alpùs `weak', lett. el̃pe `taking air, breath', alpa ̀ `one time, time, moment in time'.

apposition also from hom. ἀλαπαδνός (from Aeschylos λαπαδνός)'weak', ἀλαπάζω `empties, exhausts', att. λαπάζω'loots', λαπάττω `empties (the body)' is doubtful because of theirs to two-syllables root words compared with of the light ones Old Indian and lit. words;

also they suit, as well as to them, added to λαπαρός `slender, thin, having hollow body', λαπάρα `Flank, swell of the body in the hip', λάπαθος `cavity, pit', λάπαθος `sorrel, rumex' as `βοτάνη κενωτική' in the meaning colouring (`empty, sunken, shrunken') nevertheless, considerably ab. quite dubious also alb. (Jokl SBAk. Wien 168, I 48) laps `be tired of, sick of, bored with'.

maybe alb. (*λάπαθος) lëpjetë `sorrel, rumex', truncated (*λάπαθος), laps `be exhaused'.

Maybe lat. lapso -are `to slip, stumble'.

On account of here hett. alḫpaḫanḫda- (alpant-) `ill, weak, small, flimsy'?

References: WP. I 92, Couvreur Ḫ 106 f., WH. I 786, Hirt Idg. Gr. II, 158.

Page(s): 33

Root / lemma: alu- (-d-, -t-)

English meaning: `bitter; beer'

German meaning: `bitter, Bier, Alaun'

Material: Gr. ἀλύδ(ο)ιμον πικρὸν παρὰ Σώφρονι Hes., ἀλυδμαίνειν [πικραίνειν?] Hes. (see, however, to meaning Herwerden Lex. Graec. suppl. 45); lat. alūta `soft leather; a shoe, purse or patch, beauty patch' and alūmen `alum' are simply extensions from *alu-.

The root appears in Northern Europe with the definition `beer, mead' (compared to the meaning difference Church Slavic kvasъ `alum, beer'); in. ǫl n. `Beer, carousal', ǫldr n. `Carousal' (*aluÞra-), ags. ealu(đ) n. `beer', as. in aloḫfat, mhd. in al-schaf `drinking vessel';

maybe alb. alle `red (color of beer?)'

hence from Root / lemma: al-2 : (to grow; to bear) could have derived Root / lemma: alu- (-d-, -t-): (bitter; beer).

From it borrows Old Prussian alu n. `Mead', lit. alùs (m. become as medùs = preuß. meddo n .; J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 180), Church Slavic olъ (m. become like medъ) `beer'. is also borrowed by finn. olut `Beer' from Germ.

References: WP. I 91, WH. I 34.

Page(s): 33-34

Root / lemma: ambhi, m̥bhi

English meaning: `around, from both sides'

German meaning: `um-herum, zu beiden Seiten'

Material: Arm. amboɫj `entirely, unscathed' (to oɫj `healthy'), gr. ἀμφί `around' (ἀμφί-ς `to both sides', with the same adverbial -s as z. В. ἄψ, λικριφίς, s.Brugmann Grdr. II² 2, 737);

lat. amb- (before vowel, e.g. ambigō), am-, an- (before consonant, e.g. amputō, amiciō from *am[bi]jaciō) inseparable prefix `round about, around, all around', alat. also preposition am `around' m. Akk. (ambi - for the purposes of `both' also anceps which is against late formation it points to ambō), umbr. amb- (amboltu), a- (a-ferum `to carry round, take round; esp. of the eyes, to turn all round; in religion, to lustrate, purify, by carrying round consecrated objects. Transf., to spread, esp.to spread news'), an- (an-ferener `bearing round'), osk. amvíannud `a going round, circling, revolving, revolution, detour', amnúd `a going round, circling, revolving, revolution, a cause, reason, motive, inducement, occasion, opportunity' (barely *amb-beno- : veniō, however no- derivation, s. v. Planta II 32, 623); with -er- extension after praeter-eō, intereō (see v. Planta II 455, WH. I 36);

umbr. ampretu, ambretuto `ambit, circuit', maybe also osk. amfret `flanked' (rather to Schulze KZ. 45, 182 = Kl. Schr. 468 to disassemble in *am-ferent `they bear round, περιάγουσι';

not lat. trails of the same -er- extension in amfrāctus `a turning, a bend. Transf., legal intricacies, circumlocution, digression', rather from am-frāctus); about PN Amiternum s. Schulze Lat. Eig. 541;

with ti- extension (after pos-t, per-t, Buck Elementarbuch 65) osk. ampt `around' (as umbr. ambr- at first due to from amf- before consonant simplified am-); alb. mbi, mbɛ `over, by, on, in' (G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 265).

m̥bhi: Old Indian abhí-taḥ, av. aiwito `to both sides, ringed' (about av. aibiš, Old pers. abiš more debatably meaning see Pedersen KZ. 40, 127, Bartholomae IF. 19, Beiheft S. 106; the ending -s in in historical connection with that of gr. ἀμφίς?);

Old Indian abhí is possible the meaning `around, circum', Old pers. abiy, av. aibī, aiwi in the meaning `about, in regard to, from' from derived *m̥bhi or idg. *obhi or continuing in *ebhi ; gall. ambi- `around, circum' (e.g. ᾽Αμβί-δραυοι `living on river Dravos'),

cymr. am- (through i- umlaut em-, ym-), corn. bret. am-, em-, air. imb-, imm- `around'; ahd. as. umbi, aisl. umb, ags. ymb, ymbe `around' (absorbed in Got. from bi).

bhi: got. bi in meaning `around', with final sound extension in stressed position as. ags. be-, bī-, ahd. bi-, bī-, nhd. bei (about dubious derivatives see Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under bil II `space, period', 73 and 1437 under billede `image').

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ambhe) mbë `at, in', (*ambhi) mbi `on upon'.

Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under bil II `space, period', 73 and 1,437 under billede `picture').

ambhō(u) `both':

Gr. ἄμφω `both' (derivative ἀμφότερος); lat. ambō, -ae, -ō `both';

Old Indian ubhāu `both', av. uwa- ds.; lit. abù, Old Church Slavic oba ds.; got. bai m., ba n., Gen. *baddjē (bajōÞs, see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II² 2, 77; different - in the outcome to lat. nostrātes - `of our country, native' Fick III⁴ 255), as. bē thie, ags. bā, Þā, engl. both, ahd. beide, bēde, anord. bāðer, Gen. beggja `both' (: got. *baddjē < bai̯i̯ē); toch. A āmpi, āmpe, В ant-api.

From these would be regarded Old Indian ubhāu, av. uwa yet as composition with u- `two' (lat. uīgintī); Sommer IF. 30, 404 denies such u- and regards the ar. forms as caused by the labial evaporation *abhāu = *m̥bhōu with reference to Old Indian Kubera-ḥ from *Kabēraḥ (compare patronymic Kāberaka-ḥ; Wackernagel KZ. 41, 314 ff). Lit. abù, Old Church Slavic oba are probably based on reorganization from *amb-o at a time, as preposition *ambhi `around' was given up in favour of *obhi (ab. obъ, s. lat. ob `with acc., in front of, before; in return for; because of, on account of').

The relation *ambhō (u), *ambhi: got. etc. bai, bi lets it be dubious barely that am- (maybe from an-4) is the first composition part, the second part is idg. *bhōu `both'.

References: WP. I 54 f., WH. I 36 f., Feist 74 a, 88, Pedersen Tocharisch 82.

Page(s): 34-35

Root / lemma: ames- or omes-

English meaning: `blackbird'

German meaning: `Amsel'

Note: (: mes- : ams- or *oms-)?

Material: Full grade would be located just before the first syllable in ahd. amusla, amsala, ags. ōsle `blackbird', full grade the second syllable in lat. merula `a blackbird; a fish, the sea-carp' (Kluge EWb.¹² s. v.) and cymr. mwyalch, acorn. moelh, bret. moualc'h `blackbird' (possible basic form *mesalkā oder *misalkā after Pedersen KG. I 73, where difficult suppositions about ir. smōl, smōlach `thrush').

Differently - because of idg. meis-, mois-, mis- - Schrader Sprcompare² 367, ³II 140, Fick II⁴ 205: merula from *misula, cymr. mwyalch etc from meisalkā, finally, with -oi- ahd. *meisa, ags. māse, aisl. meisingr `titmouse'.

However, will be gets covered latter in the meaning divergent group of Wood KZ. 45, 70 probably more properly in the Adj. *maisa-` small, tiny' because of norw. mdartl. meis `thin, frail person', meiseleg `thin and weak', wfläm. mijzen `crumble', mejzel `A little bit. Tiny bits'. The comparison of lat. with brit words is most reliable.

References: WP. I 53 f., WH. II 77 f.

Page(s): 35-36

Root / lemma: amǝ-

German meaning: `energisch vorgehen'

See also: see under omǝ-.

Page(s): 36

Root / lemma: am-1, mē-

English meaning: `to grab'

German meaning: `fassen'?

Material: Old Indian ámatram n. `vessel, jug, big drinking bowl', arm. aman `vessel', maybe to lat. ampla (*amḫlā) `handle, handhold', amplus (*am-los) `extensive, far, spacious, considerabe'.

References: WP. I 52 f., WH. I 41 f.

See also: S. under mē-1.

Page(s): 35

Root / lemma: am-2, mē-

German meaning: `mühen'

See also: see under mē-2 ds.

Page(s): 35

Root / lemma: am(m)a, amī̆

English meaning: mother

German meaning: `Mutter', Lallwort

Material: Alb. amë `aunt', `mother', out of it `riverbed', `residuum from Flüssigkeiten'; aisl. amma `grandmother', ahd. amma `mother, wet nurse', nhd. Amme; gr. ἀμμάς, ἀμμία `mother' Hes., osk. Ammaí, Ammae, i.e. Matri (Göttername)'. About Old Indian amba `mother' s. Kretschmer KZ. 57, 251 ff. Von amī-, amĭ- (see Brugmann II², I 496) shaped are lat. amīcus `friend' and amita `Vaterschwester' (compare lit. anýta `Schwiegermutter' : lat. anus `altes woman'). About vlat. amma `owl' s. Sofer Gl. 17, 17 f.

Alb. mik `friend' zero grade of rum. amic `friend' not from lat. amīcus `friend'

A Verbalableitung is perhaps lat. amāre `lieben' (compare mhd. ammen `wait, hold on, care' to amme). After Kretschmer (Gl. 13, 114) rather Etruscan.

After Zimmermann KZ. 44, 368 f., 47, 174 belongs also lat. amoenus here. Von a lat. *amoi (compare Summoi CIL. II 1750) could amoinos = amoenus shaped sein, as Mamoena (to *mamoi) besides Mamana, further through gr. Γοργόνη; (to Γoργώ) besides Γόργοιτος (to Γοργώι) gestützt;

toch. В ammakki (Vok.) `mother' from *amma + akki (Old Indian akkā).

References: WP. I 53, WH. I 39, 41, Tagliavini Mél. Pedersen 163.

Page(s): 36

Root / lemma: andher-, n̥dher-

English meaning: `stem, spike'

German meaning: `Spitze, Stengel'

Material: Nur griechisch: ἀθήρ `an ear of corn', ἀνθέριξ `stalk point, stalk', ἀνθέρικος `Stalk, stem of a plant', ἀνθερεών `chin' as `bearded, shaggy place', ἀνθρίσκος `the common chervil', named after his prickly fruit, ἀνθρήνη, ἀνθρηδών `wasp, forest bee', word outcome after τενθρήνη `corneous';

τανθρηδών `wasp' (here maybe ἄνθρωπος from *ἄνθρο-ωπος `with bearded face = man', then `man, person', Güntert Heidelberg. SB. 1915, Abh. Xö; compare also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 426⁴.

After Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246 from *ανδρ-ὡπός, the rough breathing of ὁράω etc figurative?); from also ἀθάρη (*ἀθαρFᾱ), ἀθήρᾱ `wheat gruel, Spelt miller' (von Plin. n. h. 22, 121 however identified as ägypt. word)?

References: WP. I 45.

Page(s): 41

Root / lemma: andh-, anedh-

English meaning: `to grow, bloom, blossom'

German meaning: `hervorstechen, sprießen, blühen'

Material: Old Indian ándhaḥ n. `Soma plants'; arm. and `field'; gr. ἄνθος n. `Flower, bloom', ἀνθέω `blossoms', ἄνθηρός (*-es-ro-) `blossoming' etc; alb. ënde (*andhōn) `blossom, flower', ë̄ndem `blossoms' (ë from present *ë̄ from *andhō); toch. A ānt, В ānte `open space, area'.

Mir. ainder, aindir `young woman', cymr. anner `young cow', Pl. anneirod, acymr. enderic `a bull-calf; also of the young of other animals', cymr. enderig `bull, ox', bret. ounner (Trég. annouar, Vannes an̄noér) `young cow';

moreover frz. (l)andier m. `Fire goat, Aries', also `poppy' (= `young girl', compare ital. madona, fantina `poppy'), further to bask. andere `woman', iber. FN Andere, Anderca, MN Anderus; maybe kelt. Origin? (*andero- `blossoming, young'?).

According to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 339 here gr. ἀν-ήνοθε `came out, bubbled out;', ἐπεν-ήνοθε `reside on top of', κατεν-ήνοθε' canopied, covered', etc.

In spite of the a little bit divergent meaning probably also here with zero grade *n̥dh:

Old Indian ádhvan m. = av. advan m. `way, road', for what ai adhvará-ḥ ̣ `religious action (*Soma-) sacrifice, ceremony' (originally' course of action, way' - `ceremonious way') from *n̥dhu̯ero-, and probably also with suffix ablaut (*n̥dhuro-) isl. ǫndurr m. `a kind of snow shoe'.

References: WP. I 45, 67, P. Benoit ZrPh. 44, 3 ff., 69 ff.

See also: Here belongs probably: andher-, n̥dher-.

Page(s): 40-41

Root / lemma: andho-

English meaning: `blind, dark'

German meaning: `blind, dunkel'

Material: Old Indian andhá-, av. anda- `blind, dark', gall. andabata m. `a gladiator who fought with a helmet without openings' (to kelt. Lw. lat. battuō `to beat, knock').

References: WP. I 182, WH. I 46.

Page(s): 41

Root / lemma: an(ǝ)-3 (*ḫenaḫ-)

English meaning: `to breathe'

Note:

Root / lemma: an(ǝ)-3 : `to breathe' derived from a reduction of Root / lemma: anĝhen- : `smell, odour; person' as in arm. anjn (for older *anj), Gen. anjin `soul, being, person': anord. angi m. `odour, smell' : alb. anj `swell, puff' [common alb. ng > nj phonetic mutation].

German meaning: `atmen, hauchen'

Material: Old Indian ániti `breathes' (also thematically ánati), ánilaḫḥ ̣ `breath, breeze, wind', ānáḫḥ (maybe'breath' or `mouth, nose', āna-nam `mouth, muzzle, face' with ind. Vr̥ddhi;'mouth' as `breathe, the breathing'); prāṇiti `breathes';

av. ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya `of the inhaling and exhaling' (*anti- `breathing' with ā and parā; see Bartholomae IF. 7, 59; about ainiti- `mildness' see, however, Airan. Wb. 125 f.).

Gr. ἄνεμος `breath, wind', ἀνήνεμος (with stretch in the compound), νήνεμος `windless, calm', ἠvεμόεις `rich in wind' (ἠ- metrical stretch), ἀνεμώλιος (`windy', i.e.:) `trifling, in vain' (dissimilated from ἀνεμώνιος, see last Bechtel Lexil. 44, also 226, about that probably from *μετ-ανεμώvιoς by extreme dissimilation abbreviated ones μεταμώνιος `in vain, without success'); different Risch 113;

compare Frisk Indog. 15; ἄνται ἄνεμοι ἀντάς πνοιάς Hes. are to change in ἀῆται, ἀήτας. Maybe here νεᾱνίᾱς `youth' as νεFο-αν- `new wheeze', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 426³; also ἄσθμα `breathlessness, suffocation', aaO. 337.

Lat. animus `mind, soul', anima `wind, breath, soul, lives' (osk. anamúm `air, a current of air, breeze, breath, wind'), of it animal `living being, animal', hālō, - āre `breathe, smell' (Denominative *an-slo-; with phoney h, the sound value described here attained and also penetrated in an(h)-ēlāre; about latter see *an 4).

Air. anāl, cymr. anadl `breath', mbret. alazn (rearrangement), nbret. holan (*anǝ-tlo-); mcymr. eneit, ncymr. enaid `soul' (*anǝ-tī-), abrit. PN Anate-mōros `warmhearted, bighearted';

air. animm, nir. anam `soul', Gen. anman (stem *ana-mon; the i- color of the Nom. sg. after neutr. -men-stem s. Pedersen KG. II 61; to the intersection with lat. anima f. `breath, wind, air. Transf., the breath of life, vital principle, soul' see Pokorny ZfcPh. 10 69 f.), corn. eneff, mbret. eneff (Pl. anaffon) nbret. anaoun `soul' (umlauted corn. and bret. forms probably Lw. from Lat., see Vendryès De hib. voc. 112 f., Pedersen KG. I 170, II 111);

in addition air. osnad `sighs' (ussḫanad), further (`catch one's breath = rest, relax') anaid `remains, rests, stops', con-osna `desist, cease' (com-uss-an-) etc. (see Pedersen KG. II 455 f., 672); mcymr. anant Pl. `bards, poets', cyn-an in `word, praise';

got. uz-anan (preterit uzōn) `exhale'; with t-formant: anord. ǫnd, g. andar f. `breath, breath of life, life, soul' (= gr. ἄνται), anda, -aða `breathe, gasp' = ags. ōđian `puff strongly', anord. andi m. `breath, mind, soul', afries. omma (*anḫma) `breath', ags. oroð (*ŭz-anÞ-) `breath' *; maybe here ahd. unst, aisl. ags. yst f. `storm' from *n̥ḫsti-;

maybe alb. anda `taste, smell' [common alb. n > nd phonetic mutation] : anord. anda, -aða `breathe, gasp'.

---------------------

*) In addition also as. ando, ags. anđa, anođa `excitement, rage, sorrow', ahd. anado, ando, anto `annoyance, rage', mhd. ande `feeling of insult', ahd. anadōn, antōn, mhd. anden `let out one's rage', nhd. avenge under a mid definition `gasp before excitement' (Kluge s. v., -Falk-Torp 5 and 1428 under aand; Schröder Аbl. 9). About second a from ahd. anado, ags. anođa see Specht Phil. Stud. Voretzsch 36.

-----------------------

Old Church Slavic vonja (*ani̯ā) `smell' (vonjati `scent, smell'), *ǫchati `smell' in aruss. uchati etc. (-ch- perhaps imitation from duchati, thus without historical connection with s from lat. hālāre `breathe, emit vapor, be fragrant' from *an-slo-);

Maybe nasalized alb. (*unhati) nuhat, nuhas `scent, smell'.

Nasals are the most important element of proto Indo Europeans since they indicate the homeland of Aryans in a cold, snowy territory. The prolongation of their nose must have taken place during thousands of years of habitat in the frosty climate. The long nose served Indo Europeans to warm the air while breathing which eventually caused the presence of nasal sounds.

alb. geg. âj, tosk. ēnj `I swell, impregnate', geg. âjun `conceited, puffed' kënjem, gnem `incense' (*kɛ-(a)nemo- Jokl Stud. 37);

Note:

Clearly the initial meaning in alb. geg. âj, tosk. ēnj `I swell, impregnate' was `puff with air'.

toch. AB āñm- `life, mind', В āñme `intention', A āñcām (*āntemo-) `existence, living, mind' (K. Schneider IF. 57, 203, Pedersen Toch. 48); also В onolme, wnolme `living being'?

arm. holm `wind' (Bugge IF. 1, 442) abides (in spite of Meillet lit. 6, 3) (see Lidén Arm. stem 38 f., Peterson KZ. 47). - Old Indian ātmán `soul' rather to ahd. ātum `breath', see ēt-men.

Root points beside to two-syllable forms, like Old Indian ani-ti, ani-laḥ, kelt.*ana-tlo- etc, and such like ἄνε-μος, also forms of the monosyllabic word roots, thus lat. *an-slo- > hālō, anord. ǫnd (etc).

References: WP. I 56 ff., WH. I 49 f., Feist 538.